著者
駿地 眞由美
出版者
追手門学院大学
雑誌
追手門学院大学心理学部紀要 (ISSN:18813097)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.7, pp.79-91, 2013-03-01

古代ギリシャ / 癒しのトポス / コス / アスクレピオン / フィールドワーク
著者
鈴木 徳郎
出版者
イタリア学会
雑誌
イタリア学会誌 (ISSN:03872947)
巻号頁・発行日
no.43, pp.104-127, 1993-10-20

Il sistema tradizionale e caratteristico del commercio marittimo di Venezia fu l'utilizzazione di due linee di navigazione : navigazione di galere da mercato, che fu organizzata e controllata dal governo, ed attivita di navi private. La seconda venne utilizzata per il trasporto degli articoli ordinari come grano, sale, legno e cotone, ecc. ; la prima, invece, si specializzo nel trasporto delle merci preziose quali pepe, seta ed altre sorte di spezie, perche coprissero l'elevato costo di navigazione. L'attivita delle galere si perfeziono, dividendosi in 7 linee alla meta del Quattrocento e funziono bene fino alla fine del secolo. Tuttavia, nel 1514 il Senato della Repubblica di Venezia emano una legge la quale, permettendo a tutte le navi veneziane di trasportare il pepe da Alessandria d'Egitto e Beirut a Venezia, segno irresistibilmente un mutamento del vecchio sistema commerciale marittimo della citta di Venezia. La legge, conosciuta tra gli storici che si occupano dell'attivita economica della Serenissima, e stata considerata men importante, di quanto fosse, perche l'attenzione degli storici era concentrata soprattutto sul rapporto fra gli effetti della circum-navigazione dei Portoghesi e la promulgazione della legge. La situazione in cui la legge fu emanata pero era assai complicata, per le guerre contro la lega di Combrai e contro i Turchi, e per i sistemi tributari della Serenissima. Infatti, una tassa imposta dai consoli veneti presso i porti importanti del Levante, secondo alcune fonti storiche, fu aggravata in modo insopportabile. Soggetti di questa imposta non furono soltanto le galere da mercato ma anche altri tipi di navi veneziane. Per le navi private veneziane che navigavano nel Mediterraneo l'imposta pote essere sopportabile poiche mercanti potevano recarsi ad un porto informandosi del clima mercantile locale ; invece, le rotte delle galere da mercato furono prefissate dall'autorita veneziana e non sottoposte a cambiamento. Lo scopo di questo saggio e di mettere in luce alcune cause dirette dell'emanazione di tale legge.
著者
大川 貴之 桜井 貴文 小谷 善行 辻 尚史
出版者
一般社団法人情報処理学会
雑誌
情報処理学会研究報告ゲーム情報学(GI) (ISSN:09196072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2002, no.27, pp.73-80, 2002-03-15
被引用文献数
2

2人ゲームではαβ法などにより枝刈りを行って、ゲーム木の中で読む場合の数を大幅に減らすことができるが、一般の多人数ゲームでは相手が複数で、複数のプレイヤーの有利不利が入り交じったりするので、2人ゲームと同じ方法で枝刈りを行うことはできない。 本論文では、各プレイヤーの評価値の和が一定であるという仮定を設けて、多人数ゲームにおける枝刈りを行う方法を考えた。多人数・零和・有限・確定・完全情報の条件を満たすゲームとして「四人将棋」がある。 本論文では、我々が考案した多人数ゲーム木の枝刈り法を実証するため、四人将棋をプレイするプログラムを作成し、実験を行った。In this paper, we study a pruning method which searches an multi-player game tree. We concentrate here on multi-player, zero-sum, deterministic, and perfect information games. In the case of two-player game, the alpha-beta technique is used to speed up the search of a tree by maintaining cutoff values. But it is not applicable to a multi-player game, since each player has more than one opponent. Here, we introduce a pruning method in searching a multi-player game tree. Moreover, we implemented a program that plays Yonin-shogi, and we show that the method introduced here is effective in the search of a game tree of Yonin-shogi.
著者
河合 雅司
出版者
新潮社
雑誌
新潮45
巻号頁・発行日
vol.35, no.2, pp.86-91, 2016-02
著者
青井 和夫
出版者
日本社会学会
雑誌
社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.6, no.1, pp.29-50, 1955-07-30

1. Although the 'Experimental Method' has played a central role in natural scientific investigation, in the field of the social sciences it has remained in a primitive stage. There are many approaches to the problem of experimental methods in sociological research, and marked differences in this respect between German, French and American methodology. <BR>(1) German methodology (as, especially, in M. Weber's Verstehende Soziologie or H. Freyer's Soziologie als Wirklichkeitswissenschaft) has emphasized the specific character of sociology and asserted that the essential purpose of sociology can be attained only if the experimental method is excluded from the methods of sociological research. This stand-point may be called the 'essential (ist) ' approach to experimental methods. <BR>(2) By contrast, French methodology (as, for example, in E. Durkheim's Les Regles de la Methode Sociologique) has directed attention to the process of logical inference and consequently, following J. S. Mill's system of logic, has claimed that sociological experiment is impossible. (Essentially, Durkheim's 'concomitant method' or 'comparative method' is not experimental.) This standpoint may be called the 'formal logical' approach. <BR>(3) Lastly, in American methodology (see, for example, G. Lundberg's Social Research) 'the methods of social research' means 'the techniques of gathering data' and methodology begins and ends with the consideration of methods of research and has thus been largely concerned with the technical difficulties of sociological experiment. This may be called the 'technical' approach. <BR>2. The origin of these different standpoints may be traced back to the traditional character of sociology in these countries and to the peculiar nature of their social structures, but, at all events, these have been the main barriers to experimental sociology. <BR>What, then, is experiment ? An experiment consists of two elements : the 'verification of hypotheses' and the 'creation of experimental conditions'. The former is the theoretical aspect and the latter the practical aspect. If we neglect either one we shall fail not only to grasp the essential nature of experiment (as, for example, did E. Greenwood, who neglected the practical aspect and included what he calls 'ex-post-facto experiment' in the category of experiment) but also to understand the nature of inference from individual instances to generalisations, the advance from correlation to causation, or the practical significance of experiment. From these points of view, we must, I think, include only Goode and Hatt's 'quasi-experiment', French's 'field experiment', Greenwood's 'projective experiment' and 'stochastical experiment', in the category of experiment proper, and must exclude from it 'natural experiments' ex-post-facto experiment', 'trial and error experiment' and 'controlled observation study. (These are preliminary stages to experiment itself.) <BR>3. The aim of experimental procedure is the determination of geno-typical phenomena or relationships ; the discovery of 'laws'. If such 'laws' can be discovered they will not only influence sociological concepts and theories, they will bring sociology itself out of the stage of verstehen or 'interpretation' to that of 'application'. For the 'futility' of sociological studies depends not only on their purpose, but also on the character of traditional sociological theories and the type of 'laws' they have been concerned to establish.
著者
織田 二郎 村長 昭義
出版者
日本植物分類学会
雑誌
分類 : bunrui : 日本植物分類学会誌 (ISSN:13466852)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.2, pp.163-173, 2015-10-14

Color of pollen grains of Chrysosplenium album Maxim. (s.l.) in vital conditions were yellow from Fukushima Pref. to north-east Gifu Pref., while those were white from south-west Gifu Pref. to Miyazaki Pref. These results are geographically so stable that color of pollen grains is valuable for diagnostic character between C. album var. album (white) and var. stamineum (yellow). Boundary area between var. album and var. stamineum is probably located around Gujo-shi, Gifu Pref., concordant with Wakabayashi(2001)'s recognition.
著者
飯塚 雄一 橋本 由里 飯塚 一裕
雑誌
島根県立大学短期大学部出雲キャンパス研究紀要 (ISSN:18824382)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.6, pp.1-11, 2011-12-26

実際の生活場面で相互に恋愛的好意感情をもっている者同士(DC群)と未知の者同士(UP群)の自然な会話場面における視線行動をVTRに収録し、観察者が行動分析器により直視量を測定した。実験計画は二者関係(交際中、初対面)と性を独立変数とする2要因の被験者間計画である。被験者は、交際中の男女学生18組と初対面の男女学生20組、計76名である。実験終了後、DC群にRubinの恋愛感情尺度を実施した。その結果、交際中の男女は相互に恋愛的好意感情をもっていることが確認された。また初対面男女についても、両者共、同様にほぼ中立的な感情をもっていることが確認された。分散分析の結果、UP群よりもDC群の男女の直視量が多いことが判明した。
著者
平松 良浩
出版者
地学団体研究会
雑誌
地球科學 (ISSN:03666611)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.61, no.4, pp.243-253, 2007-07-25
被引用文献数
1

2007年3月25日に発生した能登半島地震(M6.9)は能登地方で起こった初めてのM7クラスの地震であり,石川県での地震観測史上初めて震度6強という強い地震動が観測された.震源の深さは11kmであり,地震発生層の深部から破壊が始まっている.この地震の断層面は北東-南西方向に走向をもつ南東傾斜の面であり,震源メカニズムは右横ずれ成分を伴う逆断層である.震源断層は海域と陸域に渡っており,海域には震源断層に対応する活断層の存在が報告されているが,陸域には対応する活断層は存在しない.最大余震(M5.3)は余震域の北東端と南西端で発生しており,余震の時空間分布やメカニズム解から判断すると,これらの最大余震が起こった領域は本震を起こした領域とは異なるセグメントである可能性が考えられる.
著者
角谷 常子 大川 俊隆 岡山 茂彦 小寺 裕 田村 三郎 田村 誠 張替 俊夫 馬 彪 吉村 昌之
出版者
大阪産業大学
雑誌
大阪産業大学論集 人文科学編 (ISSN:02871378)
巻号頁・発行日
no.115, pp.1-13, 2005
被引用文献数
3

今回,本訳注稿において発表するのは,『九章算術』の算題とは直接的な関連が不明である算題のうち,「増減分」「分当半者」「分半者」「伝馬」「羽矢」「繪幅」「漆銭」「飲漆」「程竹」である。The unearthed book "Suanshu-shu (算数書)" is the oldest book of mathematics in China. In order to report this book's proper collation, translation, and annotation, the very first procedure was to decipher the letters from photographs with the following investigation of the results with the mathematical and historical viewpoints. This is the sixth released article based on our research and results in which we studied 9 sections named "Zengjianfen (増減分)", "Fendangbanzhe (分当半者)", "Fenbanzhe (分半者)", Chuanma(伝馬)", "Yushi (羽矢)", "Zengfu (繪幅)", "Qiqian (漆銭)", "Yinqi (飲漆)", and "Chengzhu (程竹)".
著者
森 一郎
出版者
東京女子大学
雑誌
東京女子大学紀要論集 (ISSN:04934350)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.45, no.2, pp.19-40, 1995-03-08

Since Heidegger made his unique interpretation of Nietzsche public, the image of Nietzsche as "the last metaphysician in the Occident" has spread widely. Indeed, this was Heidegger's great contribution. However, Nietzsche has many puzzling masks and is much greater than Heidegger explained. Indeed, Heidegger was, as one of the post-Nietzsche generation, deeply influenced by Nietzsche. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the remarkable motives inherited from Nietzsche which appear in Heidegger's main work, Being and Time. Above all, Nietzsche's radical 'anti-humanism,' concentrated in his idea of the "superman," is the hidden background of Heidegger's existential analytics of "Dasein." We can recognize this clearly in the fact that both philosophers call into question the specifically modern concept of 'death' as the worst anti-human evil.