著者

Eline H Ploumen Rosaly A Buiten Paolo Zocca Carine JM Doggen Adel Aminian Carl E Schotborgh Gillian AJ Jessurun Ariel Roguin Peter W Danse Edouard Benit Clemens von Birgelen

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CJ-21-0292, (Released:2021-07-13)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

13

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Background:At 1 year, the international randomized BIONYX trial (ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT02508714) established non-inferiority regarding safety and efficacy of the novel Resolute Onyx zotarolimus-eluting stent (RO-ZES) vs. the Orsiro sirolimus-eluting stent (O-SES). Although the RO-ZES is used in daily practice, no clinical results have been published beyond 2 years.Methods and Results:We assessed 3-year clinical outcomes of 2,488 all-comers after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with RO-ZES vs. O-SES. The main endpoint was target vessel failure (TVF), a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction (MI), or target vessel revascularization. Time-to-endpoints was assessed by Kaplan-Meier methods and between-group comparisons by log-rank tests. Follow-up was available in 2,433/2,488 (97.8%) patients. There was no significant between-stent difference in TVF (RO-ZES 112/1,243 [9.2%] vs. O-SES 109/1,245 [8.9%], hazard ratio [HR]: 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79–1.34; Plog-rank=0.85) and its individual components. The all-cause mortality was significantly lower after PCI with RO-ZES (3.7% vs.5.4%, HR: 0.67, 95% CI 0.46–0.97; Plog-rank=0.034), but cardiac mortality did not differ significantly (1.1% vs.1.9%, HR: 0.56, 95% CI 0.28–1.11; Plog-rank=0.09). Definite-or-probable stent thrombosis rates were low for both groups (0.6% vs.1.2%, HR: 0.46, 95% CI 0.19–1.14; Plog-rank=0.09).Conclusions:This first 3-year randomized assessment of the RO-ZES showed a favorable rate of TVF that matched the outcomes of patients treated with O-SES. We observed a lower rate of all-cause death in the RO-ZES group, but long-term clinical follow-up is of interest.

著者

Anna K. Kopec Ryuji Yokokawa Nasir Khan Ikuo Horii James E. Finley Christine P. Bono Carol Donovan Jessica Roy Julie Harney Andrew D. Burdick Bart Jessen Shuyan Lu Mark Collinge Ramin Banan Sadeghian Mazin Derzi Lindsay Tomlinson John E. Burkhardt

出版者

The Japanese Society of Toxicology

雑誌

The Journal of Toxicological Sciences (ISSN:03881350)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.3, pp.99-114, 2021 (Released:2021-03-01)

参考文献数

68

被引用文献数

1 18

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Microphysiological systems (MPS) are making advances to provide more standardized and predictive physiologically relevant responses to test articles in living tissues and organ systems. The excitement surrounding the potential of MPS to better predict human responses to medicines and improving clinical translation is overshadowed by their relatively slow adoption by the pharmaceutical industry and regulators. Collaboration between multiorganizational consortia and regulators is necessary to build an understanding of the strengths and limitations of MPS models and closing the current gaps. Here, we review some of the advances in MPS research, focusing on liver, intestine, vascular system, kidney and lung and present examples highlighting the context of use for these systems. For MPS to gain a foothold in drug development, they must have added value over existing approaches. Ideally, the application of MPS will augment in vivo studies and reduce the use of animals via tiered screening with less reliance on exploratory toxicology studies to screen compounds. Because MPS support multiple cell types (e.g. primary or stem-cell derived cells) and organ systems, identifying when MPS are more appropriate than simple 2D in vitro models for understanding physiological responses to test articles is necessary. Once identified, MPS models require qualification for that specific context of use and must be reproducible to allow future validation. Ultimately, the challenges of balancing complexity with reproducibility will inform the promise of advancing the MPS field and are critical for realization of the goal to reduce, refine and replace (3Rs) the use of animals in nonclinical research.

著者

PHILIPS John E.

出版者

日本中東学会

雑誌

日本中東学会年報 (ISSN:09137858)

巻号頁・発行日

no.6, pp.271-287, 1991-03-31

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奴隷制は人類の歴史の中で、文明の発達と同じように古く、また世界全体にかかわる問題の一つである。奴隷制は人間に対する抑圧と搾取の慣習としてさまざまな形態で今日でも世界の所々に残っており、奴隷制の研究が研究者の間で注目されるテーマとなっても不思議ではない。特に、イスラム社会では、奴隷兵士の問題が論じられる機会が多い。アフリカの歴史の中で奴隷制は避けて通れぬ大きな問題であり、たとえばサハラ砂漠奴隷貿易や大西洋奴隷貿易の原因とその影響、大西洋を渡った奴隷の数などについてはさまざまな議論がある。奴隷貿易によって成立した「三角貿易」はアフリカに新しい技術をもたらしたのか、むしろ人口の減少と部族間の争いをもたらしたのか、そして大陸内の奴隷の増加によリヨーロッパの植民地支配と今日の低開発状態を招いたのではないか、などさまざまな角度から論じられてきた。今回の「奴隷制と社会の歴史世界大会」を主催したアレワ・ハウスのあるナイジェリアでは、イスラム教徒中心の北部のハウサ族と、キリスト教徒の多い南部諸部族の長い対立の中で、奴隷狩りが繰り返されてきており、奴隷制は重大な問題である。今回の大会では「奴隷制と社会」に関しての理論的発表やイスラム教社会の奴隷制についての事例研究発表が数多くあった。大西洋貿易のアフリカ大陸への影響について、ナイジェリアの発表者は奴隷貿易によって貿易商人やアフリカの支配者は財産を蓄積したが、アフリカの経済は自力で制御する力を失いアフリカの開発が遅れ、また人種差別的思想の出現を招くことになったと述べていた。発表者の中には、イスラム教とキリスト教が奴隷制を促進したという見解に挑戦した論文もあった。宗教と奴隷制はもっとも議論が出た話題であったが、この世界大会の終わりには、奴隷制に関してどちらの宗教も道徳的に非難から免れることはできないという合意が得られたように思う。事例研究としてゃザイールにおける戦争と奴隷制、北カメルーンにおける奴隷制とイギリスの支配、イスラム教と西スーダンの奴隷制経済などがあった。私は、「ソコト帝国における奴隷制と砦」の題で西アフリカのソコト帝国(1804-1903)の奴隷制と南北戦争前のアメリカ南部の奴隷制を比較した。両者の奴隷の大きな相違は、ソコト帝国では砦の防衛のために奴隷が兵士や行政官として配備されることがあったがあったが、アメリカではありえないことであった。

著者

原 寛徳 伊藤 信之 衛藤 正雄 朝長 匡 ラッビ M. E. 安達 耕一

出版者

West-Japanese Society of Orthopedics & Traumatology

雑誌

整形外科と災害外科 (ISSN:00371033)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.3, pp.894-897, 1997-09-25 (Released:2010-02-25)

参考文献数

5

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This study investigated the relation ship between the slope and shape of the acromion and the spur at the antero-inferior surface of the acromion no clarify the cause of subacromial impingement. This investigation was performed with 205 scapular dry bone specimens. The specimens of 107 males were used. Their ages ranged from 20 to 83 years with an average age of 56.5 years. The presence of acromial spurs was identified. All acromions were classified visually as type I (flat), type II (curved) or type II (hooked) as described by Bigliani et al. And the slope of the acromion was measured in all specimens.A spur at the antero-inferior surface was seen in 96 acromions (46.8%). And almost all spurs were located in the anterior one third of the acromion. In all specimens, fifty-six acromions (27.3%) were type I, one hundred and eight (52.7%) were type II and forty-one (20.0%) were type III. The type of acromion was not related to the presence or absence of a spur. The average slope of all acromions was 46±8°, that of acromions with spur was 44±7° and that of acromions without spur was 49±8°. There was a significant difference between the slope of the acromion with spur and acromions without spur. From this study it can be concluded that the type of acromion had no relation ship to subacromial impingement and the flattened slope of the acromion might be one cause of subacromial impingement.

著者

Donald A. Norman 佐伯 胖 Jonathan Grudin 安西 祐一郎 Allan M. Collins Dedre Gentner Michael Cole James Levin Margaret Riel 杉本 卓 村山 功 美馬 のゆり 鈴木 宏昭 中島 秀之 小笠原 秀美 土屋 孝文 樋口 一枝 落合 弘之 野田 耕平 古田 一義 石井 裕 諏訪 正樹 安斎 利洋 中村 理恵子 益川 弘如 中山 隆弘 遠山 紗矢香 Daniel L. Schwartz Marcia C. Linn 飯窪 真也 齊藤 萌木 杉山 二季 板谷 大介 萩原 英子 畑 文子 堀 公彦 Stella Vosniadou Cindy E. Hmelo-Silver Sandra Y. Okita 大津 由紀雄 Marlene Scardamalia Carl Bereiter

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.504-541, 2015-12-01 (Released:2016-06-01)

参考文献数

28

著者

Richard E. Gilbert

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.4, pp.849-856, 2013 (Released:2013-03-25)

参考文献数

64

被引用文献数

34 42

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Although seemingly diverse, the tissue injury at sites of diabetic complications, whether in the heart, kidneys or eyes, shares the common histopathological feature of endothelial cell loss, a consequence of both increased cell death and deficient regeneration. In medium-sized and larger arteries the loss of the protective lining contributes to the atherosclerotic process, while at sites of microvascular disease endothelial cell loss leads to capillary rarefaction and ischemia. The pathophysiology of these changes and their consequences on organ structure and function in diabetes are reviewed, and the potential for endothelial regenerative strategies to enhance repair and ameliorate the long-term complications of diabetes is explored.  (Circ J 2013; 77: 849–856)

著者

Hiroaki UEDA E. Masatake HORI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.12, pp.715-724, 2006-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1 1

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Japan and neighboring regions experienced record-breaking hot weather during the 2004 summer. Two kinds of teleconnection patterns are considered to account for the anomalous anticyclone over these regions. One, originating from the western North Pacific (WNP), was responsible for the anomalous hot weather during the second half of June. The other, embedded in the mid-latitude Asian Jet, was discernible dúring early July. The Asian summer monsoon (ASM) was stronger than normal, which was consistent with the warmer Asian land surface in the pre-monsoon season. During the boreal spring, enhancement of convection occurred over the tropical Indian Ocean (IO) and WNP. These anomalous tropical heat sources are responsible for anticyclonic circulation extending over the Asian continent and resultant increase in the land surface temperature due to suppression of rainfall. The enhancement of thermal gradient between the Asian continent and the adjacent oceans are consistent with the strong ASM. An east-west asymmetric air-sea heat exchange across South china Sea is newly proposed to explain the connection between the ASM intensity and the localized convection to the east of the Philippines in June.

著者

遠藤 玄 谷 篤 福島 E.文彦 広瀬 茂男 入部 正継 田窪 敏夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本ロボット学会

雑誌

日本ロボット学会誌 (ISSN:02891824)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.8, pp.779-787, 2012 (Released:2012-11-15)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1

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Home oxygen therapy (HOT) is a medical treatment for patients suffering from severe lung diseases. Although a walk in an outdoor environment is recommended for the patients to keep physical strength, patients always have to carry a portable oxygen supplier which is not sufficiently light weight for the patients. Our ultimate goal is to develop a mobile robot carrying an oxygen tank and follows a foregoing patient in an urban outdoor environment. We have proposed a mobile robot with a tether interface to detect the relative position of the foregoing patient. In this paper, we improve mobile platform mechanisms and active wheels to maximize the negotiating step height, and to allocate sufficient luggage area in the main body carrying an actual oxygen tank. The following control algorithm is also improved and demonstrate its effectiveness in an outdoor following experiment.

著者

[David E. Fastovsky David B. Weishampel原著] John Sibbick [画] 藤原慎一 松本涼子訳

出版者

東京化学同人

巻号頁・発行日

2015

著者

Atsushi Hozawa Aaron R. Folsom A. Richey Sharrett Thomas J Payne Lloyd E. Chambless

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.9, pp.1105-1110, 2006 (Released:2006-08-25)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

11 11

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Background The association of smoking with coronary heart disease (CHD) occurrence has been reported to be weaker for populations with lower plasma cholesterol levels. Recent studies suggest that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and smoking contribute to different stages of atherosclerosis, so the present study was designed to test the hypothersis that smoking is a stronger risk factor for CHD when LDL-C is high. Methods and Results The study group of 13,410 middle-aged adults who were initially free of stroke and CHD were followed and over 13.3 years there were 932 incident CHD events. Tests for multiplicative interaction were performed using proportional hazards models. Both smoking and increased LDL-C were risk factors for CHD incidence. The relative hazard (RH) of CHD in relation to smoking tended to be larger among higher LDL-C categories compared with lower LDL-C categories. For example, when the participants were dichotomized into 4 categories, using smoking ≥15 cigarettes per day and LDL-C ≥130 mg/dl as cutoffs, those with high LDL-C and heavier cigarette smoking showed a very high RH of CHD (RH =2.81) compared with that expected from the product of the RHs of high LDL-C (RH =1.15) only × heavy smoking only (RH =1.71) (p for interaction =0.04). Conclusions These results suggest positive multiplicative interactions between smoking and LDL-C for CHD incidence. (Circ J 2006; 70: 1105 - 1110)

著者

Mohamed Jarraya Luis E. Diaz Frank W. Roemer William F. Arndt Ajay R. Goud Ali Guermazi

出版者

Japanese Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

雑誌

Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences (ISSN:13473182)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.rev.2017-0063, (Released:2017-10-10)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

26

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Peripatellar fat pads are intracapsular extrasynovial adipose cushions that accommodate the changing shape and volume of articular spaces during movement. Variations in bone geometry, passive and active stabilization mechanisms and/or functional demands may lead to peripatellar fat pad abnormalities. While peripatellar fat pads may be affected a variety of conditions such as synovial inflammation, tumor and fibrosis, a mechanical origin should also be considered. Commonly, the clinical term “impingement” is used synonymously in the radiological literature to refer to three distinct entities of structural peripatellar fat pad abnormalities: superolateral the infrapatellar fat pad (Hoffa fat pad) edema, suprapatellar fat pad edema, and prepatellar fat pad edema, implying a mechanical origin of these conditions. The aim of this pictorial review is to describe the normal anatomy of the extensor mechanism of the knee, and discuss the relation of patellofemoral maltracking to the above-mentioned peripatellar fat pad conditions based on current evidence.

著者

ドラクロワ E. 坂崎 坦

出版者

美術出版社

雑誌

みづゑ

巻号頁・発行日

no.700, 1963-06

著者

Tomomi HARA Tatsuki TSUJIMORI Kennet E. FLORES Jun–Ichi KIMURA

出版者

Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences

雑誌

Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences (ISSN:13456296)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.6, pp.296-301, 2019 (Released:2020-01-22)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

2

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Lawsonite, jadeite, and glaucophane are iconic minerals within a Pacheco Pass metagraywacke of the Franciscan Complex, California. Those minerals and the associated quartz form the distinctive very low–temperature and high–pressure metamorphic lawsonite–jadeite–glaucophane assemblage, which is diagnostic of ‘cold’ oceanic subduction zones. In this paper, we evaluate the ability of lawsonite geochemistry to trace protoliths with in–situ trace element and Sr–Pb isotope analyses in lawsonite from the Pacheco Pass blueschist–facies metagraywacke, a classical example of trench–fill sediments in subduction zones. Initial Sr isotope ratios are relatively high (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7071–0.7074), and initial Pb isotope ratios are 206Pb/204Pb = 18.74–19.66, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.58–15.70, and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.41–39.34, which range from a MORB trend to a cluster on the EMII component. These geochemical signatures suggest the protolith of the metagraywacke mainly contained material derived from continental volcaniclastic rocks and quartzofeldspathic sediments. There is also a possibility that the protolith contains plume–related oceanic island basalt that reached or intruded into the fore–arc sedimentary sequence of California. Considering the maximum depositional age of the metagraywacke at ~ 102 Ma, the subduction of the Farallon Plate beneath the continental crust of the North American Plate might have carried alkali basalt with OIB–like isotopic signatures to the Franciscan trench. Our study proves the advantage of in–situ lawsonite Sr–Pb isotope analyses to characterize protoliths of metamorphic rocks. The results would manifest that the Sr–Pb isotopic signature of Ca–Al silicate minerals, such as lawsonite, and possibly epidote and pumpellyite, in various types of metamorphic/metasomatic rocks, would be an effective tool for investigating convergent margins.

著者

Takuya E. KISHIMOTO Kazuyuki UCHIDA James K. CHAMBERS Mun Keong KOK Nguyen V. SON Takanori SHIGA Miyuki HIRABAYASHI Nanako USHIO Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0486, (Released:2019-12-04)

被引用文献数

16

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To clarify the prevalence of canine intracranial tumors in Japan, a retrospective study was performed using data on 186 canine intracranial tumors. Of 186 cases, 159 cases (85.5%) were primary and 27 cases (14.5%) were secondary intracranial tumors. Among primary intracranial tumors, meningioma (50.9%) was the most common, followed by glial tumors (21.4%) and primary intracranial histiocytic sarcoma (12.6%). These 3 tumors were most frequently found in middle-aged to elderly dogs without any sex predilection. Regarding glial tumors, the incidence of oligodendroglial tumors (79.4%) was higher than that of astrocytic tumors (17.6%). A significant breed predisposition (P<0.05) was observed for meningioma in Rough Collie, Golden Retriever, Miniature Schnauzer, and Scottish Terrier; for glial tumors in Bouvier de Flandres, French Bulldog, Newfoundland, Bulldog, and Boxer; for primary intracranial histiocytic sarcoma in Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Siberian Husky, and Miniature Schnauzer. The high incidence of oligodendroglial tumors in dogs and the breed predisposition for primary intracranial histiocytic sarcoma in Pembroke Welsh Corgi have not been reported in previous epidemiological studies on canine tumors. Since the incidence of intracranial tumors was vary among dog breeds, the present results demonstrate the uniqueness of the canine breed population in Japan.

著者

Lewis M. Ward Airi Idei Mayuko Nakagawa Yuichiro Ueno Woodward W. Fischer Shawn E. McGlynn

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ME19017, (Released:2019-08-14)

被引用文献数

37

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Hydrothermal systems, including terrestrial hot springs, contain diverse geochemical conditions that vary over short spatial scales due to progressive interactions between reducing hydrothermal fluids, the oxygenated atmosphere, and, in some cases, seawater. At Jinata Onsen on Shikinejima Island, Japan, an intertidal, anoxic, iron-rich hot spring mixes with the oxygenated atmosphere and seawater over short spatial scales, creating diverse chemical potentials and redox pairs over a distance of ~10 m. We characterized geochemical conditions along the outflow of Jinata Onsen as well as the microbial communities present in biofilms, mats, and mineral crusts along its traverse using 16S rRNA gene amplicon and genome-resolved shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Microbial communities significantly changed downstream as temperatures and dissolved iron concentrations decreased and dissolved oxygen increased. Biomass was more limited near the spring source than downstream, and primary productivity appeared to be fueled by the oxidation of ferrous iron and molecular hydrogen by members of Zetaproteobacteria and Aquificae. The microbial community downstream was dominated by oxygenic Cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are abundant and active even at ferrous iron concentrations of ~150 μM, which challenges the idea that iron toxicity limited cyanobacterial expansion in Precambrian oceans. Several novel lineages of Bacteria are also present at Jinata Onsen, including previously uncharacterized members of the phyla Chloroflexi and Calditrichaeota, positioning Jinata Onsen as a valuable site for the future characterization of these clades.

著者

edited by H.E. Chehabi and Juan J. Linz

出版者

Johns Hopkins University Press

巻号頁・発行日

1998

著者

D Husereau M Drummond S Petrou C Carswell D Moher D Greenberg F Augustovski Ah Briggs J Mauskopf E Loder[著] 白岩 健 福田 敬 五十嵐 中 池田 俊也[翻訳]

出版者

国立保健医療科学院

雑誌

保健医療科学 (ISSN:13476459)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, pp.641-666, 2013-12

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背景:医療技術の経済評価では,報告様式(reporting)に関する課題がある.経済評価では,研究結果の精査を可能にするために,重要な情報を伝えなければならない.しかし,公表される報告は増加しているにもかかわらず,既存の報告様式ガイドラインは広く用いられていないのが現状である.そのため,既存のガイドラインを統合・更新し,使いやすい方法で,その活用を促進する必要がある.著者や編集者,査読者によるガイドラインの使用を促進し,報告様式を改善するための一つの手法がチェックリストである.目的:本タスクフォースの目的は,医療経済評価の報告様式を最適化するための推奨(recommendation)を提供することである.The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS)声明は既存の医療経済評価ガイドラインを現時点における一つの有用な報告様式ガイダンスに統合・更新する試みである.The CHEERS Elaboration and Explanation Report of the ISPOR Health Economic Evaluation Publication Guidelines Good Reporting Practicesタスクフォース(以下CHEERSタスクフォース)はCHEERS声明の使用を促進するため,それぞれの推奨に対する具体例や解説を提供する.CHEERS声明の主な対象は,経済評価を報告する研究者,出版のための評価を行う編集者や査読者である.方法:新たな報告様式ガイダンスの必要性は医学編集者を対象とした調査によって確認された.過去に出版された経済評価の報告様式に関するチェックリストやガイダンスは,システマティックレビューやタスクフォースメンバーの調査によって同定した.これらの作業から,候補となる項目のリストを作成した.アカデミア,臨床家,産業界,政府,編集者の代表からなるデルファイ変法パネルを2ラウンド行うことによって,報告様式に不可欠な項目の最小セットを作成した.結果:候補となる44項目の中から24項目とそれにともなう推奨が作成された.そのうち一部は単一の研究に基づく経済評価を,一部はモデルに基づく経済評価を対象としている.最終的に推奨は,6個の主要なカテゴリーに分割された.1)タイトル(title)と要約(abstract),2)序論(introduction),3)方法(methods),4)結果(results),5)考察(discussion),6)その他(others)である.推奨はCHEERS声明における24項目からなるチェックリストに含まれている.タスクフォースの報告ではそれぞれの推奨に関する解説と具体例を作成した.ISPOR CHEERS声明はValue in Health誌あるいはCHEERSタスクフォースのウェブページ(http://www.ispor.org/TaskForces/EconomicPubGuidelines.asp)から利用可能である.結論:CHEERS声明とタスクフォースによる報告様式に関するガイダンスは,一貫性があり透明性の高い報告様式と,究極的にはよりよい医療上の決定につながるだろう.本ガイドラインの普及や理解を促進するために,医療経済あるいは医学雑誌10誌でCHEERS声明を同時に出版している.そのほかの雑誌や団体にもCHEERS声明を広く伝えることを勧める.著者らのチームはチェックリストをレビューし,5年以内に更新することを計画している.

著者

edited by N. Jardine J.A. Secord and E.C. Spary

出版者

Cambridge University Press

巻号頁・発行日

1996

著者

RENTSCHLER Jun E. HOSOE Nobuhiro

出版者

GRIPS Policy Research Center

雑誌

GRIPS Discussion Papers

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17-05, 2017-07

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This study develops a computable general equilibrium model for Nigeria to study the impact of fossil fuel subsidy reform - and energy taxes - on key economic parameters, including consumption, income distribution, tax incidence, and fiscal efficiency. The model also examines the role of informality, tax evasion, and fuel smuggling, and shows that these factors can substantially strengthen the argument in favour of subsidy reform. The study shows that redistributing revenues from subsidy reform using uniform cash transfers has a strong progressive (i.e. pro-poor) distributional effect. Moreover, redistributing reform revenues by cutting pre-existing labour taxes not only increases fiscal effciency, but also reduces the welfare losses associated with tax evasion, which in turn reduces the welfare costs of reform by up to 40%. Regardless of the method of revenue redistribution, reducing subsidies diminishes the incentives for fuel smuggling, and hence the welfare losses associated with it.

著者

Michael E. Peskin Daniel V. Schroeder

出版者

Westview Press

巻号頁・発行日

1995