著者

Hajime KAYANNE Chuki HONGO Ken OKAJI Yoichi IDE Takeshi HAYASHIBARA Hidekazu YAMAMOTO Nobuo MIKAMI Kiyoshi ONODERA Takaaki OOTSUBO Hiroyuki TAKANO Makoto TONEGAWA Shogo MARUYAMA

出版者

日本サンゴ礁学会

雑誌

Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies (ISSN:18830838)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.73-95, 2012 (Released:2013-02-04)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1 7 1

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Ninety-three coral species have been identified at Okinotorishima (Okinotori Island), an isolated table reef located in the center of the Philippine Sea. The species composition of the island is similar to that of other islands in the northwestern Pacific, but the number of species is small in comparison with surrounding islands. The coral fauna at the island is characterized by a unique species composition that is independent of the Ryukyu Islands, mainland Japan, Palau, and the Mariana Islands. No endemic species were found, but the dominant Acropora species (A. aculeus, A. sp. aff. divaricata, and A. globiceps) were morphologically different from corresponding species at the Ryukyu Islands. The relatively low species diversity at the island despite the close proximity to an area of high diversity is explained by its small habitat diversity and isolation from other islands. The island is located in a subtropical gyre and is isolated from major currents. Thus, only coral larvae with a long competency period (as long as 70 days) can settle at the island from surrounding islands. This unique species composition seems to have been maintained for at least the last 7600 years, since the last stage of sea level rise in the post-glacial period (Holocene).

著者

難波 克行

出版者

公益社団法人 日本産業衛生学会

雑誌

産業衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:13410725)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.6, pp.276-285, 2012-12-20 (Released:2012-12-12)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1 2

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目的:メンタルヘルス不調者の復職支援の効果を定量的に評価するために,異なる復職支援プログラムにおける復職後の出社継続率と費用対効果を比較調査した.方法:ある企業においてメンタルヘルス不調者に対する新旧2つの復職支援プログラムを実施し,旧プログラムで復職した142例,新プログラムで復職した54例,計196例を対象に分析を行った.新プログラムには,(1) 生活記録表を用いた復職判定,(2) 6ヶ月間の段階的な復職プラン,(3) 定期的な産業医面談,(4) 全社復職プラン検討会などを盛り込んだ.結果:新プログラムの休業期間は中央値で60日ほど長かったが,復職1年後の出社継続率は54.2%から91.6%へと改善し,復職後1年間の生産性も6,226,192万円から8,418,514円へと改善した.復職支援にかかった費用は65,945円から300,898円と増加した.経営者の視点から費用便益分析を実施したところ,本取り組みの投資収益率(ROI)は933%であった.結論:復職後の再発を予防するためには新しい復職支援プログラムが効果的であることが示唆された.

著者

鎌田 七男

出版者

一般社団法人 日本内科学会

雑誌

日本内科学会雑誌 (ISSN:00215384)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.91, no.7, pp.1978-1982, 2002-07-10 (Released:2008-06-12)

参考文献数

2

著者

笠木 寛治 御前 隆 小西 淳二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本内科学会

雑誌

日本内科学会雑誌 (ISSN:00215384)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.7, pp.1126-1130, 1997-07-10 (Released:2008-06-12)

参考文献数

5

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甲状腺腫の性状の評価には超音波検査(US)がもっとも広く行われている.結節を高感度に検出し,特に腺腫様甲状腺腫の診断に有用である.甲状腺中毒症の原因検索のため123Iまたは99mTc甲状腺シンチグラフィーが行われる.特にバセドウ病と無痛性甲状腺炎との鑑別に有用である.可逆性甲状腺機能低下症では摂取率高値を示す.分化型甲状腺癌の転移巣の早期発見は131I治療効果を考えた場合重要であり,最近開発された99mTc-MIBIが注目されている.

著者

横沢 保 深田 修司 宮内 昭 松塚 文夫 小林 薫 隈 寛二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本内科学会

雑誌

日本内科学会雑誌 (ISSN:00215384)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.7, pp.1117-1125, 1997-07-10 (Released:2008-06-12)

参考文献数

21

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日常臨床で,超音波(以下エコー)が,甲状腺疾患に役立つと実感できるのは,触診で迷ったときすぐに,びまん性か,結節性かの鑑別や,嚢胞性か充実性かなどをチェックできることである.更に,習熟すると,以下のような使い方がある. 1.結節性疾患;結節性疾患では, a.嚢胞性か充実性か, b.結節の局在・サイズ・数, c.石灰化の種類(砂粒小体など), d.良性か悪性か, e.癌の甲状腺外浸潤, f.転移リンパ節腫大の有無などが,ある程度診断可能である.しかし,癌の診断と治療方針の決定に対しては,細胞診またはエコーガイド下穿刺吸引細胞診(UG-FNAB)の併用が必要になる. 2. UG-FNAB;エコーガイド下細胞診すると,従来診断が困難で診断がつかないまま外科に送られていた症例を減少させることができる.その主な適応は, (1)触診困難な微小病変, (2)腺内転移(多発癌), (3)嚢胞変性腫瘤, (4)慢性甲状腺炎やバセドウ病に合併した腫瘤, 5.触診細胞診で充分細胞が採れない再検例(石灰化例等), 6.大きな良性結節に合併した小さな癌, 7.甲状腺癌術後の局所リンパ節腫大の診断,などである.当院にUG-FNABが導入されてから5年が経過したが,症例数は年々増加し, 1996年現在,総細胞診例の約8割の症例がUG-FNABを行っている.ただ,新技術の導入によって起こった最大の問題は,微小癌をどうするかということであった.現在,我々は,独自の微小癌への対策基準を設置して実際に行っている. 3.びまん性疾患;びまん性疾患では, 1.バセドウ病や慢性甲状腺炎の結節合併の有無, 2.体積測定, 3.亜急性甲状腺炎の診断と治療効果判定,などに有用である.

著者

Francisco J. Pastor-Pérez Sergio Manzano-Fernández Rebeca Goya-Esteban Domingo A. Pascual-Figal Oscar Barquero-Pérez Jose Luis Rojo-Álvarez Estrella Everss Maria Dolores Martinez Martinez-Espejo Mariano Valdés Chavarri Arcadi García-Alberola

出版者

日本循環器学会

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.9, pp.2124-2129, 2012 (Released:2012-08-24)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

3

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Background: Abnormalities in autonomic control are a feature of neuroendocrine activation in HF and are responsible for dysregulation of biological rhythms. The purpose was to investigate the presence and the prognostic significance of long-period heart rate (HR) rhythms in heart failure (HF) patients. Methods and Results: In the study, 92 HF patients were enrolled (age 53±14 years and left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 37±10%). A rhythmometric analysis was used to assess the HR rhythms in 7-days (7D) Holter recordings. Rhythms properties were quantified by mesor and amplitude, in beats/min and by acrophase, in hours. Cardiac death or HF decompensation were registered. All patients had 24-h rhythm, 61 patients (77%) had 8-h rhythm, and 66 patients (83%) had 7D rhythm. Twelve patients (15%) experienced events. Among rhythm parameters only 7D median amplitude was different between patients with or without events: 1.1beats/min [0.5–1.5] vs. 2.0beats/min [0.0–3.9], P=0.049 respectively. After multivariate adjustment, LVEF (per 1%, hazard ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87 to 0.98, P=0.01), N-terminal portion of pro-natriuretic hormone type B (per 100pg/ml, hazard ratio 1.036, 95% CI 1.005–1.069, P=0.022), and 7D amplitude of the HR ≤1.71beats/min (hazard ratio 5.4, 95% CI 1.2–34.4, P=0.047) were independent predictors of events. Conclusions: A 7D HR rhythm is present in most patients with HF, and has prognostic significance.  (Circ J 2012; 76: 2124–2129)

著者

Jae-Sik Jang Han-Young Jin Jeong-Sook Seo Tae-Hyun Yang Dae-Kyeong Kim Tae Hee Kim Sang-Hwa Urm Dong-Soo Kim Dong-Kie Kim Sang-Hoon Seol Doo-Il Kim Kyoung-Im Cho Bo-Hyun Kim Yong Hyun Park Hyung-Gon Je Jung-Min Ahn Won-Jang Kim Jong-Young Lee Seung-Whan Lee

出版者

日本循環器学会

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.9, pp.2255-2265, 2012 (Released:2012-08-24)

参考文献数

65

被引用文献数

39 74

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Background: Sodium bicarbonate has been postulated to prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) by various mechanisms, although the reports are conflicting. Methods and Results: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane databases for randomized controlled trials that compared a sodium chloride with a sodium bicarbonate hydration regimen with regard to CI-AKI. Data across 19 clinical trials consisting of 3,609 patients were combined. Preprocedural hydration with sodium bicarbonate was associated with a significant decrease in the rate of CI-AKI (odds ratio [OR] 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36–0.86; P=0.008). Stratified analyses by the type of contrast medium suggested lower odds of CI-AKI with sodium bicarbonate in studies using low-osmolar contrast media (OR 0.40; 95% CI 0.23–0.71, P=0.002) compared with those using the iso-osmolar agents (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.41–1.43; P=0.40). No significant difference in the rates of postprocedural death (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.23–1.04; P=0.06) and the requirement for renal replacement therapy (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.46–1.91; P=0.86) was observed. However, we found significant changes in serum bicarbonate and potassium levels after sodium bicarbonate infusion. Conclusions: This updated meta-analysis demonstrates that sodium bicarbonate-based hydration is superior to sodium chloride in preventing CI-AKI of patients undergoing exposure to iodinated contrast media.  (Circ J 2012; 76: 2255–2265)

著者

伊藤 祐佳 高須 朗 阪本 敏久 岡田 芳明

出版者

日本救急医学会

雑誌

日本救急医学会雑誌 (ISSN:0915924X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.35-39, 2004-02-15 (Released:2009-03-27)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

3 3 1

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A 46-year-old woman was admitted 3 hours after she had ingested about 500ml of a toilet bowl cleaner (included 9.5% hydrochloric acid) in attempt to commit suicide. On admission, the base excess in the arterial blood was-20mEq/l and she had hypotension and anuria. An endoscopic examination on admission revealed corrosive degeneration in the entire esophagus and stomach. Abdominal compartment syndrome developed on the 5th hospital day and a decompression laparotomy was performed, which revealed necrosis of the whole stomach. A total gastrectomy without reconstruction was performed. On the 18th day, air leakage into oral cavity was seen during the inspiratory phase of the artificial ventilation. A bronchial fiberscope revealed an ulcer in the posterior wall of the left main bronchus. The air leakage stopped after the placement of a bronchial stent. However, the patient died on the 33rd day due to uncontrollable bronchial bleeding. Autopsy revealed severe mediastinal necrosis, esophago-bronchial fistula, and azygos vein destruction at the arch. According to our case and literature reviews of acid toilet bowel cleaner ingestion, most patients who died of esophageal perforation or esophago-bronchial (or tracheal) fistula had the following characters: ingested a volume of>300ml, severe acidemia, severe corrosive degeneration in the entire esophageal and gastric mucosa. In the patients who demonstrated such characters, an early esophagectomy is therefore recommended as a possible option to improve their outcomes.

著者

田中 吉史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.206-216, 2007 (Released:2009-03-06)

参考文献数

10

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We investigated the effect of existing words on the generation of non-words. Native Japanese speaking college students (n = 103) generated 2702 non-words consisting of two to ten Hiragana letters during five minutes. The generated non-words resembled existing, familiar, Japanese words in terms of letter frequencies and of bigrams (two adjacent letters in a word). The non-words were also constrained by a phonological rule (*DD-constraint; Ito & Mester, 1996) of the Japanese lexicon, which implies that the non-words were related to existing words. and could be included in the extreme periphery of the Japanese lexicon. Further analysis indicated that the selection of letters in the generated non-words was biased. The participants tended to repeatedly use the same letters, and moreover, frequencies of letters in non-words were more redundant than those in existing words and random combination of letters. These results suggest that the generated non-words were influenced by existing words, but also constrained by characteristics of the process of retrieving letters from memory.

著者

岡橋 久世 吉川 周作 三田村 宗樹 兵頭 政幸 内山 高 内山 美恵子 原口 強

出版者

日本第四紀学会

雑誌

第四紀研究 (ISSN:04182642)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.3, pp.193-202, 2001-06-01 (Released:2009-08-21)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

3 4

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三重県鳥羽市相差宇塚の湿地において,地層抜き取り装置を用いて定方位柱状堆積物試料を採取し,肉眼と実体顕微鏡による岩相観察および堆積物の古地磁気測定を行った.その結果,淡水成泥質堆積物中に2枚の不淘汰な砂層を見いだした.この砂層には,貝殻・有孔虫など海生化石が含まれる.古地磁気永年変化の磁気層序対比および歴史津波史料に基づくと,これら2枚の砂層は1707年宝永地震と1605年慶長地震の津波堆積物である可能性が高い.

著者

大崎 能伸 石田 栄 藤兼 俊明 川辺 淳一 松本 博之 小野寺 壮吉

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本肺癌学会

雑誌

肺癌 (ISSN:03869628)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.341-349, 1990-06-20 (Released:2011-08-10)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1

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ヒト肺腺癌細胞培養株PC9に対するCDDPとカフェインの併用効果を検討した. カフェイン2mM単独では細胞の増殖を強く抑制しなかったが, 併用によりCDDP1.0μg/mlの効果を増強した. FCMでのcellcycleの検討では, CDDPの負荷によりG2+M期の蓄積を認め, カフェインの併用によりこのG2+M期の貯蓄は減少した. FITCの蛍光量は48時間後に減少し, これはカフェイン単独, CDDPカフェイン併用ともに認められた.3Hthymidineの取込みはCDDPの濃度の上昇とともに低下した.14C-leucineの取り込みはカフェインの使用によって低下した.

著者

大塚 美智子 塩崎 正恵 濱崎 香保子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本繊維製品消費科学会

雑誌

繊維製品消費科学 (ISSN:00372072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.1, pp.50-59, 2002-01-25 (Released:2010-09-30)

参考文献数

12

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本研究は問題行動が目立つ「17歳」の少年に着目し, 男子高校生を対象に調査を行った.まず, エゴグラムを用いて彼らの性格を分類し, その性格と被服嗜好との関係について分析を試みた.得られた結果は次の通りである.1) エゴグラムを用い男子高校生の性格は明確に分類され, 各々の被服嗜好の特徴を把握することができた.2) 男子高校生の多くはAC型, N型のA低位型, M型, 平坦型の4つに分類された.3) AC型, N型のA低位型, M型, 及び平坦型の性格は服飾に関する意識や選択に現れていた.4) 抑うつ状態に陥りやすい自我状態であるAC優位型の多くが帽子を着用していたことは注目に値する.

著者

Shinichi Sugiyama Masayuki Okuda Takeshi Kinoshita Kyoko Inada Hajime Tateishi Mayumi Uehara Tatsuya Hobara

出版者

(公社)日本産業衛生学会

雑誌

Journal of Occupational Health (ISSN:13419145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.6, pp.465-472, 2011 (Released:2011-12-09)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

5

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Objectives: This study evaluated a simple workplace intervention that used visual messages to create awareness of two highly specific recommendations for good health. Methods: Four worksites were recruited in Iwakuni, Japan. The 4-month intervention used three promotional media—A2-size posters, A4-size flyers and displays on the company intranet. The visual messages were designed with silhouettes, pictograms and slogans. Knowledge acquisition concerning the two recommendations (daily vegetable intake of 350 g and 23 exercises weekly) was evaluated using questionnaires. In addition, recall of media and attitudes toward health behavior were assessed. Results: Of the 2,322 workers, 827 responded to both the pre- and postintervention surveys. Correct responses at the four worksites increased from initial levels of 36-48% to 38-73% for the vegetable intake questions and from 7-14% to 7-59% for the physical activity questions. Media recall results were 35-73% for posters, 20-43% for flyers and 19% for intranet. The workers who recalled the posters and flyers had more correct answers on knowledge questions than those who did not recall the posters or flyers (p<0.01). In multivariate analyses, seeing the visual messages was associated with a positive change in response to physical activity questions (odds ratio=1.49-2.03), and the number of media recalled was also significant (odds ratio=1.16-1.17). Conclusions: Interventions with a combination of media and simple visual messages should be considered for health promotion among general populations at worksites.

著者

倉本 宣 古賀 陽子

出版者

日本緑化工学会

雑誌

日本緑化工学会誌 (ISSN:09167439)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.340-343, 2004 (Released:2005-11-22)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

2 3 2

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減少し続けていた多摩川のカワラノギクに新しい局地個体群が発見されたので,保全の観点からどのように対応すべきか検討した。局地個体群の発達と衰退の過程および生育地という生態学的評価からは重要な局地個体群であると考えられた。しかしながら,発見された個体群が自生か植栽起源によるものかの判断はむずかしく,保全の対象とすべきか否かは更なる検討が必要である。

著者

Thanida SANANMUANG Nawapen PHUTIKANIT Catherine NGUYEN Sukanya MANEE-IN Mongkol TECHAKUMPHU Theerawat THARASANIT

出版者

日本繁殖生物学会

雑誌

Journal of Reproduction and Development (ISSN:09168818)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2012-116, (Released:2013-01-25)

被引用文献数

4 6 1

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Developmental competence and quality of in vitro produced embryos has been demonstrated to be lower than in vivo derived embryos. This study aimed specifically to determine the effects of in vitro culture of feline embryos using various culture densities on developmental competence and expression of stress- and apoptotic-related genes in terms of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and apoptotic-related (BAX and BCL-2) gene expressions. In experiment 1, we characterized the inducible form of a feline-specific HSP70 mRNA sequence, as it has not been previously reported. The primers for feline HSP70 mRNA were synthesized and tested on heat-treated cat fibroblasts. In experiment 2, feline embryos were cultured at different culture densities (embryo:culture volume; 1:1.25, 1:5 and 1:20). The developmental competence was determined along with HSP70, BAX and BCL-2 transcript abundances using quantitative RT-PCR. In vivo derived embryos were used as a control group. A partial cat HSP70 mRNA sequence (190 bp) was characterized and exhibited high nucleotide identity (93 to 96%) with other species. Cleaved embryos cultured at high density (1:1.25) developed to blastocysts at a lower rate than those generated from lower densities. Irrespective of the culture densities used, in vitro cultured blastocysts showed increased levels of HSP70 and BAX transcripts compared with in vivo counterparts. Blastocysts derived from the highest culture density (1:1.25) showed higher levels of upregulation of HSP70 and BAX transcripts than those cultured at lower culture densities (1:5 and 1:20). In conclusion, increased levels of pro-apoptotic (BAX) and stress-response (HSP70) transcripts correlated with developmental incompetence of embryos cultured at high embryonic density, indicating that stress accumulated during in vitro embryo culture affected the fate for embryo development and quality.

著者

Narong TIPTANAVATTANA Chommanart THONGKITTIDILOK Mongkol TECHAKUMPHU Theerawat THARASANIT

出版者

日本繁殖生物学会

雑誌

Journal of Reproduction and Development (ISSN:09168818)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2012-130, (Released:2013-01-25)

被引用文献数

7 15 3

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Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) function to regulate the balance of self-renewal and differentiation of male gametes. SSCs have been successfully isolated and cultured in vitro in several species, but not in feline. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to culture and characterize feline SSCs. In experiment 1, testes (n=5) from different pubertal domestic cats were cryosectioned and fluorescently immunolabeled to examine the expression of SSC (GFRα-1), differentiated spermatogonium (c-kit) and germ cell (DDX-4) markers. In experiments 2 and 3, testicular cells were digested and subsequently cultured in vitro. The resultant presumptive SSC colonies were then collected for SSC identification (experiment 2), or further cultured in vitro on feeder cells (experiment 3). Morphology, gene expression and immunofluorescence were used to identify the SSCs. Experiment 1 demonstrated that varying types of spermatogenic cells existed and expressed different germ cell/SSC makers. A rare population of putative SSCs located at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules was specifically identified by co-expression of GFRα-1 and DDX-4. Following enzymatic digestion, grape-like colonies formed by 13-15 days of culture. These colonies expressed GFRA1 and ZBTB16, but did not express KIT. Although we successfully isolated and cultured feline SSCs in vitro, the SSCs could only be maintained for 57 days. In conclusion, this study demonstrates, for the first time, that putative SSCs from testes of pubertal domestic cats can be isolated and cultured in vitro. These cells exhibited SSC morphology and expressed SSC-specific genes. However, long-term culture of these putative SSCs was compromised.

著者

森 大吉郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本航空宇宙学会

雑誌

日本航空宇宙学会誌 (ISSN:00214663)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.265, pp.58-66, 1976-02-05 (Released:2009-05-25)

参考文献数

18

著者

秋葉 鐐二郎 松尾 弘毅

出版者

一般社団法人 日本航空宇宙学会

雑誌

日本航空宇宙学会誌 (ISSN:00214663)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.266, pp.103-113, 1976-03-05 (Released:2009-05-25)

著者

玉手 慎太郎

出版者

数理社会学会

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.339-354, 2011 (Released:2012-09-01)

参考文献数

38

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本稿はアマルティア・センが提唱した「基礎的ケイパビリティの平等」について論じるものである.センの規範理論はしばしばケイパビリティの平等と混同されており,われわれの間で明確な理解がなされているとは言えない.また「基礎的ケイパビリティの平等」は,厳密に考察するならば,自由をどの程度まで保障するのかについて明確でないという問題を抱えていることがわかる.本稿は,自由を二重の重要性を持つものとして捉えるセン自身の考え方に即して「基礎的ケイパビリティの平等」を定式化し,この理論をケイパビリティの平等と明確に区別して示すとともに,保障範囲に関して明示的に理論に取り入れる.保障範囲の問題はいま広く議論されている責任の概念につながるものであり,この点について,本稿の定式化の含意として,責任平等主義に対するエリザベス・アンダーソンからの批判に応答が可能となることを示したい.

著者

寺田 英嗣 輻形 和幸

出版者

公益社団法人 精密工学会

雑誌

精密工学会誌 (ISSN:09120289)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.5, pp.546-551, 2010-05-05 (Released:2010-11-05)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1 6

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The motion planning approach of a multi-robot system for the “Furoshiki” wrapping operations has been newly developed. This approach considers the loci of the handling points for the wrapping and the tying of the sheet. Especially, to avoid the complex motion of tying at the “Mamusubi” operation, the newly approach has been proposed. This approach divides the crossing operation into the two motions. The one is the 2-dimensional motion and the other is the wrapped object rotation around vertical axis. Also, this multi-robot system consists of the two handling robot arms, the shifting operation robot arm and the rotating mechanism for the wrapped object. The handling robot arms consist of a 2-DOF SCARA type robot and a 1-DOF linear motion system. And the shifting operation robot arm is the 3-DOF SCARA type robot which can adjust the pose of the End-effector. In this report, the proposed approach is verified using a prototype robot system. And it is confirmed that the testing rectangular object can be wrapped and tied the desired shape.