著者

福田 真嗣

出版者

公益社団法人 日本農芸化学会

雑誌

化学と生物 (ISSN:0453073X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.9, pp.565-567, 2014-09-01 (Released:2015-09-01)

参考文献数

16

著者

石橋 克彦 太田 陽子 松田 時彦

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地震学会

雑誌

地震 第2輯 (ISSN:00371114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.195-212, 1982-06-25 (Released:2010-03-11)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1 1

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Uplifted Holocene marine terraces of Hatsu-shima Island (0.44km2) in the western part of Sagami Bay on the Pacific coast of central Japan have been investigated with special reference to the late Quaternary seismic crustal movement of the island. Hatsu-shima Island, which is located at the top of the western steep scarp of the northernmost part of the Sagami trough, was uplifted almost uniformly by around 2m at the time of the 1923 Kanto earthquake (Ms=8.2).The whole surface of the island consists of a flight of marine terraces developed on Pliocene volcanics. These terraces are clearly classified into three groups; I, II, and III. Terrace I, the highest (about 50m asl), is distributed only in the southeastern small part of the island. Terrace II, 25-40m asl, is the widest in the island and tilting, generally, northwestward. Terraces I and II have been correlated to Obaradai Terrace of about 80, 000yrs B. P. in age and to Misaki Terrace of about 60, 000yrs B. P. in age, respectively, by SUGIHARA (1980) based on marker tephras covering the terraces.Terraces III, rather narrow but well defined especially in the northern and western parts of the island, is distributed along the present shoreline at the foot of a former sea cliff as high as about 20m surrounding Terrace II (or I in the southeastern part). In this paper they are subdivided into three; IIIa, IIIb, and IIIc. Terrace IIIa, the highest and widest among group III, is rather flat with about 10m asl inner margin. Planned excavation at three localities on this terrace has revealed that terrace deposits composed of marine gravel and sand of 1.5-2m thickness rest unconformably on rather weathered bed rock. Fossil shells that were obtained at the base of terrace deposits at Excavation B, which are judged to be in situ and to represent the terrace's age, have been dated at 6, 730±190 14C yrs B. P. (GaK-9080). From this 14C date, as well as from the topographical features, Terrace IIIa can be interpreted as the highest Holocene terrace formed about 6, 000 years ago (so-called Numa Terrace). The height of former shoreline is estimated at around 9m asl. Terraces IIIb and IIIc are narrow emergent shingle beach, whose inner margins are 6-7m asl and about 4m asl, respectively. IIIc includes the emergent beach of 1923 in its lowest part. Although the topographical separation between IIIb and IIIc is not necessarily clear, they can be distinguished from each other as IIIb surface is covered by dense vegetation including many pine trees which have been growing since before the 1923 coseismic uplift, whereas IIIc surface has no vegetation. Therefore, it is almost certain that at least two times of intermittent emergence had occurred between the formation of Terrace IIIa and the 1923 coseismic uplift. However, the dates of emergence have remained undefined, because 14C dates of fossil shells which were collected from Terraces IIIb and IIIc are so much scattered implying that the materials are not in situ. In the northern part of the island there is a prominent flat surface higher than Terrace IIIa, 10-15m asl, where Hatsu-shima village is situated. In this paper it is named IIIa' Surface and considered a secondary surface modified from Terrace IIIa by landslides of a back scarp and artificial alteration based on its sedimentological features, surrounding topographical features, and rather young 14C dates of materials obtained from this surface.

著者

小倉 一峰

出版者

一般社団法人 映像情報メディア学会

雑誌

映像情報メディア学会誌 (ISSN:13426907)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.7, pp.946-949, 2011 (Released:2013-07-01)

参考文献数

1

被引用文献数

1

著者

佐藤 啓輔 吉野 大介 小池 淳司

出版者

公益社団法人 土木学会

雑誌

土木学会論文集D3(土木計画学) (ISSN:21856540)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.5, pp.I_229-I_240, 2014 (Released:2015-05-18)

参考文献数

16

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アジアの"Land-locked" countriesと呼ばれている内陸国は,貿易にかかる輸送コストの比重が大きく,これが貿易の発展を阻害する大きな要因となっている.このボトルネックを解消すべくADB等の援助機関が各国政府とともに国境をまたぐ幹線道路の整備を行っているが,これらの幹線道路の整備を各国の経済活動の活性化に繋げるには道路整備が地域経済活動へ及ぼす影響を定量的に把握することが重要である.本研究では,"Land-locked" countriesの一部の国々を対象に,現地の交通・物流状況を整理するとともに既存の統計調査結果を用いた産業・物流の実態を分析する.分析にあたっては,現状把握に加えて応用一般均衡(SCGE)モデルを適用し幹線道路整備による空間的な経済効果の波及状況を算出する.

著者

Shumpei IWAO

出版者

グローバルビジネスリサーチセンター・東京大学MERC

雑誌

Annals of Business Administrative Science (ISSN:13474464)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.5, pp.279-291, 2015-10-15 (Released:2015-10-15)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

2 4

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The technical term “organizational routine” has been broadly used in management and organizational science. The study by Nelson and Winter (1982) is considered to be the origin of this terminology. However, Nelson and Winter (1982) were not management scientists, but they were evolutionary economists. Researchers in both evolutionary economics and management science used organizational routine as a unit of analysis, but three major conceptual differences exist with the definition of organizational routine used in management science. For example, Nelson and Winter (1982) explain that (a) each company has an organizational routine; (b) organizational routines change through natural selection after random mutation; and (c) the organizational routines of one organization can be easily transplanted to other organizations. However, observation of actual firms from management science perspective reveals that (a) each company has many organizational routines that combine in a mosaic-like fashion; (b) the creation, imitation, and selection of organizational routines are intentional; and (c) transplanting an organizational routine is difficult due to needs for coordination. These points are clear from a review of the literature on these topics called as “routine dynamics.” In recent years, scholars have regarded routine dynamics as a new framework for the theory of organizational routine. However, routine dynamics tends to focus less on the need for the coordination mentioned in (c). This study employs a case study of the failure of Company A—an automaker—to implement Toyota's production methods and to indicate that future analysis for changes in organizational routines must be considered from the perspective of coordination.

著者

Nobuo TAKAHASHI

出版者

グローバルビジネスリサーチセンター・東京大学MERC

雑誌

Annals of Business Administrative Science (ISSN:13474464)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.5, pp.261-278, 2015-10-15 (Released:2015-10-15)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1 4

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Takahashi (2004) advocates the Japanese-style seniority-based system, particularly the idea of “new work in reward for work,” which is termed as the Work–Work Theory. This paper highlights the characteristics of the Work–Work Theory system in comparison with the idea of “pay in reward for work,” which is termed as the Work–Pay Theory. According to the Work–Work Theory system (i) differentiation of work accelerates differences in promotions and pay; (ii) as workers are dissatisfied with their current work situations, they may want to change their work situations by coming up with new and better ways of doing things, that is, challenging the status quo; (iii) supervisors select the right personnel for a job; (iv) implement regular changes in personnel to reward workers with their new work; (v) working together enables the company to grow; and (vi) under the Work–Work Theory, work assignments that gradually become more challenging provide intrinsic motivation, which becomes exciting (waku-waku in Japanese). If it is not exciting, it cannot be called intrinsic motivation. Thus, the Work–Work Theory drastically changes the motivational approaches derived from the self-determination theory to the honest practice of intrinsic motivation.

著者

Hirofumi OHKAWA

出版者

グローバルビジネスリサーチセンター・東京大学MERC

雑誌

Annals of Business Administrative Science (ISSN:13474464)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.5, pp.247-260, 2015-10-15 (Released:2015-10-15)

参考文献数

23

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The Berry model, well known in cross-cultural psychology, categorizes acculturation patterns into four types based on yes–no questions regarding the retention of traditional culture and the relationship with the larger society. Business administration and various other research fields have attempted to use the model due to its simple clarity. However, doubts exist regarding (i) the feasibility of deculturation (marginalization); (ii) the validity of a label “integration,” and (iii) the mutual independence of the four cells. In fact, these doubts stem from the process of formulation of the Berry model. Berry originally categorized 24 question items used in the surveys of individuals belonging to minority populations according to the three labels of assimilation, integration, and rejection. Moreover, Berry used yes–no questions to summarize the characteristics of these labels and added a fourth label, that is, deculturation (marginalization). This format became the prototype for the Berry model.

著者

浅利 裕伸

出版者

日本哺乳類学会

雑誌

哺乳類科学 (ISSN:0385437X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.53-57, 2015 (Released:2015-07-04)

参考文献数

18

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これまでのタイリクモモンガ(Pteromys volans)の研究では,個体の捕獲に巣箱が活用されてきたが,本種は厳冬期に巣箱を利用しないため通年の調査が困難であった.そこで,通年にわたって個体データを収集するための効果的な捕獲方法の確立を目的として,新たな樹洞トラップを開発し,タイリクモモンガが使用している樹洞の入り口にこれを設置した.トラップ内にはプラスティック板の返しを装着することにより,一度入ると樹洞に戻ることができない工夫を施した.北海道帯広市の樹林において,2006年1月~2008年4月に38個体の捕獲を試みた結果,33個体を捕獲することに成功した.残りの5個体は同居するグループの一部の個体であり,厳冬期に出巣しなかったために捕獲ができなかった.厳冬期はタイリクモモンガの活動が低下し,活動時間も不規則になることから,樹洞トラップを用いても樹洞内の全個体を捕獲することは困難であると考えられる.しかし,確認された個体の7割以上を捕獲することが可能であり,それ以外の季節では幼獣を含むすべての個体を捕獲することができたため,巣箱を用いた捕獲と比べて定期的な個体データの収集に,より有効な手法であると考えられる.

著者

山崎 喜一郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本エネルギー学会

雑誌

燃料協会誌 (ISSN:03693775)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.5, pp.504-513, 1938-05-20 (Released:2010-06-28)

著者

林 勲 北 彩香 荻野 正樹

出版者

日本知能情報ファジィ学会

雑誌

日本知能情報ファジィ学会 ファジィ システム シンポジウム 講演論文集 第30回ファジィシステムシンポジウム

巻号頁・発行日

pp.256-261, 2014 (Released:2015-04-01)

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運動の学習やスキル獲得に関する計算論的神経回路モデルの研究において,川人らの内部モデルが有用である.内部モデルは,Allen-Tsukaharaの制御モデルを核とし,フィードバック制御とフィードフォワード制御の連合性により身体の動作を表現する.本研究では,内部モデルのフィードバック制御とフィードフォワード制御の切り替えを確認するため,被験者にコンピュータ画面に表示される番号と合致するボタンを押す課題を与える.反復提示が複数回行なわれるならば,フィードバック制御に対するフィードフォワード制御の比率が高くなり,そのフィードフォワード制御が顕著に表現化される.ここでは,この反復動作の視覚-運動課題における動作とその反応時間,脳波信号に注目して,これらの関連性について議論する.

著者

上田 本昌

出版者

JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES

雑誌

印度學佛教學研究 (ISSN:00194344)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.693-696, 1963-03-31 (Released:2010-03-09)

著者

Mai INOUE Atsuhiko HASEGAWA Yuta HOSOI Katsuaki SUGIURA

出版者

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15-0171, (Released:2015-10-12)

被引用文献数

4

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The association between breed, gender and age and cardiovascular disorders in the insured dog population in Japan was investigated, using multiple logistic regression analysis and data from 299,555 dogs insured between April 2010 and March 2011. The overall annual prevalence of cardiovascular disorder diagnosis was 2.1%. Using the Miniature Dachshund as the reference breed, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel had the highest odds of cardiovascular disorder with a ratio of 16.2 (95% confidence interval: 14.4–18.2), followed by Maltese, Pomeranian, Chihuahua and Shih Tzu. Male dogs had increased odds of 1.2 (1.1–1.3). The dogs had increased odds of having cardiovascular disorder by 1.5 times as their age increased by one year.

著者

Tomomi TAKANO Saya YAMASHITA Michiko MURATA-OHKUBO Kumi SATOH Tomoyoshi DOKI Tsutomu HOHDATSU

出版者

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15-0347, (Released:2015-10-11)

被引用文献数

7

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We collected rectal swabs from dogs in Japan during 2011 to 2014, and canine coronavirus (CCoV) nucleocapsid gene was detected by RT-PCR. The relationship between CCoV infection and the manifestation of diarrhea symptoms was investigated, and a correlation was noted (df=1, χ2=8.90, P<0.005). The types of CCoV detected in samples from CCoV-infected dogs were CCoV-I in 88.9% and CCoV-II in 7.4%, respectively. We retrospectively investigated the seroprevalence of CCoV-I in dogs in Japan during 1998 to 2006. The sera were tested with a neutralizing antibody test. In the absence of CCoV-I laboratory strain, we used feline coronavirus (FCoV)-I that shares high sequence homology in the S protein with CCoV-I. 77.7% of the sera were positive for neutralizing anti-FCoV-I antibodies.

著者

Kenjiro FUKUSHIMA Nozomi EGUCHI Koichi OHNO Hideyuki KANEMOTO Masashi TAKAHASHI Hirotaka IGARASHI Aki OHMI Ko NAKASHIMA Hajime TSUJIMOTO

出版者

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15-0129, (Released:2015-10-10)

被引用文献数

15

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Inflammatory colorectal polyp (ICRP), common in miniature dachshunds, presents with hematochezia, tenesmus and mucoid feces. Although an 80% response rate has been reported when treated with prednisolone and cyclosporine, effective treatment is needed for the remaining 20% of ICRP dogs. Leflunomide is an immunosuppressive drug reported as effective in several immune-mediated diseases. In the present study, we retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and adverse effects of leflunomide in 15 ICRP dogs that were refractory to treatment with prednisolone and cyclosporine. Treatment efficacy was assessed by endoscopy, clinical symptoms and rectal palpation. Adverse effects were determined by clinical symptoms and blood testing during follow-up. The leflunomide treatment response rate was 93.3%. The median dosage of leflunomide and the median response time were 3 mg/kg (range: 1.7–4.0 mg/kg) and 35 days (range: 20–119 days), respectively. Adverse effects observed included lethargy (3 dogs), anorexia (1 dog), respiratory symptoms (1 dog), leukocytopenia (2 dogs), thrombocytopenia (1 dog), anemia (1 dog), and liver enzyme elevation (8 dogs). Most of the adverse effects improved with symptomatic treatment and leflunomide discontinuation or dosage reduction. In conclusion, leflunomide treatment is effective in ICRP dogs refractory to treatment with prednisolone and cyclosporine. Because several adverse effects were observed, close monitoring is needed during leflunomide treatment follow-up.

著者

高嶋 成光

出版者

岡山医学会

雑誌

岡山医学会雑誌 (ISSN:00301558)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3-4, pp.333-360, 1977-04-30 (Released:2009-03-30)

参考文献数

57

被引用文献数

1

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Clinicopathological studies of the histogenesis of the thyroid cancer on the emphasis of morphological features and growth pattern of the occult thyroid carcinoma measuring under 1.0 cm in diameter obtained at autopsy and surgery were performed.The occult thyroid carcinoma observed from the routine section of the thyroid gland obtained from 500 cases at autopsy and 259 cases at surgery were 21 cases (4.2%) and 10 cases (3.9%), respectively. Histological typing were 25 cases of papillary adenocarcinoma and 6 cases of follicular adenocarcinoma.Papillary adenocarcinoma cases were subdivided histologically into sclerosing, cystic and non-sclerosing types. The sclerosing type showed the proliferation of the fibrous connective tissue in the tumor and lymphogenous metastasis with intraglandular metastasis.One case of surgically obtained sclerosing type showed the recurrence and death. The cystic type were enclosed by the capsule and morphologically papillary cystadenocarcinoma. The non-sclerosing type did not show the fibrous connective tissue or capsular formation and smaller compared to the above 2 types. This type suggests the early stage of papillary adenocarcinoma histogenetically.Follicular adenocarcinoma cases were diagnosed according to the atypism of the tumor tissue and in 3 cases capsular formation was observed and in the other cases tumor tissue was directly attached to the thyroid tissue.Metastatic thyroid cancer was found in 12 cases (3.4%) among 349 autopsy cases of the malignant neoplasia. The mode of growth was either diffuse infiltration or solitary nodular formation in the thyroid tissue.Tumor like lesion (51cases, 10.2%) was correspond to the so-called solid cell nest and suggested the squamas metaplasia according to the histological finding of the early histogenesis.

著者

緒方 正名 長谷川 敬彦 高越 良明 竹久 亨 長尾 逸子 寺谷 巌 大隈 義文 人見 硬 長尾 寛 粟屋 研吾 高橋 武夫

出版者

岡山医学会

雑誌

岡山医学会雑誌 (ISSN:00301558)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.1supplement, pp.1-29, 1966-01-30 (Released:2009-08-24)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

1

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1) Data has been presented on the trend of Japanese B. Encephalitis from 1959 to 1965 in Okayama, Miyazaki, Kagawa, Tokushima, Kochi, Ehime, Hyogo and Aichi Prefectures, middle and western parts in Japan.2) The prevalence started from Miyazaki, most southern part in Japan, and progressed succesively to Kochi, Okayama, Tottori and Miyagi. The difference in date between Okayama and Miyazaki was 20 days, Okayama and Kochi was 10 days, Okayama and Tottori, adjacent to northern part in Okayama, was 2 days and also the difference in date between northern and southern part in Okayama was 7 days. We woulld like to call this phenomenon “Tendency towards northeast”.This tendency can be arranged in the order of its average atmospheric temperatures. However, there is no correlation between the date of incidence in each year and the temperature gradient.3) From 1950 to 1959, the incidence rate was higher in the southern district than in the northern district, and from 1960 to 1965 it became higher in the northern district than in the southern district of Okayama Prefecture.4) The incidence rate by age from 1960 to 1965 was higher in the old over 60 ages in northern district and in the child below 10 ages in the southern district of Okayama Prefectuve. A marked tendency to decrease the incidence rate in the child has been seen since 1959. This downward tendency would be caused by the J. B. E vaccination.5) There is some indication from the geographycal distribution that the prevalence spreaded from focus to other villages contiguously, except for the town.6) In past five years the district where the incidence rate exceeded over 10/100, 000 peoples three times or exceeded over 20 was shown by the following districts, Northern district in Okayama. PrefectureEastern and western district in Tottori. PrefectureNorthwest district in Hyogo. PrefectureEast and west parts in Kochi. PrefectureSouthern district in Miyagi. PrefectureIn general, the high incidence was observed in the plain near mountain or the basin but not in the town.7) There is a phenomenon that when the incidence rate was over 20 in the year, the incidence rate next year became low.

著者

後藤 彰彦 久米 雅 小嶋 護 小嶋 俊 濱田 泰以 芳田 哲也

出版者

一般社団法人 日本人間工学会

雑誌

日本人間工学会大会講演集 日本人間工学会第51回大会

巻号頁・発行日

pp.316-317, 2010 (Released:2011-07-30)

著者

内田 正男 高木 弘

出版者

The Japanese Cancer Association

雑誌

癌 (ISSN:0016450X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.2, pp.205-217, 1957-08-01 (Released:2008-11-14)

参考文献数

21

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砂川等が新しく合成した p-Phenylenediphosphoric acid tetraethyleneimid (O, O'-p-Phenylene N, N', N", N'''-tetraethylene-tetramidodiphosphate) は Ehrlich 腹水癌腹水型, 皮下腫瘍型, C3H系及びA系ハツカネズミ乳癌 (第一代雑種への移植癌) に対し制癌作用を示した。1) LD50 (マウス)腹腔内注射177~217mg/kg, 皮下注射202~224mg/kg, 静脈注射190~215mg/kg.2) 薬剤を試験管内で Ehrlich 腹水癌腹水に作用させたところ, 該腹水を接種したマウスは全く腹水癌の発生をみなかった。3) 毎日1回6日間連続腹腔内注射で Ehrlich 腹水癌の発生を抑制した。30mg~60mg/kgが有効量とみとめられる。4) Ehrlich 腹水癌細胞の有糸分裂を抑制した。5) Ehrlich 腹水癌皮下腫瘍周囲に皮下注射したが, いちじるしい効果はみとめなかった。6) C3H系マウスに自然発生した乳癌をSM×C3H/F1に移植し, またA系マウスに自然発生した乳癌をddN×A/F1に移植して, 腫瘍周囲に皮下注射したところ, 結節癌の増大抑制をみとみた。

著者

郡司 敦子 木本 統 小出 ひとみ 村上 洋 朱 一慶 多々 納賞子 島 由樹 河相 安彦 小林 喜平

出版者

Japanese Society for Mastication Science and Health Promotion

雑誌

日本咀嚼学会雑誌 (ISSN:09178090)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.45-51, 2007-05-31 (Released:2010-07-21)

参考文献数

23

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目的: 総義歯患者において, 旧義歯から新義歯へ移行することにより生じる, 食生活および栄養状況の変化を検討すること.方法: 被験者は, 2004年3月から2005年11月までに日本大学松戸歯学部付属病院を受診した新義歯作製希望の無歯顎患者のうち, 本研究の内容と目的を説明し, 書面による同意の得られた30名とした.間食を含む3日間の食事記録とデジタルカメラにて撮影された食事写真をもとに, 管理栄養士が被験者からの聞き取り調査を行い, 栄養充足率の算出を行った.さらに平井の方法に準じ摂取可能食品質問表から咀嚼スコアーを算出した.統計分析は旧義歯と新義歯間の平均値の差をRepeated measureANOVAにて行った.有意水準は0.05とした.結果: 旧義歯, 新義歯における, エネルギーおよび栄養充足率は, 大部分が100%を超えていた.しかしながら, 旧義歯群と新義歯群の間に統計的有意差は認められなかった.旧義歯における咀嚼スコアーは58.3±19.9を示し, 新義歯では66.1±18.5を示した.新義歯の咀嚼スコアーは旧義歯の咀嚼スコアーに比べ有意に増加した.結論: 新義歯を装着することにより, 被験者自身の咀嚼に関する評価は向上するものの, 旧義歯および新義歯使用時における被験者の栄養充足率は正常範囲であり, 両者間に差は認められなかった.

著者

香原 志勢 茂原 信生 西沢 寿晃 藤田 敬 大谷 江里 馬場 悠男

出版者

日本人類学会

雑誌

Anthropological Science (Japanese Series) (ISSN:13443992)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.119, no.2, pp.91-124, 2011 (Released:2011-12-22)

参考文献数

75

被引用文献数

3 4

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長野県南佐久郡北相木村の縄文時代早期の地層(8300から8600 BP(未較正))から,12体の人骨(男性4体,女性4体の成人8体,および性別不明の幼児4体)が,1965年から1968年にかけての信州大学医学部解剖学教室を中心とする発掘で出土した。数少ない縄文時代早期人骨として貴重なもので,今回の研究は,これらの人骨の形態を報告し,従来明らかにされている縄文時代早期人骨の特徴を再検討するものである。顔高が低い,大腿骨の柱状性が著しい,歯の摩耗が顕著である,など一般的な縄文人の特徴を示すとともに,早前期人に一般的な「華奢」な特徴も示す。脳頭蓋は大きいが下顎骨は小さく,下顎体は早期人の中でもっとも薄い。下顎骨の筋突起は低いが前方に強く張り出している。上肢は華奢だが,下肢は縄文時代中後晩期人と同様に頑丈である。他の縄文時代早前期人と比較検討した結果,縄文時代早期人の特徴は,従来まとめられているものの若干の改定を含めて,次のように再確認された。1)顔面頭蓋が低い。2)下顎は小さいが,筋突起が前方に強く張り出す。3)下肢骨に比べて上肢骨が華奢である。4)下顎歯,特に前歯部には顕著な磨耗がある。