著者

Kim Chaeyeong

雑誌

人文 (ISSN:18817920)

巻号頁・発行日

no.17, pp.45-61, 2019-03

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社会全体の幸福の最大化を目指す理論として一般に理解される功利主義は、諸個人の権利を充分に考慮しないという批判にしばしば晒されてきた。ミルは著作『功利主義』において、権利が功利性の原理により導き出されることを示す試みを行っているが、批判者は、功利性の原理が社会全体の利益(幸福)の総和という観点を採用している以上、そこにおいて諸個人の利益、延いては権利を尊重することは出来ないと指摘する。この論文の目的は、個人の権利の土台が一般的功利にあることを示すことにより、その権利を功利主義の中に取り込むことが出来ることを明らかにすることである。そのために、まず権利概念がミルの功利主義においてどのように位置づけられているかを検討し、次にハートやベンサム、ラズの議論の考察を通じて、諸個人の権利が利益の総和でも個人の利益でもなく、社会の全成員によって共有される共通利益としての一般的功利により基礎づけられることを示すことを試みる。|Utilitarianism, formulated in a clear manner by Jeremy Bentham, has been confronted with numerous criticisms, especially those concerning its disregard for individual rights. In his work Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill attempted to place the idea of rights within the framework of his own version of utilitarianism. However, critics have continued to claim that the theory cannot consider the rights of separate individuals because its aim is to promote the aggregate of the interests of all parties in a society. In this paper I would like to show that there is a possibility of accommodating rights in Mill's utilitarianism. To achieve this goal, I will first have a careful look at the ideas of justice, rights, and utility in Utilitarianism, and clarify their mutual relations. Secondly, I will discuss Hart's criticism, and argue that Mill indeed failed to justify individual rights by "general utility," insofar as he understood it as the aggregate of the interests or happiness of all. Thirdly and finally, I will explore the foundation of rights by taking up the views of Bentham, Mill and Raz. In particular, I will link Raz's idea of the common good with Mill's notion of "general utility," and argue that "general utility," properly understood as the common interest shared by all members of a society, is, in Mill's considered opinion, the real foundation of rights.

著者

大門 正克 柳沢 遊

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.3, pp.28-47, 1996-04-20 (Released:2017-12-30)

被引用文献数

1

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This paper aims to clarify the man-power mobilization scheme implemented in the war-time (1937-45) to transfer labour from non-military section to the army and munitions industry section, particularly focusing at its impact on the two main sources of extracted labour, namely rural peasant and urban trading population. With the escalation of the war since 1937, recognizing the importance of increasing food production, the government officially excluded peasant families from the mobilization program in 1941. However, the extraction from peasants did not completely stop but in fact continued in the form of requisition and conscription. The peasant families from which adult males were extracted had to cope with this difficulty by increasing the role of female members in the farm management and operations. The impact on urban traders was greater. In 1941, for the purpose of reorganizing the goods-circulation system (Sangyo-Saihensei) and mobilizing labour force into munitions industries, the government started a policy to convert retail merchants to factory workers. While in the earlier stage merchants managed to fill such demand for labour by inducing their shopboys to switch jobs to factory workers, in the later period shop owners themselves had to temporarily serve in factories as voluntary workers (Kinro-Hokokutai). Though they tried to survive their own business by making full use of their family labour, the majority were obliged to close down their shops when the 'Drastic Mobilization Scheme' was set in force in summer 1943. The war-time labour mobilization considerably weakened such abilities of families and family business as to support and educate family members and to succeed and maintain traditional skills. This implies that these roles having been played by families were to be substituted either by government's social welfare activities or by welfare facilities provided by big companies. Thus, the war-time labour mobilization, while relying upon the families and family business as their main sources of man power, caused a considerable change in the function of families.

著者

和田 哲郎 神崎 晶 高橋 真理子 佐藤 宏昭 川瀬 哲明 内藤 泰 村上 信五 原 晃 小川 郁

出版者

一般社団法人 日本聴覚医学会

雑誌

AUDIOLOGY JAPAN (ISSN:03038106)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.5, pp.326, 2018-09-30 (Released:2018-11-07)

著者

Mioko MASUDA Junko TSUNODA Hiroko NOMURA Nami KIMURA Gombojav ALTANGEREL Bandi NAMKHAI Usukhjargal DOLJ Michinari YOKOHAMA

出版者

Japanese Society of Equine Science

雑誌

Journal of Equine Science (ISSN:13403516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.4, pp.145-151, 2007 (Released:2008-01-09)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

2

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The incidence of Bider (Bi marking) in Mongolian native horses was 0.010, and that according to districts was the highest (0.032) in Tov Aimag. Bi marking was frequently observed in bay (0.482) and chestnut horses (0.351), and was also observed in gray and roan horses. The incidence of Bi marking was high (0.842) in horses with a dorsal strip (DS) as a primitive marking. In 164 Equus przewalskii, the incidence of Bi marking was 0.396, which was about 40 times the incidence in Mongolian native horses. Bi marking was observed in both males and females in the two species, showing autosomal inheritance. Analysis of the mode of inheritance based on the incidence of Bi marking in foals according to various crossing combinations showed the complete dominance of Bi marking in both species. Thus, it was concluded that Bi marking occurs in Bi/Bi and Bi/- genotypes. This Bi marking differs from DS, leg stripes (LS) and shoulder stripes (SS), and is considered to be a type of primitive marking peculiarly occurring in Mongolian native horse and Equus przewalskii. The high incidence of Bi marking in Equus przewalskii (0.396), and the results of crossing between Mongolian native horses and Equus przewalskii performed in Mongolia, suggest introgression of the Bi marking gene from Equus przewalskii to Mongolian native horses.

著者

Mari Hara Nakano Chihiro Udagawa Arata Shimo Yasuyuki Kojima Reiko Yoshie Hisamitsu Zaha Norie Abe Tokiwa Motonari Mikiko Unesoko Kenji Tamura Tatsunori Shimoi Masayuki Yoshida Teruhiko Yoshida Hiromi Sakamoto Ken Kato Taisei Mushiroda Koichiro Tsugawa Hitoshi Zembutsu

出版者

The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan

雑誌

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:09186158)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.b19-00527, (Released:2019-10-09)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

14

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Trastuzumab has been administered to patients with HER2-positive cancer, however, the cardiotoxicity is identified as one of the life-threatening toxicities. Clinically useful biomarker for trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity has been expected to be developed. To identify a novel genetic marker(s) determining the risk of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity, we performed a first genome-wide association study (GWAS) in Japanese population. We enrolled 481 patients who had been treated with trastuzumab and carried out a GWAS using 11 cases (with cardiotoxicity) and 257 controls (without cardiotoxicity). Top 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which revealed the smallest P values in GWAS (P = 7.60 x 10-7 - 2.01 x 10-4) were further examined using replication samples consisted of 14 cases and 199 controls. The combined analysis of the GWAS and replication study indicated possible association of five loci with trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity (rs9316695 on chromosome 13q14.3, rs28415722 on chromosome 15q26.3, rs7406710 on chromosome 17q25.3, rs11932853 on chromosome 4q25, and rs8032978 on chromosome 15q26.3, Pcombined = 6.00 x 10-6, 8.88 x 10-5, 1.07 x 10-4, 1.42 x 10-4, 1.60 x 10-4, respectively). Furthermore, we developed a risk prediction model for trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity using the five marker SNPs. The incidence of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity in patients with risk score ≥ 5 was significantly higher (42.5%) compared to that in patients with score ≤ 4 (1.8%) (P = 7.82 x 10-15, odds ratio = 40.0). These findings suggest the potential to improve the ability of physicians to avoid the trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity for patients with HER2-positive cancer.

著者

新日本文学会 [編]

出版者

第三書館

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.5, 1955-05

著者

高橋 豪仁

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号 第40回(1989) (ISSN:24330183)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.136, 1989-09-10 (Released:2017-08-25)

出版者

詩学社

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13(9), no.133, 1958-08

出版者

詩学社

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12(11), no.121, 1957-09

出版者

詩学社

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12(9), no.119, 1957-08

出版者

詩学社

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10(11), no.93, 1955-10

出版者

詩学社

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7(7), no.51, 1952-07

著者

小川 甲子

出版者

ライパーズ協会

雑誌

ライパーズ

巻号頁・発行日

no.28, pp.30-33, 2008-04

著者

井上 浩

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.p99-103, 1976-10

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1. 四国地方の低地にみられる蛇紋岩地は乾燥して, アカマツを主とする疎林が多く, 苔類植生にはみるべきものがない。 2. 東赤石山および白髪山の高地に発達する蛇紋岩地ではヒノキ, ヒメコマツなどを主とする針葉樹林が土地的極相林として成立し, ここにいちじるしい苔類植生がみられる。 3. 東赤石山と白髪山には北日本の蛇紋岩地域を特徴づける苔類として考えられた各種がみ出されるが, 量的には少ない。 4. いちじるしい不連続分布をする種類としてチチブイチョウウロコゴケ (Acrobolbus ciliatus), チャボツボミゴケ (Jungermannia pumila), エゾムチゴケ (Bazzania trilobata), ヤマムチゴケ (B.pearsonii) がみられ, 四国では東赤石と白髪山だけに知られている。 5. 四国の蛇紋岩地苔類ではミゾゴケ科, クラマゴケモドキ科ならびにゼニゴケ目の種類が欠けるか, いちじるしく貧弱であることが特徴となる。

著者

冨岡 佳奈絵 佐藤 佳織 阿部 真弓 鈴木 惇

出版者

日本調理科学会

雑誌

日本調理科学会大会研究発表要旨集 平成26年度(一社)日本調理科学会大会

巻号頁・発行日

pp.95, 2014 (Released:2014-10-02)

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【目的】安納イモは,水分が多く粘性の食感や甘味が強いことで知られ,熟成させると糖度が上がりおいしくなる。サツマイモは,加熱によりデンプンの糖化が進み,加熱方法の違いが味覚に影響を強く与える。異なる加熱方法で調理した安納イモの糊化デンプンの性状の違いをみるために組織化学的方法により調べた。【方法】サツマイモ(安納イモ、ベニアズマ)を3cm厚の輪切りにし,茹で,蒸し,オーブン(140℃と200℃)および電子レンジで加熱した。加熱した試料を室温に下げてから,ドライアイス・アセトンで急速に凍結し,コールドミクロトームで薄切(厚さ:16μm)した。薄切した切片をヨウ素液および過ヨウ素酸・シッフ液で染色して糊化デンプンの性状を観察した。【結果】安納イモの内部では,糊化デンプンで満たされたデンプン貯蔵細胞が少なかった。糊化デンプンで満たされたデンプン貯蔵細胞は,茹で,蒸しおよびオーブン200℃,オーブン140℃の順に少なかった。ヨウ素染色による糊化デンプンの色調は,茹でと蒸しでは褐色から青色を呈し,オーブン200℃ではほとんどが褐色であった。オーブン140℃では,糊化デンプンは褐色を呈し,貯蔵細胞を完全に満たすことはなかった。電子レンジでは,糊化デンプンが青色に染まり,多くのデンプン貯蔵細胞を満たしていた。オーブンで加熱したものの甘味が他のよりも強かった。ベニアズマでは,加熱方法の違いにより色調の差異があり,糊化デンプンで満たされたデンプン貯蔵細胞が多かった。安納イモは,ベニアズマより非常に甘かった。糊化デンプンの性状の違いが,甘さの違いと関連すると考える。

著者

清治 真人

出版者

公益社団法人 土木学会

雑誌

土木学会論文集B1(水工学) (ISSN:2185467X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.4, pp.I_637-I_642, 2011 (Released:2012-03-14)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1

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Flood control administration is facing the turning point of policy. The new directions are the following: 1)a shift towards policies that "reduce dependency on dams," 2)addressing issues associated with climate change, including excess flooding from localized torrential downpours, 3)proper maintenance, intensive use and improvement of existing infrastructure, 4)advanced flood control using advanced technologies from various fields, and 5)alteration of zoning toward creating a region that permits flooding in cooperation with the administration in charge of land use. In this study, I comprehensively analyze the history of flood control administration in Japan toward proposing permanent flood control measures, including those that provide for altering the land use of floodplains. The study aims to support the development of flood control principles for next-generation.

著者

岸本 麻子 井野 素子 多田 直樹 南 豊彦 井野 千代徳 田辺 正博

出版者

耳鼻と臨床会

雑誌

耳鼻と臨床 (ISSN:04477227)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.6, pp.237-242, 2010

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Angina Bullosa Haemorrhagica (ABH) の原因として Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS) が原因と思われた 2 例を報告した。ABH は特発性に発症する口腔内の大きな血腫で多くは食事中ないし食直後に発症する。原因の一つに硬いものを食した物理的要因が考えられているが、明確にアレルギーとの関連での報告はない。OAS は食物にて発症する接触アレルギーで、食事中ないし食直後に発症する。主な症状は痒みなど刺激症状である。報告した 1 例は頬部に発症した ABH でメロンを食し、1 例は軟口蓋に発症した ABH でリンゴを食して発症した。共に、口腔内に痒みを自覚し、前者は頬部を刺激陰圧化している内に腫れが出現し、後者は舌で口蓋を触れている内に発症した。両者は共にスギ花粉症を持ち、シラカバ抗体が陽性であった。ABH の原因の一つとして OAS があることを示し、その診断にあたっては、シラカバ抗体を含めたアレルギー検査が必要となると考えた。

著者

大森 隆司

雑誌

人工知能

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.5, 2016-09-01

著者

Federica MARCHESOTTI Tommaso VEZZOSI Rosalba TOGNETTI Francesca MARCHETTI Valentina PATATA Barbara CONTIERO Eric ZINI Oriol DOMENECH

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19-0240, (Released:2019-10-14)

被引用文献数

13

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Left atrial enlargement (LAE) is a well-known negative prognostic factor in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Left atrial-to-aortic root ratio (LA/Ao) is the most commonly used method to evaluate left atrial (LA) size in dogs, while the left atrial anteroposterior diameter (LAD) has been proposed as an additional measurement of LA size in different species. The aim of this study was to establish a normal reference range of LAD normalized to body weight (LADn) in dogs using allometric scales, and to evaluate the agreement between LADn and LA/Ao in the detection of LAE in dogs with MMVD. This was a retrospective, multicenter, observational study. We included 330 healthy dogs, 30 dogs with MMVD in ACVIM stage B1, 30 dogs in ACVIM stage B2, and 30 dogs in ACVIM stage C. The reference range for the LAD, depending on body weight, was between 16.91 mm and 49.68 mm. The reference range for the LADn in healthy dogs was between 10.49 and 15.72. LADn was significantly greater in dogs with MMVD compared to healthy dogs, and a significant difference in LADn was noted between different ACVIM stages (P<0.001). The most accurate cut-off value of LADn to differentiate between dogs in groups B2 and C was 20.3 (sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 83.3%). There was a misclassification rate of 37% between LADn and LA/Ao in the detection of LAE in group B1. This study provides a normal reference range for LAD in dogs, which can be used as an additional tool to assess LAE in dogs with MMVD.

著者

畑 幸徳

出版者

JAPAN TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

雑誌

紙パ技協誌 (ISSN:0022815X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.90-98, 1960-02-10 (Released:2009-11-17)

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In order to establish the standard printability testing method, printing experiments were carried out conbined with orthogonal array which composed with 18 papermaking factors and 7 printing factors .48 samples, consist of finepaper, photo-gravure and newspaper, were made on the test fourdriniermachine.Some parts of each sample were tested physical properties, and the rest were printed by letterpress, lithography or rotogravure on a test rotary printing machine.Each printed sample was determined ink transfer number, printed opacity, and reflection index, specular gloss and uniformity of printed surface, and the results were analysed statistically in order to obtain the relation between printing results and papermaking factors, printing factors or physical properties of sheet.Some experiments were carried out to printing results.Smoothness of paper were tested by 4 types of tester, all the results indicated that smoothness highly correlated with printing results.Among the contributions of all factors on printing results, in the case of fine paper, printing factors are generally greater than others, but in the case of newspaper and photogravure, paper making factors are dominant.Generally speaking, printing factors have greater effect to the ink transfer number and reflection index of printed surface than paper making factors.For the printed opacity and specular gloss of printed surface, this relationship is reversal.Among paper making factors, smoothness is the greatest for any printing results, so that smoothness is the most important in the printability of paper.