著者

長谷 和久

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.94.21063, (Released:2023-02-01)

参考文献数

44

---

Studies on various hazards have shown that such hazards are characterized by two dimensions, namely being “dreaded” and “unknown.” Conversely, when evaluating food-related hazards, the degree to which the food is perceived as artificial (i.e., the evaluation of artificiality) has been shown to affect risk perception and willingness to accept food. Accordingly, this study (N = 923) investigated the factors that influence risk perception for various food hazards (e.g., genetically modified foods) by adding items related to artificiality to the conventional items related to the two dimensions (dreaded, unknown). The results showed that items related to artificiality constituted the same principal component as those related to the dimension of “dreaded.” Additionally, foods that were evaluated as artificial were also evaluated as having lower benefits. Based on the findings, specific characteristics of foods that are likely to be avoided (or accepted) were mentioned, and future directions for studies related to food risk perception were discussed.

著者

伊藤 崇達 神藤 貴昭

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.3, pp.209-217, 2003-08-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

18 7

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The two main purposes of the present study were to construct the self-motivational strategies scale for junior high school students, and to examine the validity of the scale. In the first study, from the result of factor analysis on the data of 449 students, eight subscales were constructed, and differences in subscale scores between grades were found. In the second study, the relationships among eight self-motivational strategies, four types of motivation, academic stress coping strategies and appraisal of academic stressors were examined. It was shown that different aspects of students' self-motivational strategy were differentially related to their academic motivation and the use of some stress coping strategies. In addition, covariance structure analysis was carried out to investigate the validity of the scale. The results supported the construct validity of all but one of the subscales.

著者

藤原 和政 西村 多久磨 村上 達也 福住 紀明

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.94.21035, (Released:2023-02-01)

参考文献数

47

---

The present study investigates the association between social skills and indicators of school adjustment: school satisfaction, loneliness, self-esteem, depression, and academic grades. A total of 1,042 junior high school students (boys = 513, girls = 529, Mage = 13.63, range = 12–15) from 33 classes in three schools participated in a questionnaire survey. The results of correlation analysis with multilevel modeling and Zou’s test revealed that (a) hairyo skills, consisting of compassion for others and maintaining relationships with peers, were positively correlated with academic grades, and (b) kakawari skills, consisting of assertion and developing relationships with peers, were positively correlated with school satisfaction and self-esteem. Both types of social skills were negatively correlated with a sense of victimization and depression. These results show multiple aspects of the effects of social skills toward school adjustment problems.

著者

浜 治世

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.1-9, 1965 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

3 1

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The first aim of the study was to examine what sort of effect prior exposure to conflict has on succeeding performance in a weak conflict situation, Dynamogenic and competing response hypotheses were used to predict the performance of subjects in the subsequent conflict situation. The dynamogenic view asserts that conflict generates a drive, thus the effect of conflict training is to facilitate the subsequent performance, reducing the reaction time in post-conflict situation. According to the competing response view, conflict training leads to learning of specific conflict responses, which are generalized to postconflict performance, with the resulting inhibition of performance, or the increase of reaction time. Three groups of normal subjects were run under three ssuccesive phases of experiment. First, all the groups were exposed to a low conflict situation. Following this, each of the groups was given different degree of conflict training, such as high, moderate, or low. Finally, all the groups were again exposed to the original low conflict situation. The comparison of the conflict effect between normal and abnormal subjects, which was the second aim of this study, was performed by running groups of neurotic and schizophrenic subjects under the same conditions as above.The modified Stroops's Color-Word Test cards were used for inducing different degrees of conflict, designated respectively as the high conflict card (HC), the moderate conflict card (MC) and the low conflict card (LC). On these conflict cards the color names were printed in colors. The HC card had no word printed in the corresponding color, while the LC card had all the words printed in the corresponding colors, and the MC card had printed words not corresponding to the colors, but in colors suggesting the same hind of color. The subject was instructed to identify the color of each stimulus irrespective of the color designation. The author hypothesized that the conflict induced by the experiment was a type of approach-approach conflict between two response tendencies; the approach toward reading the word which was motivated by cultural and verbal habit and the other approach toward the color itself which was motivated by the instructions. The reaction time (1/RT×1000) for each conflict card was used as a measure of conflict.The findings are shown in Tables 1 to 6 and Figures 1 to 3. The results indicate that the effect of strong and moderate conflict training led to significant retardation of the reaction time in the postconflict performance for all groups. This fact supports the competing response view, but also has implications for the dynamogenic view.

著者

山田 歩

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.2, pp.134-141, 2004-06-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1 1

---

This study investigated the effects of repeated exposures to male and female targets on trait impressions and the role of stereotyped knowledge for the target's social category in impression formation process. The participants were repeatedly exposed to slides of male and female faces for subliminal durations. For each of 12 pairs containing both previously presented slide and newly presented slide, the participants made forced-choice liking judgments (Experiment 1), trait judgments (Experiment 2) and recognition judgments (Experiments 1 and 2). It was found that participants' attitude toward the targets became more positive, even though target recognition was not significantly greater than the chance level. Yet, when the dimension of judgment was stereotypically associated with the target's social category, exposure effects were obtained for the targets whose social category and its dimension were inferentially matched, but not obtained for the targets whose social category and its dimension were not inferentially matched. Some theoretical implications of the role of social category information in the mere exposure phenomenon are discussed.

著者

伊藤 直樹

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.1, pp.79-85, 2017 (Released:2017-04-25)

参考文献数

25

---

This study aimed to compare information provided on student counseling center websites of universities and colleges in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Taiwan. A survey was conducted on websites of 315 centers in Japan, 282 centers in the United States, 70 centers in the United Kingdom and 61 centers in Taiwan. Trends in the provision of information on websites in each country were analyzed and compared for the rate and quantity of information published. Results of multiple correspondence analyses indicated two basic dimensions of information that could effectively distinguish information provided in the four countries. These were provision of necessary information and provision of information for use of individual counseling or support of community. Finally, issues related to websites in student counseling centers of Japanese universities and colleges are discussed.

著者

杉森 伸吉 渡辺 聡

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.4, pp.261-269, 1994-10-20 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

15

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This experiment tested the hypothesis that the larger the size of aircraft accidents, the more overestimated the frequency of the accidents, as well as their associated risk. Ten descriptions of fatal accidents in which everyone died, and 30 of non-fatal ones in which several were injured, some seriously, were used as experimental stimuli. The independent variable was the size of fatal accidents. An average of 250 passengeres were killed in the large disaster condition, while only 40 were killed in the small one, but the likelihood of death was kept constant across the size conditions. Subjects judged the frequencies of fatal and non-fatal accidents as well as the ratio of the former to the latter, rated risks associated with the airlines, and estimated as a manipulation check the average number of passengeres in the stimulus descriptions. Results strongly supported the hypothesis. Subjects in the large disaster condition overestimated the frequency and risk of both fatal and non-fatal accidents. It was concluded that the stronger fear aroused in the large disaster condition heightened the availability of accident information, and resulted in the illusory correlation between the accident size and its associated risk.

著者

永野 惣一 藤 桂

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.5, pp.463-473, 2016 (Released:2016-12-25)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

2 2

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This study examined the hypothesis that communicating with the weak ties promotes professional self-efficacy and work engagement, which mediates reflection of one’s past career. As a preliminary survey, semi-structured interviews were conducted with incumbent employees and analyzed regarding career reflection arising from communication with weak ties. As part of this survey, Japanese employees (n = 340) were asked to respond to questionnaires that measured communication between weak ties, career reflection, professional self-efficacy, and work engagement. Factor analysis of the scores for career reflection extracted four factors: re-evaluation of own work styles, rebuilding of non-work activities, improvement of work autonomy, and evocation of work crisis awareness. Covariance structure analysis indicated that communication about work-related contents and expectations of the future with weak ties promoted the re-evaluation of the employees’ own work styles, which was shown to promote professional self-efficacy and work engagement. These results support the original hypothesis and suggest that communicating with weak ties is an important resource for promoting positive change in employees’ sense of work.

著者

大石 千歳 吉田 富二雄

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.6, pp.445-453, 2001-02-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Based on social identity theory (Tajfel, 1978), it is expected that black sheep effect occurs only in cases where ingroup members are compared with outgroup individuals. In study 1, 112 female student nurses were divided into two groups, and evaluated both outgroup and ingroup individuals (outgroup-ingroup condition), or ingroup members only (ingroup-only condition). Black sheep effect was found only in the outgroup-ingroup condition. Ingroup members in the condition were evaluated more extremely than those in the ingroup-only condition, and there was no significant difference between the evaluations of outgroup individuals in the outgroup-ingroup condition and ingroup members in the ingroup-only condition. The results confirmed the ingroup-outgroup comparison prediction. In study 2, in addition to rating four individuals, desirable or undesirable and ingroup or outgroup, 86 female student nurses were asked to indicate the importance of their own social identity. Mack sheep effect was observed, with perception of ingroup homogeneity strengthening ingroup identification, thereby facilitating black sheep effect. These findings support Turners self categorization theory (1982) as an explanation of the mechanism for black sheep effect.

著者

齊藤 崇子 中村 知靖 遠藤 利彦

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.6, pp.517-522, 2005-02-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

5 7

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The present study examined whether scores on big five personality factors correlated with face-recognition response time in visual search paradigm. Sixty adjectives were used to measure personality scores of 60 participants along the five factors of Extroversion, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Picture of human faces or geometrical figures in a 4×4 array were used as stimuli. The sixteen faces or figures were either identical (absent condition) or one randomly placed target with 15 identical distracters (present condition). Participants were asked to respond ‘present’ or ‘absent’ as fast and accurately as possible. Results showed that the response time differed significantly between high and low groups of each personality factor except Agreeableness. For Extroversion, Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness, the response time difference was observed only for human face recognition. The results suggested that personality differences and face recognition were related.

著者

品田 瑞穂 山岸 俊男 谷田 林士 高橋 知里 犬飼 佳吾 小泉 径子 横田 晋大 三船 恒裕 高岸 治人 堀田 結孝 橋本 博文

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.2, pp.149-157, 2010 (Released:2010-09-09)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Cooperation in interdependent relationships is based on reciprocity in repeated interactions. However, cooperation in one-shot relationships cannot be explained by reciprocity. Frank, Gilovich, & Regan (1993) argued that cooperative behavior in one-shot interactions can be adaptive if cooperators displayed particular signals and people were able to distinguish cooperators from non-cooperators by decoding these signals. We argue that attractiveness and facial expressiveness are signals of cooperators. We conducted an experiment to examine if these signals influence the detection accuracy of cooperative behavior. Our participants (blind to the target's behavior in a Trust Game) viewed 30-seconds video-clips. Each video-clip was comprised of a cooperator and a non-cooperator in a Trust Game. The participants judged which one of the pair gave more money to the other participant. We found that participants were able to detect cooperators with a higher accuracy than chance. Furthermore, participants rated male non-cooperators as more attractive than male cooperators, and rated cooperators more expressive than non-cooperators. Further analyses showed that attractiveness inhibited detection accuracy while facial expressiveness fostered it.

著者

谷上 亜紀

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89.17401, (Released:2018-05-25)

参考文献数

70

---

People may mistakenly regard a previously known idea as their own: this phenomenon is called “cryptomnesia.” This paper reviews cryptomnesia-related experimental studies that originated with the pioneering work of Brown and Murphy (1989). Previous research has specified the factors that increase or decrease the incidence of cryptomnesia. These studies found that the cognitive processes underlying the phenomenon of cryptomnesia are complicated and involve various factors such as the evaluation of memory trace strength, the nature of memory representation, the credibility of the originator, the experimenter's instructions, and feelings. These findings also provide some suggestions for exploring how to reduce the incidence of cryptomnesia and performing further research.

著者

外山 美樹

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.3, pp.256-266, 2013-08-25 (Released:2013-11-01)

参考文献数

54

被引用文献数

23 10

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This study reports about the construction of a bidimensional measure of optimism and pessimism (defined as positive and negative outcome expectancies), called the Japanese Optimism and Pessimism Scale (J-OPS), and examines its reliability and validity. The participants were college students. The results revealed the following: (a) the J-OPS had sufficient reliability and validity, (b) optimism and pessimism were bidimensional in structure, (c) the general pattern of correlations with external criteria of psychological well-being (positive and negative affectivity). After controlling for optimism and pessimism respectively, it indicated that these two constructs were partially independent of each other. Namely, optimism, but not pessimism, was found to be a consistent predictor of positive affectivity (psychological well-being), whereas pessimism, but not optimism, was found to be a predictor of negative affectivity (psychological distress).

著者

田渕 恵

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.93.21328, (Released:2022-09-30)

参考文献数

21

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The purpose of this study was to examine the similarity in chronic regulatory focus (promotion/prevention) among mothers and daughters of young, middle, and older ages. A survey was conducted using the shortened 10- item form of the Japanese version of the promotion/prevention focus scale, and 77 sets of grandmothers (77.79 ± 5.61 years), their daughters (49.26 ± 4.12 years), and their granddaughters (20.17 ± 3.89 years) were studied as a part of the analysis. I compared scores on the promotion/prevention focus scale between grandmothers and their daughters (older age group) and granddaughters and their mothers (younger age group). The results show that the strength of a daughters’ promotion and prevention focus was similar to that of their mothers’ in the younger age group. On the other hand, only the strength of daughters’ prevention focus was similar to that of their mothers’ in the older age group. The results of this study suggest that daughters may be similar to their mothers, as they age, in their strategies to adapt to changes that focus on loss and risk.

著者

宮戸 美樹 上野 行良

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.4, pp.270-277, 1996-10-28 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

16 14

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In this study, we constructed a scale to measure individual preference for supportive humor, and examined whether the preference related to mental health. Two samples of female undergraduates cooperated with survey studies. In the first, a scale was constructed to measure preference for supportive kinds of humor, and relationships were examined between its score, hardiness to negative events, and depression, together with preference for other types of humor identified in a previous study (Ueno, 1992). In the second, the reference was correlated with hedonistic attitudes and private self-consciousness. Main findings were as follows: (1) Of the three types of humor (aggressive, playful, and supportive), only preference for supportive humor correlated with depression. (2) Hedonistic attitudes correlated with preference for each of the three types. (3) Private self-consciousness correlated only with preference for supportive humor.

著者

古村 健太郎 村上 達也 戸田 弘二

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.87.15208, (Released:2016-05-10)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

13 18

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The purpose of this study was to translate the Experience of Close Relationship-Relationship Structure (ECRRS) and evaluate its validity. In study 1 (N = 982), evidence based internal structure (factor structure, internal consistency, and correlation among sub-scales) and evidence based relations to other variables (depression, reassurance seeking and self-esteem) were confirmed. In study 2 (N = 563), evidence based on internal structure was reconfirmed, and evidence based relations to other variables (IWMS, RQ, and ECR-GO) were confirmed. In study 3 (N = 342), evidence based internal structure (test-retest reliability) was confirmed. Based on these results, we concluded that ECR-RS was valid for measuring adult attachment style.

著者

中俣 友子 阿部 恒之

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.87.14057, (Released:2016-05-10)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

6 2

---

Two experiments were conducted to assess litter control at a riverside location. Experiment 1 examined the effects of a security camera (presence/absence), past littering (presence/absence), and environmental features (tussock/plain ground/flowerbed). Two scenes containing combinations of these factors were presented. Participants chose the scene in which they felt it was to easier to litter. Participants also reported their emotional response to the presence/absence of a security camera and environmental features in scenes with litter. The results revealed that the presence of a security camera, no past littering, flowerbeds, and plain ground inhibited littering. Littering in the presence of a security camera facilitated discomfort, anger, and shame, and littering in flowerbeds caused discomfort, anger, shame, and sadness. Using a similar method, Experiment 2 addressed the particular effects of a security camera combined with other factors: past littering, environmental features, and signboards (no sign/sign with eyes/security camera images). The results demonstrated the effectiveness of a security camera, no past littering, flowerbeds, plain ground, signboards presenting eyes, and images from a security camera in preventing littering.

著者

上倉 安代 益子 洋人

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.93.21308, (Released:2022-06-30)

参考文献数

26

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Dohsa-hou therapists usually assist clients through physical contact but physical contact is not advisable during the coronavirus pandemic. We explored a non-contact form of self-care Dohsa-hou that clients could conduct by themselves with the aid of therapists’ instruction, advice, and feedback. In this study, we created two groups of young adults for a single 60-minute session: a face-to-face Dohsa-hou group (N = 28) and an online Dohsa-hou group (N = 17) via a video platform. We compared the effects of stress reactions, the sense of mind-body harmony, and authenticity. The results indicated that both methods were equally effective in reducing stress reactions and in increasing the sense of mind-body harmony and authenticity. The online group showed larger effect sizes in the sense of physical stability and authenticity compared with the face-to-face group. These effects were obtained by using visual information and deepening immersions in the online Dohsa-hou group. Self-care Dohsa-hou would be useful for young adults because they could engage in Dohsa tasks without the therapist’s physical assistance and maintain a healthy mind-body harmony.

著者

相羽 美幸 太刀川 弘和 Lebowitz Adam J.

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.90.17241, (Released:2019-11-15)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1 3

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The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide proposes that suicide occurs in the presence of three factors: perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and acquired capability for suicide. The Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) was developed to assess the first two factors, and the Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale (ACSS) was developed for the third. Our study presented here developed and evaluated Japanese versions of the INQ and ACSS, and determined the best ones for Japanese samples. In Study 1, we asked 189 university undergraduates to evaluate each scale’s clarity. In Study 2, 812 undergraduates were asked about the INQ, the ACSS, and validity items, and 225 undergraduates participated in a second survey approximately one-month from the initial survey for test-retest reliability. In Study 3, 104 psychiatric patients completed the INQ and ACSS and were asked about suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt. Content, structural, generalizability, and external validity results showed that each version of the INQ and ACSS demonstrated acceptable validity. Our comprehensive evaluation provides evidence that INQ-10/INQ-15, and ACSS-5/ACSS-FAD can yield reliable data from Japanese-language population samples.

著者

Hans-Joachim Kornadt

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.52-56, 1985-04-30 (Released:2010-07-16)

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In this survey of the development of German psychology, the following topics are addressed: (1) the historical development of psychology in West Germany (the pre-World War II period, emigration of a number of prominent German psychologists during the 1930's, the academic vacuum following World War II, re-establishment in the 1960's), (2) contemporary German psychology (the university system, expansion of departments of psychology, increase in the number of students majoring in psychology, establishment of extrauniversity institutes for psychological research), (3) the contributions of contemporary German psychologists (increasing responsibilities to diverse areas of German society, contacts and cooperation at the international level). The article concludes by outlining plans for a cross-cultural study of “aggression”. Hope is expressed for a continuing dialogue between West German and Japanese psychologists.