出版者
日経BP社
雑誌
日経ビジネス (ISSN:00290491)
巻号頁・発行日
no.1093, pp.32-35, 2001-05-28

1999年末、西武新宿線の野方駅近くに本店を構える光明電機(東京・中野区)の高野亨専務は、参加した研修会でこんな叱咤を受けていた。 光明電機は松下電器産業の商品を中心に扱う地域系列店。従業員数は高野専務の父親である社長を含めて8人、当時の年商は2億円弱で、松下系列店の中では中規模クラスの部類に入る。

1 0 0 0 OA 名器大成 7巻

出版者
巻号頁・発行日
vol.[6],
著者
野中 俊昭 大山 忠夫 遠藤 靖典 吉川 広
出版者
一般社団法人 日本機械学会
雑誌
日本機械学会論文集 C編 (ISSN:03875024)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.71, no.705, pp.1604-1610, 2005-05-25 (Released:2011-03-04)
参考文献数
14
被引用文献数
1

Dynamic behavior of train sets on railways during braking can be regarded as the combination of the translation and the rotation. That is, both the kinetic energy for the translation of train sets and the one for the rotation of each axle are decreased to zero as the braking force and the adhesion force of each axle have an effect on each other. However, dynamic models for brakes of train sets have been hardly represented and discussed. Furthermore, a reduction of wheel damages has never been evaluated for control performances of Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), in spite of one of the most important aims of ABS. In this paper, we propose a dynamic model for brakes of train sets consisting of n axles and an equation for evaluating wheel damages. And we show that the proposed model and equations are useful to evaluate the control performances of ABS for train sets.
著者
南 明日香
出版者
相模女子大学
雑誌
相模女子大学紀要. A, 人文系 (ISSN:18835341)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.77, pp.15-35, 2013

研究論文(Thesisses)This paper surveys Hugo Munsterberg's life(1916-1995)and his research on the background and characteristics of Chinese and Japanese art. Munsterberg's father, Oskar Münsterberg, was a famous collector and historian of Chinese and Japanese arts active at beginning of the 20th century. From childhood Hugo was familiar with precious works that Oskar had collected in Asian countries. After immigrating to America in 1935, Hugo obtained a Ph.D in ancient Chinese arts at Harvard University. In the 1930s, research on Chinese and Japanese art made great progress in the United States being encouraged as a means of foreign policy. Munsterberg also taught at International Christian University(ICU)in Japan from 1952 to 1956, becoming a friend of antiquarians like YANAGI Muneyoshi and YUASA Hachiro. Thanks to these scholars, Munsterberg was able to publish many beautiful books on the arts of Japan, including Mingei(Japanese Arts and Crafts Movement)works. We will reveal what kind of research was being carried out in the field of the arts of the Far East around the mid-20th century and examine Munsterberg's 26 books about Japanese and Chinese arts based on the writing list. Among his books, we will analyze in detail The Arts of Japan an illustrated history and The Folk Arts of Japan which represent Munsterberg's convictions as art historian.

1 0 0 0 OA 歩兵須知

著者
宮本林治 著
出版者
鍾美堂
巻号頁・発行日
1903

1 0 0 0 OA 環海異聞 16巻

著者
大槻茂質 問
出版者
巻号頁・発行日
vol.[5],
著者
畑 礼子
出版者
Japanese Association for Oral Biology
雑誌
歯科基礎医学会雑誌 (ISSN:03850137)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.14, no.1, pp.118-122, 1972 (Released:2010-11-30)
参考文献数
6
被引用文献数
2 1

基底頭蓋長が95~110mmの間にある, 永久歯列をもった野生のエゾタヌキ (Nyctereutes procyomides albus) 64例128顎を用いて歯牙の調査を行ったところ, 完全顎60例中35例に歯数の変化が見られた。このうち, 萠出後の変化を除くと, 先天的に歯数に異常が見られたのは27例であった。歯数異常のうち過剰歯はいずれもP3の位置に4例 (5顎) 出現した。さらに欠如歯で先天的に欠如していたと思われるのは, P1: 1例 (2顎), P2: 2例 (2顎), P2: 3例 (4顎), M3: 21例 (39顎) であった。P2, P2は前臼歯部における最前方にある歯という点で, またM3は, 咬合上の役割と顔面頭蓋 (吻) の短縮する傾同があるという点で興味ある所見である。さらに, 歯根の変化が観察され, 3根化がP3に8.8%, P4に1.6%, 2根化がM2に27.0%, 単根化がP2とM2にそれぞれ28.5%, 35.8%に現われた。これらの歯根の変化は, 咬合および歯数の変化と関連性があるものと思われる。
著者
結核療法研究協議会
出版者
一般社団法人 日本結核病学会
雑誌
結核 (ISSN:00229776)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.49, no.7, pp.207-215, 1974

The efficacy and the side-effects of Tuberactinomycin-N (TUM-N) in the retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis were studied and compaired with those of Viomycin (VM). The drug resistance of tubercle bacilli isolated from the patients during treatment was also studied for TUM-N and VM.<BR>TUM-N i s a new antituberculous drug isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces. griseoverticillatus var. tuberacticus (N 6-130 strain). This drug shows almost the same activity as VM for tubercle bacilli and one way cross resistance for kanamycin.<BR>In this study, two following regimens were allocated ran d o mly for retreated patients.<BR>(1) TUM-N group: TUM-N was injected 1 g daily for the first three months, thereafter injected twice weekly. (45 cases)<BR>(2) VM group: VM wa s injected 1 g three times a week. (38 cases)<BR>If there are previously unused drug, they were combined with TUM-N or VM. The results were summarized as follows;<BR>(1) TUM-N group showed slmo s t the same negative conversion rate on culture as VM, group.<BR>(2) All of the cases treated with TUM-N combined with two previously unused drugs. showed 100% negative conversion rate on culture at 6 months.<BR>(3) The incidence of side-effects was lower in TU M -N group compared with VM group. The auditory disturbance was 2.2% in TUM-N group and 5.7% in VM group. The renal, disturhance defined by the raise of BUN level over 20 mg/d<I>l</I> was observed in 23.7% among -VM group while it was 10.9% in TUM-N group. The dropped-out cases due to side-effects -were 3 (6.5%) among 46 cases of TUM-N group and 8(21.2%) among 38 cases of VM group.<BR>(4) The criterion of drug resistance of TUM-N was examined and it was concluded that the growth on 1% Ogawa's media containing 100 mcg/m<I>l</I> TUM-N should be considered as resistant.
著者
大村 纂
出版者
北海道大学低温科学研究所 = Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University
雑誌
低温科学 (ISSN:18807593)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.72, pp.311-317, 2014

The cause for the global temperature change of the last one hundred years is investigated in light of the earth's energy balance. The material used for the present paper is mostly observed at the earth's surface or from the space. While the enhanced greenhouse effect steadily increased,the aerosol effect fluctuated as a result of the decadal variation in aerosol emission. A cooling period witnessed for 30 years in the middle of the 20th Century is considered to have been caused by aerosol effect that surpassed the enhanced greenhouse effect. This cooling episode coincided with the period of declining surface global solar radiation,which was subsequently coined as the Global Dimming. The Mie-scattering theory can however explain only half of the decrease. The remaining half is considered due to the increase in cloud, which has been confirmed by the observations at the surface and from the space. Thus the ongoing climate warming is caused by a delicate imbalance between the increasing rates of greenhouse gases and of aerosol. The turning point of the total radiation from the negative to the positive phases is estimated to have happened sometime in the 1970s, which corresponds to the end of the cooling period and the beginning of the unprecedented warming. In the near future it is possible that the temperature trend may turn negative, if the aerosol effect overtakes the greenhouse effect. The currently observed slowing down of the warming after 2005 may well be the result of the increasing aerosol.二十世紀初頭以来の百余年間は人為的温室効果による温暖化の時代と言われる. たしかに1900年以来全球平均でほぼ1℃昇温した. しかし, 温度変化を注意して見ると単調増加ではない. 1910年から30年間昇温した後, 1940年から1970年までの30年間昇温が停まっただけでなく, 0.1℃強寒冷化した. その後再び昇温に転じ1970年からの40年間だけで0.9℃温暖化した. これは全球平均の話で, この通りの変化を示した地域はないが, 二十世紀初期の温暖化と, それに続く寒冷化そして最近の顕著な温暖化という三相変化は位相をわずかに異にしてほぼ全球で見られる. 従って, 二十世紀中葉に現れた寒冷化は全球的現象であった. この30年にわたる全球規模での温暖化トレンドからの逸出はENSOやその他多く知られている振動現象では説明できない. この寒冷化の原因が分からなければ二十世紀全般にわたる温度変化の原因も正確には理解できないことになり, 又将来の予測もおぼつかないことになる. したがって, 本論文では, 二相の温暖化に挟まれた寒冷化の原因を極める. そのために, 本論文では甚だ基礎的になるが気候システムにおける温度生成過程を熱力学第一法則に基づいて考える. 地球表面の温度生成における放射の占める役割を認識し, 二十世紀初頭以来観測された全天太陽放射, 直達放射と大気の透過度を分析する. 全天太陽放射の経年変化から二十世紀初頭から1950年にかけての第一次グローバル・ブライトニング(全天太陽放射の増加期),1950年代から80年代にかけてのグローバル・デイミング(全天太陽放射の減少期), 更に80年代から2005年にかけての第二次グローバル・ブライトニングの3時代が認識される. その間に観測されたデイミングとブライトニング間の大気の透過度の変化は0.05であった. この透過度の変化に相当するエアロゾルの直接効果(ミー散乱)だけでは全天放射の変動量の約50%しか再現できないことが判り, 残りの50%はエアロゾルの間接効果,即ち雲の経年変化に帰着される. エアロゾルによる光学行程と雲量の相関はきわめて高く, この時期のエアロゾル間接効果と思われる雲の変動は全雲量で4%, 日照時間では日に0.4時間に相当する. この雲量の変動は地上と衛星から観測された結果である. グローバル・デイミングの続いていた期間は全天太陽放射の減少率が長波放射の増加率を上回り全放射率が減少していたことが判明し, これが気温低下を引き起こしたと考えられる. 続く1980年代からの第二次グローバル・ブライトニング期では増加に転じた全天太陽放射と既に増加傾向にあった長波放射が相まって全放射の増加率は6.6Wm-2/decadeとなり, 年間0.035℃となる観測時代最大の気温上昇率をもたらす結果となる. このように現在進行中の温暖化は温室効果ガスの増加率とエアロゾルの増加率のバランスの微妙な崩れの結果であり, 近い将来においてもエアロゾルの増加率がある程度大きくなり温室効果の上昇率を越すことが生じれば, 寒冷化が起こりえる. 現に2000年代に入ってから温暖化が鈍っているのは, 決して温室効果が減少したためではなく, エアロゾルの効果が増加している結果である可能性が高い.
著者
高嶋 忍
出版者
美術科教育学会
雑誌
美術教育学:美術科教育学会誌 (ISSN:0917771X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.36, pp.253-264, 2015-03-20 (Released:2017-06-12)

需要減少や後継者難により伝統工芸産業全体が衰退しているといわれる現在,各地方自治体では様々な普及活動が行われている。産業として衰退しつつある「伝統工芸」を守り普及するための取り組みは,教育と文化に関わる現在的問題である。伝統工芸は,現行の学習指導要領で取り上げられているように美術教育における課題の一つであり,また地域文化の育成という意味では社会教育的課題である。本稿では伝統工芸の普及活動の事例として赤穂緞通を取り上げ,各地域の普及活動と比較する。そして目的は,中学生が職場体験として伝統工芸を体験する意義を探り,伝統工芸の現状と課題を考察することである。その結果,赤穂緞通の工房は技術の伝承に成功し,地域文化を学ぶ場を提供している一方で,普及活動を行う上で,行政との関係に改善の余地があることも明らかになった。
著者
白木 優馬 五十嵐 祐 SHIRAKI Yuma IGARASHI Tasuku
出版者
名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科
雑誌
名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科紀要. 心理発達科学 (ISSN:13461729)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.62, pp.97-106, 2015-12-28

The development of Information Technology has unraveled a new form of employment, crowdsourcing. With the spread of crowdsourcing, psychological researchers began collecting data with crowdsourcing. Crowdsourcing enables them to collect data from a wider range of people in a shorter timespan relative to the conventional methods. Although the application of crowdsourcing has gained popularity in foreign psychological research in recent times, Japanese researchers have not yet tapped this resource. Therefore, this paper presents the available framework of crowdsourcing service for Japanese researchers and its usage aiming for the spread of crowdsourcing in Japanese psychological research. Furthermore, we underline the required precautionary measures while collecting data using crowdsourcing.
著者
岩本 通弥
出版者
国立歴史民俗博物館
雑誌
国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.132, pp.25-98, 2006-03

本稿は柳田國男「葬制の沿革について」に対して示された,いわゆる両墓制の解釈をめぐって,戦後の民俗学が陥った「誤読」の構造を分析し,戦後民俗学の認識論的変質とその問題点を明らかにし,現在の民俗学に支配的な,いわゆる民俗を見る視線を規定している根底的文化論の再構築を目的とする。柳田の議論は,この論考に限らず,変化こそ「文化」の常態とみた認識に立っており,その論題にもあるように,葬制の全体的な変遷を扱うものであった。ところが戦後,民俗を変化しにくい存在として捉える認識が優勢になると,論題に「沿革」とあるにも拘らず,変遷過程=「変化」の議論と捉えずに,文化の「型」の議論と読み違える傾向が生まれ,それが通説化する。柳田の元の議論も霊肉分離と死穢忌避の観念が超歴史的に貫徹する,あたかも伝統論のように解釈されはじめる。南島の洗骨改葬習俗と,本土に周圏論的に分布する両墓制を,関連のある事象として,これを連続的に捉える議論や解釈・思考法は,1960年代に登場するが,一つの誤読を定説化させた学史的背景には,民俗を変化しにくい地域的伝統と見做す,こうした根底的文化論が混入したことに尽きている。このような理解を生み出す民俗あるいは文化を,伝統論的構造論的に把捉する文化認識は,いわゆる京都学派の文化論を介して,大政翼賛会の地方文化運動において初めて生成された認識であるが,加えて戦後のいわゆる基層文化論の誤謬的受容によって,より強固に民俗学内部に浸透,定着化する。基層文化論は柳田の文化認識に近似していたナウマンの二層化説を,正反対に読解して受容したものであり,その結果,方法的な資料操作法のレベルにおいても,観察できる現象としての形(form)を,型(type)と混同して,民俗資料の類型化論として捉えられていく。In this paper, I explain the epistemological transformation of folklore in Japan following the Second World War and the issues it raises through a study of the structure of the "misreading" by Japanese folklore surrounding the interpretation of the so-called dual grave system demonstrated in response to Kunio Yanagita' s "A History of the Burial System." The paper' s aim is to reconstruct the theory of underlying culture that prescribes the approach to folklore and dominates folklore studies at the present time. Yanagita' s argument is not limited to this discussion for it is based on the recognition that the normal state of "culture" is none other than change itself, and as suggested in the title he covered the general changes in the burial system. However, when the perception that it was difficult to change folk customs gained ascendancy following the Second World War, despite the inclusion of the word "history" in the title, the argument that the process of transition equals "change" was not understood. This gave rise to the tendency to misinterpret his argument as one concerning the "type" of culture, which became accepted. Yanagita' s primary argument began to be interpreted as a kind of theory of tradition where the concepts of the separation of the soul and body and the avoidance of the defilement of death transcended history. The debate, interpretation and school of thought that viewed the custom of reburial following washing of the bones in Japan's southern islands and the dual grave system that spread in mainland Japan following the theory that customs spread by radiating outward from Kyoto as continuous and related phenomena emerged in the 1960s. The situation where one misinterpretation was allowed to become established theory was set against an academic backdrop that mixed in the theory of underlying culture, according to which folk customs are regarded as regional traditions that do not easily change. The perception of culture that interpreted the folklore and culture responsible for this kind of understanding as traditional and structural is a perception that was first generated among the movement for regional culture promoted by the Taisei Yokusankai (The Imperial Rule Assistance Association) by way of the Kyoto school of cultural theory. On top of this, the erroneous acceptance after the war of the so-called theory of underlying culture permeated right through to the inner echelon of folklore studies and became established theory. This theory of underlying culture led to the converse interpretation and acceptance of Naumann's dual-layer thesis, which resembled Yanagita's perception of culture. The result is that even at the level of methodic approaches for manipulating data there is confusion between the form and type of observable phenomena, which continues to be used in the classification of folklore materials.
著者
岩本 通弥
出版者
国立歴史民俗博物館
雑誌
国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.141, pp.265-322[含 英語文要旨], 2008-03

本稿は日本近代の産育儀礼の通史的展開として、その一大転機と位置付けられるであろう民力涵養運動期における「国民儀礼」の創出について、民俗学的観点から分析する。第一次大戦の戦後経営ともいえる民力涵養運動は、日露戦後の地方改良運動の延長と見做されたためか、近代史でも地方改良運動や後続の郷土教育運動・翼賛文化運動に比べ、研究蓄積はさほど厚くないが、民俗学的にみると、その史料には矯正すべき弊習として従前の暮らしぶりも描写されるなど、実に興味深い記述が多い。この運動は形式上、内務省の示した「五大要綱」に応じた、各県・各郡・各町村の自己変革であるため、その対応は地方毎であるが、列島周縁部では、例えば岩手県では敬神崇祖の強調で伊勢大麻を奉祭する「神棚」設置が推進され、鹿児島県では大島郡に対し、「神社ナキ地方ハ我カ皇国ノ不基ヲ定メ賜ヒタル…先賢偉人ノ神霊ヲ奉祀スヘキ神社ヲ建立スルコト」と命じるなど、一九四〇年代の神祇院体制への土台として地域的平準化が図られており、従前の竈神や納戸神・便所神などへの素朴で個別的な民間信仰は、天照の下に統合され、家内安全も豊作・安産祈願も「天照のお蔭」と思わせるような換骨奪胎過程が見てとれる。そのほか各地の記事を通覧すると、門松や注連縄、初詣や七五三、神前結婚式の普及を推奨したり、礼服規定で喪服を黒に統一するなど、今日日本で「伝統」と見做される「国民儀礼」の多くは、この期の運動によって成立するが、それまで地方毎に多様だった民俗文化を平準化し、「文化的ならし」を図る一方、自治奉告祭や出征兵士の送迎、三大節など、地域共同体に何かしらの出来事があれば、「氏神」に参集させ、新たな形式の「集団参拝」を強要するなど、私的で人的であった習俗を、公的で外部からも見える可視的な社会的儀礼へと変換させた。それは地域内階層差や初生児優遇の儀礼を平等化する一方、忠君愛国へ向けた儀礼の全国的画一化の端緒ともなった。This paper adopts a folklore perspective to examine the emergence of "national rites" during the period of the Movement for the Cultivation of National Strength (Minryoku Kanyo Undo) , which can be called one of the major turning points of Japan's modern period, in the context of the development of children's rites during that era. The Movement for the Cultivation of National Strength, which operated following the First World War, has been regarded as an extension of the Movement for Local Improvement (Chiho Kairyo Undo), which occurred after the Russo-Japanese War. This is perhaps the reason why the study Japan's modern history contains relatively little on the Movement for the Cultivation of National Strength compared to the Movement for Local Improvement or the Movement for Homeland Education (Kyodo Kyoiku Undo) and the Cultural Assistance Movement (Yokusan Bunka Undo) that followed. When the Movement for the Cultivation of National Strength is viewed from the perspective of folk studies we find many interesting descriptions, such as materials containing depictions of existing lifestyles with bad customs that should be remedied. Because the movement consisted of voluntary reforms by villages, towns, counties and prefectures throughout Japan in accordance with the Five Major Guidelines advocated by the Home Ministry, the response differed from region to region.In Iwate Prefecture, for example, due to the emphasis placed on worshipping Shinto deities and one's ancestors, people were encouraged to put up "kami-dana" dedicated to Ise Taima. In Oshima-gun in Kagoshima Prefecture, the local populace was told that places that did not have shrines were disloyal to the Japanese empire and were ordered to build shrines where the spirits of great people could be worshipped. In this way, regional standardization took place which laid the foundation for the Jingi-in of the 1940s which controlled shrines. Simple and separate folk beliefs such as belief in the "kamadogami" (tutelary deities of the hearth) and "nandogami" and "benjogami" (deities of the closet and toilet) were united under a belief in Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess. Safety within the home and prayers for an abundant harvest and for safe childbirth were also recast so that people felt indebted to Amaterasu. A survey of articles from other areas throughout the country reveals that people were encouraged put up New Year decorations such as "kadomatsu" and "shimenawa", visit a shrine on New Year's Day, take part in the Shichi-go-san children's festival and get married in a Shinto ceremony. Rules governing formal wear prescribed that all mourning dress be black. Thus, many of the "national rites" that are regarded as "traditions" in present-day Japan came about as a result of this movement, which developed "cultural practices" by standardizing folk culture that had varied widely from region to region. At the same time, the movement transformed private and individual rites to public rites that were social rites visible from the outside. For example, customs practiced by a community such those for informing deities festival, sending off and welcoming home soldiers and the celebration of the three big national holidays became occasions for gathering at ujigami shrines where a new style of "group worship" was demanded. While on the one hand this brought equality with respect to class differences within communities and rites that gave preferential treatment to the firstborn, on the other hand it can also be said to have been the beginning of the nationwide standardization of rites that paved the way for "loyalty and patriotism".