著者

鈴木 英治

出版者

日本熱帯生態学会

雑誌

Tropics (ISSN:0917415X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.5-16, 1999 (Released:2009-02-28)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

2 1

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カリマンタンとジャワ島に作った50 個(合計17.8 ha) の調査区の植生データから,樹木の多様性について議論した。熱帯低地林で最も多様性が高く,山地林や二次林で多様性が減少した。西カリマンタンのほうが束力リマンタンよりも多様性の高い調査区があった。同じ植生地域ですぐ近くに作った1 ha の調査地問でも共通種は5ー7 割しかなく,別の州の調査地問でも数%は共通種が出現するが,その理由を種数面積曲線から推測した。 生態的な機能面での多様性を,風散布果実と材の比重から考えた。フタバガキ科は尊片が発達する風散布と,発達しない重力散布の果実を作るが,それぞれ著しい大きさの違いがあった。また,日本のカエデ属と比較してSJz orea の羽根は変異の幅が広かった。材も特にShorea では種による比重の差が著しく,このような生態的性質が異なる種を多数もつことがアジア熱帯林においてShorea 属の優占の一因と考えられた。他の種も材の比重において温帯林より変異の幅が広かった。このように,熱帯林では分類学的に多様であるだけでなく,生態的機能も面でもさまざまな種が存在するように思われた。

著者

鍵村 達夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本薬剤疫学会

雑誌

薬剤疫学 (ISSN:13420445)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.27-33, 2015-07-31 (Released:2015-09-18)

参考文献数

7

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海外データの活用により少数例の日本人データで医薬品が承認されるわが国の医薬品開発をめぐる現状において,製造販売後調査の重要性はますます増加している.現状のような硬直した選択肢のない使用成績調査はやめるべきである.製造販売後調査が,医薬品・医療機器の安全性を守り,有効性を確認するという本来の役割を果たせるように,使用成績調査という“形式”ではなく,科学的考察の結果に対する手段として機能する世界を到来させなければならない.そのために,使用成績調査に多様な薬剤疫学研究デザインが応用されるべきであり,また使用成績調査は疾患レジストリーを基盤とした独立で統合されたデータセンターにより運用される必要がある.

著者

古賀 純一郎

出版者

日本社会情報学会

雑誌

日本社会情報学会全国大会研究発表論文集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.436-441, 2008

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It is broadly perceived that IT Revolution has made much greater impact on our society than the Industrial Revolution did. We observe one of its greatest impacts on changing media, in terms of style and system of reporting and distributing news. IT Revolution has enabled any media to start up new net businesses, and the web has clearly become the center force to speed up the changes. Some of those changes brought negative impacts on our society, such as insider trading and illegal copies of original articles, which deeply hurt public credibility of media. Under such circumstances, CSR has emerged as turnkey solution to recover and enhance the credibility of mass media.

著者

明陳耀文纂

出版者

[出版者不明]

巻号頁・発行日

vol.[2], 1600

著者

石橋 賢 深瀧 創 宮田 一乘

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.229-236, 2015

被引用文献数

4

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Recently, sizzle words have been utilized for various product packages. These words have effective communicative performance to convey deliciousness of food. In particular, onomatopoeias are used for many product packages because they can convey the texture of food sensuously. When using sizzle words, producers may consider consumers' impressions. This study aims to investigate the relations between consumers' impressions and sizzle words through an experiment. The experimental targets were four rice crackers of different hardness because their textures were directly related to consumers' impressions and some packages of rice crackers used a few sizzle words for advertising. The results of this experiment indicated five tendencies: (1) the sizzle words regarding satisfaction, tradition, and typicality, and the onomatopoeias including "<i>zaku</i>" are appropriate for an extremely hard rice cracker; (2) the sizzle words regarding lightness and comfort, and the onomatopoeias including "<i>saku</i>" are appropriate for a non-hard rice cracker; (3) the sizzle words regarding aridity, fineness, and unforgettable taste are appropriate for a slightly hard rice cracker; (4) the onomatopoeias expressing crunchy texture are appropriate for a quite hard rice cracker; (5) rough texture of food brings a sense of satiety. In addition, we performed a factor analysis using the results with 14 onomatopoeias in the experiment. The analysis results showed three factors: brittleness, irritation, and lightness. In future, we expect that these results can be utilized for guiding a choice of an appropriate sizzle word.

著者

佐谷 英二 須藤 信之 深沢 恒夫 寺崎 衞

出版者

一般社団法人 日本調理科学会

雑誌

調理科学 (ISSN:09105360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.230-235, 1972-12-20 (Released:2013-04-26)

参考文献数

6

著者

前嶋 正受

出版者

近畿大学理工学部応用化学科応用制御化学研究室

雑誌

近畿アルミニウム表面処理研究会会誌 = Aluminum finishing society of Kinki (ISSN:02856689)

巻号頁・発行日

no.310, pp.7-12, 3018-03-15

著者

清呉蘭修撰

巻号頁・発行日

1000

著者

藤原 達央 大川 浩一 加藤 貴宏 菅原 勝康

出版者

一般社団法人 資源・素材学会

雑誌

Journal of MMIJ (ISSN:18816118)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.135, no.1, pp.1-7, 2019-01-31 (Released:2019-01-31)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

4

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This study investigated an effective method to desorb CO2 from low-concentration (0.2 mol/L) monoethanolamine (MEA) solutions using calcium chloride (CaCl2) and ultrasound irradiation at 25 ºC. The pH value of the solution had a large influence on the desorption ratio of CO2 from MEA solution under ultrasound irradiation. CO2 was successfully desorbed up to pH8.2, and it was impossible to desorb CO2 at pH over 8.2. It was clarified that CO2 desorption by ultrasound irradiation is useful for the concentration of MEA solution of up to 2.0 mol/L, because the pH rises above 8.2 when the concentration of MEA solution is increased to above 2.0 mol/L. It also became evident that the addition of small amount of CaCl2 further increases the amount of CO2 desorbed during ultrasound irradiation.

著者

小松田 儀貞

出版者

富士大学学術研究会

雑誌

富士大学紀要 (ISSN:03855007)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.109-121, 1998-07

著者

有賀 美和子

出版者

東京女子大学

雑誌

東京女子大学紀要論集 (ISSN:04934350)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, pp.151-183, 2007-03

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Caregiving is obviously an indispensable and foundational labor of liberal society. But the market and political economy long associated with liberalism leave caregivers, who are overwhelmingly women, profoundly vulnerable. Caregiving for the young or for the elderly not only creates enormous economic vulnerability for caregivers but also prevents them from participating in political and cultural life on equal terms with other citizens. In a liberal world that depends crucially upon caregiving labor, it would be reasonable to suppose that the rights of caregivers might be given a very high priority. However, according to R. West, despite the crucial role of care in producing autonomous and independent individuals, there has never been a right to material support for those who do this work. Caregivers have never enjoyed rights to either the financial or the in-kind assistance that would guarantee them some measure of security in their caregiving work. She claims that individuals should have a fundamental right to care for their dependents in liberal societies, so that caregiving does not impoverish the caregiver, leaving her and her dependents vulnerable. In liberal societies, rights protect individuals' autonomy, choices, contracts, property, conscience, and so forth, while no regime of rights protects caregivers or caregiving labor. Rights have never been viewed as a source of support for caregivers within liberalism. Rather, in contemporary liberal societies, rights have helped women when they are acting as individuals in their individualistic and atomistic lives. Thus women, like men, enjoy rights of autonomy, conscience, movement, association, contract, property, and so on. Women also now enjoy "nondiscrimination" rights not to be irrationally categorized or classified according to stereotypical notions of women's nature, a stereotype generally derived from their work as caregivers. That is, a woman has a right not to be stereotypically presumed to be a caregiver, and if she is a caregiver, she has a rightnot to be stereotypically presumed to have certain traits, such as an inability to engage in market wage labor or fulfill political, civic roles, because of her caregiving work. Furthermore, in almost all contemporary liberal societies, so-called privacy rights typically protect women who, acting individualistically, decide not to be caregivers or to limit their caregiving obligations. But it is important to recognize that, whether chosen or not, caregiving potentially impoverishes the caregivers, for reasons that quite sharply distinguish it from other "chosen" paths of life. As E. Kittay argues, caregivers, because of both moral and emotional imperatives, are unlikely to use traditional levers of economic struggle to remedy the risks of impoverishment and diminished opportunities brought on by this labor. Unpaid caregiving is not work that caregivers (should) simply abandon, when an equal or more rewarding opportunity presents itself. Caregivers cannot be regarded as autonomous, "at will" employees, who can terminate their employment at any time, should a better opportunity come along. Unlike employees-at-will, caregivers enjoy no such autonomy. They are not free to leave the job at any point and thereby exert pressure to improve their working conditions by virtue of their legal freedom to walk off the job. Rather, caregivers are emotionally and ethically committed to the work of caring for their dependents. They do not unionize or strike for better working conditions, and they do not commodify their labor. Consequently, caregivers have all the vulnerability but none of the solace and certainly none of the security from the "at will" aspect of their employment. Their "autonomy" does not protect them. If caregiving is not to impoverish or diminish the opportunities of those who engage in it they need familial, community, or state support, whether or not the decision to embark on the caregiving path was voluntarily taken. Some feminists and women's studies scholars including notably C. Gilligan and N. Noddings have argued that the obvious incapacity of liberalism to embrace dependency work reflects an even larger incongruence. The ethic of rights, Gilligan and Noddings argue, has been constructed in a way that is diametrically antithetical to an ethic of caregiving. If so, then it is not at all surprising that rights have not been reconfigured so as to protect the vulnerabilities to which caregiving leads. The modes of thought to construct the former are radically at odds with the modes of being central to the doing of the latter. Liberal rights fail to protect caregivers fundamentally because the "rights mentality" is at war with caring labor. Like the dependency critique developed by M. Fineman and E. Kittay, the ethical critique suggested in the work of Gilligan and Noddings (and others) suggests that liberalism and the rights at its core are in some fundamental way incompatible with the work of caregiving. According to both of these lines of analysis the exclusion of caregivers (who are overwhelmingly women) from liberalism's domain is structural and even definitional. It will not be overcome by insisting on the formal equality of women to men or the equal availability to all of previously gendered roles either in the world of wage work or domestic labor. Caregivers will continue to be excluded, regardless of whether or not women are welcomed to liberalism's domain and regardless of whether it is women or men doing the caregiving work. What has not been systematically explored to date in either the liberal and constitutional literature on rights, or the philosophical writing on the ethic of care, is the possibility of constructing liberal rights so as to protect the interests, needs, material security, and aspirations of caregivers. Liberalism has unquestionably, to date been hostile to caregivers and caregiving labor but it may be excessively pessimistic to assume that liberalism is configured by definition so as to exclude the consideration of caregivers or the work they do. Liberalism and rights may prove more pliable than that. It is not at any rate obvious that a generous and reconfigured liberalism understood as a philosophical guide to political choice, is dependent upon a false and counter-experiential account of human nature. Probably what we ought to conclude from the inhumane failure of the liberal rights tradition to date to extend protective rights to the needs of caregivers is that liberalism needs to be amended. At all events it seems that the most "natural" conclusion to draw from both Gilligan and Noddings's demonstration of our rights culture's failure to acknowledge the ethical dimension of care and Fineman's and Kittay's critique of liberalism's failure to protect the caregiving labor required by our human condition, is that liberalism ought be expanded so as to embrace a right to care with all deliberate speed.

著者

小宮山昌秀

出版者

写

巻号頁・発行日

vol.[14],

出版者

日経BP社

雑誌

日経アーキテクチュア (ISSN:03850870)

巻号頁・発行日

no.951, pp.52-55, 2011-05-10

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無届けのペントハウスを屋上に建てた住宅はしばしば見かけるが、合法的にフロアを1層加えた例は珍しいだろう。外国人の依頼主にとって、「家の売買価値を上げる」ことはごく自然な発想だった。 ドイツ人のA氏は、ニュージーランド人の妻、2人の乳幼児とともに東京都港区の賃貸住宅で暮らしていた。A氏は2008年、港区の高級住宅街にある築26年の戸建住宅を購入する。

著者

北 克一 村木 美紀

出版者

日本図書館研究会

雑誌

図書館界 (ISSN:00409669)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.6, pp.266-277, 2004-03-01 (Released:2017-05-24)

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コンビュータ目録環境下での主題検索ツールとしての二つの件名標目表,『中学・高校件名標目表第3版』及び『基本件名標目表第4版』について,前者の後者への変換・包摂について検討を行う。両件名標目表は,共に事前結合方式による件名標目・参照をもつ体系であるが,検討は,前者での件名規定にあたる「件名標目表の構成」の論旨展開に従って行い,若干の例外的処理を除いて,変換・包摂することに問題がないことを実証した。

著者

鷹田 智恵美 池田 恵里香 小山 三恵子

出版者

日本母性衛生学会

雑誌

母性衛生 (ISSN:03881512)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.3, 2010-09

著者

桑澤安行

雑誌

整形外

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, pp.1452-1453, 2002

被引用文献数

1

著者

橋本 慎吾

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.3, 2009-12-30

著者

清王夫之撰

出版者

曾氏金陵刊

巻号頁・発行日

vol.第32册, 1865

著者

松中 春樹 丹生 智也 番原 睦則 田村 直之

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.10-15, 2012 (Released:2012-01-13)

参考文献数

15

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Propositional Satisfiability (SAT) is fundamental in solving many application problems in Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science. Remarkable improvements in the efficiency of SAT solvers have beenmade over the last decade. Such improvements encourage researchers to solve constraint satisfaction problems by encoding them into SAT (i.e. ``SAT encoding''). Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD) is one of the most typical block designs. BIBDs have been applied in several fields such as design experiments, coding theory, and cryptography. In this paper, we consider the problem of generating BIBDs by SAT encoding. We present a new SAT encoding that is an enhancement of order encoding with the idea of binary tree. It is designed to reduce the number of clauses required for cardinality constraints, compared with order encoding. In our experiments, our encoding was able to give a greater number of solutions than order encoding and state-of-the-art constraint solvers Mistral and choco.

著者

Akio Yamada Kohei Makita Hazumu Kadowaki Naoto Ito Makoto Sugiyama Nigel C.L. Kwan Katsuaki Sugiura

出版者

National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Editorial Committee

雑誌

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JJID.2018.431, (Released:2018-12-25)

参考文献数

58

被引用文献数

10

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Although rabies still kills many people, global eradication of human rabies is considered to be feasible. Because the progress toward eradication may be different among regions with different socio-economic status, states that successfully eradicate this disease must be vigilant for re-emergence of rabies. In this article, we describe arguments over current rabies prevention measures and risk assessment results for rabies introduction and spread in rabies-free Japan. We also summarize the measures taken by representative countries and regions free from rabies. Our risk assessment results revealed that the risk of rabies reintroduction under current circumstances is very low, and that subsequent spread of the disease would be minimal because of quite low value of basic reproduction number. Similar assessments conducted in other rabies-free areas also showed quite limited risks of introduction. The majority of rabies-free countries maintain their rabies-free status through strict import quarantine of carnivorous animals, efficient surveillance of animal rabies including wildlife, quick emergency responses, and raising public awareness of the disease. To keep current rabies-free status in Japan, it is strongly recommended to maintain current quarantine system as well as to reinforce compliance of stakeholders involved in international dog movement. Sustainable surveillance system targeting wildlife is also indispensable.