著者

井上 克弘 成瀬 敏郎

出版者

日本第四紀学会

雑誌

第四紀研究 (ISSN:04182642)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.209-222, 1990-08-20 (Released:2009-08-21)

参考文献数

53

被引用文献数

10 14

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A long-range, tropospheric eolian dust transported from the Saharan desert and the Asian continent has been deposited on the terrestrial and aquatic environments in the northern hemisphere. Soil loss due to wind erosion in the arid and semiarid source areas is more significant than previously assumed. Global emission of desert dust and mineral aerosol material is estimated to amount to more than 1.0×106ton yr-1. Long-range eolian dust is an important factor in soil formation and nutrient input in many deposition areas. Physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of long-range eolian dust derived from the Takla Makan and Gobi deserts and the Loess Plateau in China and their influence and significance to the soil and paleosol formations in Japan and Korea are reviewed in this paper.The long-range eolian dust in East-Asia was characterized by a predominance of soil particles 3 to 30μm in diameter. Their dominant minerals were 2:1 layer silicates, kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar. Nonallophanic andosols, red-yellow soils developed on limestones, basalts, and other diverse parent materials, and paleosols buried in paleodunes in the area along the coast of Japan Sea, were strongly influenced by the long-range eolian dust derived from China. Oxygen isotope abundance of the fine-grained quartz (1 to 10μm) isolated from soils revealed that fine quartz and 2:1 layer silicates in diverse soils and paleosols in Japan and Korea and pelagic sediments in the Japan Sea were of eolian dust origin. The eolian dust flux from the atmosphere to terrestrial environments in Japan is significant in the heavy snowfall area along the coast of Japan Sea and was more prominent in the last Glacial age than in the Holocene. Dust flux from East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Japan Sea pelagic sediments dried during the marine regression period in the last Glacial age to soils and paleosols was also significant in Japan. Thus the desert dust phenomenon is of relevance to geophysical science in general, e. g. geography, geochemistry, climatology, soil science, ocean sedimentology, and Quaternary studies. Desert dust emission and long-range transport are useful indicators for dynamic change in the tonal circulation system, influencing the discussion of future climatic change.

著者

成瀬 敏郎 柳 精司 河野 日出夫 池谷 元伺

出版者

日本第四紀学会

雑誌

第四紀研究 (ISSN:04182642)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.25-34, 1996-02-29 (Released:2009-08-21)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

5 4

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風成塵の給源地を明らかにするために,電子スピン共鳴(Electron Spin Resonance, ESR)による微細石英(≤20μm)の酸素空格子信号量を測定した.分析試料は中国黄土高原~北京の馬蘭黄土,韓国の低位段丘上の土壌,山地斜面土壌,USAのPeoriaレス,日本の福井県黒田のボーリングコア,網野・鳥取両砂丘地の古土壌で,いずれも最終氷期の風成塵堆積層と完新世土壌から採取したものである.分析結果は,馬蘭黄土の酸素空格子信号量(任意単位)が5.8~8.3であり,韓国の最終氷期・完新世両土壌が6.0~7.7であった.両国の先カンブリア紀基盤岩の赤色風化土壌は11.2~12.4であり,カナダの先カンブリア紀岩石分布地域に由来するisotope stage2のPeoriaレスの分析値も11.0~14.0であった.黒田低地では,最終氷期に古生層山地から流水によって運ばれて堆積した>63μm石英は3.6~4.0であり,同じく20~63μm石英,≤20μm石英も3.3~4.7であった.いっぽう,広域風成塵起源の微細石英(≤20μm)は5.8~8.5であり,中国黄土および韓国土壌の数値と一致した.網野・鳥取両砂丘地の古土壌中の微細石英は3.7~4.8と低く,アジア大陸起源だけではなく,最終氷期に陸化した海底からの風成塵が多くを占めるためと考えられた.鳥取砂丘地のisotope stage 4に相当する層準の微細石英には,中国黄土の数値域に属する5.8を示すものや,AT上の古土壌層のように1.9と低い数値を示すものがある.それはisotope stage 4が風成塵堆積量の多い時期にあたっており,同層準中に大陸起源の広域風成塵が多く混入したためであり,逆に数値が低いのは大山新期火山灰起源の石英が多量に混入したためと考えた.

著者

山口 真一

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 組織学会

雑誌

組織学会大会論文集 (ISSN:21868530)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.46-51, 2015-07-31 (Released:2015-07-31)

参考文献数

11

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Sales strategy that uses free digital distribution is a new business model in the creative industry. However, it has raised many important management questions the extent to which free digital distribution either crowd out or complement consumption of products. In this paper, we analyze the effect of free digital distribution on physical sales in Japanese music market. The results showed that the complementary effect of free digital distribution is greater than a substitution effect, so free digital distribution has a significant positive impact on the number of physical sales. It was found that the number of physical sales increases by about 0.27% when free digital distribution views increase by 1%. Furthermore, while a more detailed analysis revealed free digital distribution of works by unknown producers has a positive effect on physical sales, while free distribution of works by well-known producers have no effects. In addition, free digital distribution of long movies has a strong positive effect on the number of physical sales than one of short movies. It was also found that free digital distribution of pop music and idol music has a positive effect on physical sales, while free digital distribution of other music have no effects.

著者

Shigeru Yamada Eriko Kizaki Aya Ozeki Mio Nakagawa Hitomi Fujita

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.3, pp.287-294, 2015-07-25 (Released:2015-07-27)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1

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Sarcopenia from aging, inactivity, weightlessness, disease and malnutrition causes social problems due to associated physical dysfunction, a decrease in QOL, and risk of death. As a means of alleviating sarcopenia, appropriate exercise and nutrition therapy is required. However, nourishment therapy is especially important for a person in a situation where exercise is not feasible for maintaining skeletal muscle mass and muscular strength. Therefore, the authors studied the inhibitory effect of aspartic acid magnesium on disuse muscle atrophy. Herein we have described two of the mechanisms of action of aspartic acid magnesium on disuse muscle atrophy suppression. Initially, inactivity causes a decrease in capillary and oxygen supply, inhibits ATP synthesis, and produces active oxygen. As a result, the proteolysis system is activated and muscle atrophy progresses. We have described the effect of aspartic acid magnesium uptake on this mechanism, and the imbalance of the intracellular mineral with the inactive proteolysis system. The above is the content of this review.

著者

山川 宜男

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地震学会

雑誌

地震 第2輯 (ISSN:00371114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.2, pp.84-98, 1955-10-20 (Released:2010-03-11)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

18

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Japanese seismologists succeeded in explaining the push-pull distribution of the initial motion of earthquakes by assuming two types stress distribution on the sphere which covers the hypocenter. Type A is the combination of hydrostatic pressure and pressure with distribution expressed in spherical harmonic P2(cosθ). Type B is the distribution of pressure expressed in P21(cosθ)cosφ. Generally the polar axis of these spherical harmonics does not coincide with vertical axis. On this point, Y. Sato obtained the formulae which express the transformation of the spherical harmonics by the rotation of coordinate system. According to his result, P2(cosθ0)=P2(cosθ)(1/4+3/4cos2χ)+P21(cosθ)cos(φ-φ)(1/2sin2χ)+P22(cosθ)cos2(φ-φ)(1/8-1/8cos2χ)P21(cosθ0)cosφ0=[sinφA21-cosφB21]where A21=P21(cosθ)sin(φ-φ)cosχ+P22(cosθ)sin2(φ-φ)(1/2sinχ)B21=P2(cosθ)(3/2sin2χ)-P21(cosθ)cos(φ-φ)cos2χ-P22(cosθ)cos2(φ-φ)(1/4sin2χ)where (φ, φ, χ) is Euler angles which express the rotation of the coordinate.In this paper, we calculated the strain produced in a semi-infinite elastic solid when hydrostatic pressure and pressure with distribution expressed in spherical harmonics P2(cosθ), P21(cosθ)cosφ, P22(cosθ)cos2φ were applied at the interior spherical cavity.The deformations expressed in cylindrical coordinate (R, φ, z) at the surface of semiinfinite elastic solid are as follows:—(1) The case in which hydrostatic pressure -P is appliedUR=3a3P/4μR/(f2+R2)3/2, Uφ=0, Uz=-3a3P/4μf/(f2+R2)3/2(2) The case of -PP2(cosθ)UR=3a3P/46μ[-5P/(f+R23/2)+18f2R/(f2+R2)5/2], Uφ=0, Uz=-3a3P/46μ[-5f/(f2+R23/2)+18f3/(f2+R2)5/2](3) The case of -PP21(cosθ)cosφUR=54a3P/23μcosφ[-f((f2+R2)3/2+f3(f2+R2)5/2], Uφ45a5P/184μsinφf(R2+f2)5/2, Uz=45a5P/184μsinφf(R2+f2)5/2(4) The case of -PP22(cosθ)cos2φUR=9a3P/23μcos2φ[4f/R3-4f2/R3(R2+f2)1/2+5R(f2+R2)3/2-2f2/R(R2+f2)3/2-6f2R

著者

福澤 寧子 鮫島 正樹

出版者

一般社団法人 電気学会

雑誌

電気学会論文誌C(電子・情報・システム部門誌) (ISSN:03854221)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.134, no.6, pp.756-759, 2014 (Released:2014-06-01)

参考文献数

13

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In developing Cyber Physical Systems such as smart grid and smart cities, risk management technologies plays an important role on providing safe and secure service. In this paper, focusing on changes of recent threats, we show that an approach by the information security psychology is valuable for the risk management of the system.

著者

Mitsuhiro FUKUZAWA

出版者

グローバルビジネスリサーチセンター・東京大学MERC

雑誌

Annals of Business Administrative Science (ISSN:13474464)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.217-230, 2015-08-15 (Released:2015-08-15)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

6 12

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This study employs data collected from a questionnaire survey of 97 business operations (factories) in Japan's electric and electronics industry to measure gemba-level and market-level competitiveness based on the framework of Fujimoto (2003). In addition, the employment situations within these sites were surveyed. The results of these surveys revealed that, as strengths of the electric industry gemba in Japan, 1) these gemba are superior in all metrics of competitiveness except for manufacturing cost, relative to overseas sites in the same companies; and 2) the high level of responsiveness to customers is the major source of market-level competitiveness. Nevertheless, the primary issue faced by these gemba is the skewed age composition of the full-time employees. There are few workers to carry forward necessary skills into future, and the labor costs of the veteran workers are increasing. Japan's manufacturing gemba must develop manufacturing competencies and improve design and development capabilities, in addition to nurturing younger personnel, to gain and sustain competitive advantage.

著者

Yuichiro MUKAI

出版者

グローバルビジネスリサーチセンター・東京大学MERC

雑誌

Annals of Business Administrative Science (ISSN:13474464)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.205-215, 2015-08-15 (Released:2015-08-15)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

3 2

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The “way” of various companies have traditionally emphasized on gaining acceptance of the way by organizations and individuals as is and on the strengthening of control. However, in the case of Komatsu Ltd., those who have accepted the way have probably changed it. In this case, Komatsu's purpose was to develop personnel by entrusting them with the management of overseas sites to improve competitiveness. However, when instilling the Komatsu way overseas, the overseas sites added examples and detailed explanations so that non-production departments could improve their understanding. Thus, localization alone cannot change the way. If a way is considered to be a certain type of organizational routine, this case study suggests the possibility of deployment of the way to other business units or overseas sites causing changes to organizational routines.

著者

Yoshiaki YAMASHIRO

出版者

グローバルビジネスリサーチセンター・東京大学MERC

雑誌

Annals of Business Administrative Science (ISSN:13474464)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.193-203, 2015-08-15 (Released:2015-08-15)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

4 8

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The three criteria proposed by Albert and Whetten (1985) for organizational identity were summarized as (a) central, (b) distinctive, and (c) enduring. They reinforce a traditional image of identity as (a) unparalleled, (b) unique, and (c) unchanging over time. Ashforth and Mael (1989), representative work of social identification, understand this to be the case. However, Albert and Whetten (1985) expanded (a), (b), and (c) and asserted that (a′) if identities are stated, several identities may exist and not just one, (b′) if a comparison with others and self-classification can be performed, then an identity need not be unique, and (c′) if an identity has continuity, it may change over time. Based on this, the range of application for the concept of identity can be extended to organizations, enabling an analysis of organizational identity, particularly an analysis of organizational identity change.

著者

Heejin KIM

出版者

グローバルビジネスリサーチセンター・東京大学MERC

雑誌

Annals of Business Administrative Science (ISSN:13474464)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.171-191, 2015-08-15 (Released:2015-08-15)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

5 7

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There are very few existing studies that focus on the internal headquarter organization in relation to knowledge transfer or innovation in overseas units. It is almost as if there is an implicit assumption that headquarter members ought to be proactive in transferring knowledge or information to overseas units. Thus, this study investigates the bottlenecks of the process in the transfer of product development tasks to overseas units, with particular focus on the psychological resistance of headquarter engineers. A detailed case study of a Japanese automobile supplier revealed the following problems that were faced by headquarter engineers: lack of motivation to business in emerging markets, perception gaps about original developers, and a high turnover rate of local engineers. Next, how the psychological resistance of headquarter engineers, which originate from these problems either directly or indirectly interferes with the transfer of development tasks, was explained by two paths, that is, decline in motivation toward information sharing and technical advices, and lack of communication channels. To promote the overseas expansion of development tasks, which is necessary for emerging market strategies, it will be critical to manage the causes and effects of the psychological resistance of headquarter engineers.

著者

近藤 忠

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.2, pp.31-41,83, 1950-04-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

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Place names are so closely connected with topography that it is very interesting to investigate them by means of the maps.Place name of “Tsuru” …… Many of them are found in Kyushu especially. There are 258 names on the topographical map of 1/50, 000. Originally it means an alluvial plain on the river. When number of settlements was a few, simple name of “Tsuru” can be distinguished from each other. But as the plain has developed, other words were added to “Tsuru” to distinguish itself from others. These surfaced-words were “ue” (upper) “naka” (middle) and “shimo” (lower) (18% of the whole added word), “higashi” (east) “minami” (south), “nishi” (west) and “kita” (north) (3%), “dai” (greater) “ko” (smaller) (6%), name of plantation (12%), name of animal (rare), those words referring to topography (slope, between the rivers, river, cape, hill). They are found mainly in Oita and Miyazaki Prefecture and also in Fukuoka, Kumamoto and Kagoshima Prefecture. That is, they are found in the central part of Kyushu especially on the eastern side of it, facing to the Bungo Straight.Place name of “Koba” …… It means the cultivated land in the forest. There are 147 names on the topographical map of 1/50, 000. In Tsushima Isl, the mountain agriculture is called “Kobazukuri” (burning cultivation) and it makes us infer that this place name is related to the mountain agriculture in Kyushu before Meiji Era. Like the place name of “Tsuru”, in general, an additional word was connected with “Koba” to make a compound word. They are distributed in a group in eastern Kyushu. But its predominant area is differrent from that of “Tsuru”. The place name of “Tsurukoba” is found also in the southern Kumamoto prefecture, connecting with the area of “Tsuru”.Place name of “Muta” …… 125 names on the 1/50, 000 topographical map. They are distributed in Saga Prefecture, the Tsukushi Plain, the Kumamoto Plain and southern part of Kyushu, that is, between the “Tsuru” area and the “Koba” area in both districts. It means a marshland originally, but at present time those places do not always keep the original characteristic of this name. Additional words are “upper”, “middle” and “lower” and “east”, “south”, “west” and “north”, which are found at the same percent (9%) of the total. Here the place name of “Tsuru” and “Koba” are also mixed, but they scarecely added “east”, “south”, “west” and “north” as the additional words. This is because the place name of “Muta” is much found on the largest plains in Kyushu stretching eastwards from north of the Ariake Bay where water ways are diversed and formed net -like landscape.

著者

太田 時男

出版者

日本海水学会

雑誌

日本海水学会誌 (ISSN:03694550)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.3, pp.165-172, 1991 (Released:2013-02-19)

参考文献数

9

著者

Akihiko Yoshimura

出版者

The Keio Journal of Medicine

雑誌

The Keio Journal of Medicine (ISSN:00229717)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.73-83, 2009-06-25 (Released:2009-07-17)

参考文献数

62

被引用文献数

27 78

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Various cytokines are involved in the regulation of the immune system and of hematopoiesis. Most cytokines utilize the so-called JAK-STAT pathway, but others activate the Ras-ERK pathway, which is more important than the STAT pathway for the proliferation of hematopoietic cells. Dysregulation of cytokine signaling can cause a variety of diseases, including allergy, inflammation, and cancer. We have identified two important regulator families involved in cytokine signaling: the SOCS proteins and the Spred proteins. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins bind to JAK and to certain receptors, thereby suppressing further signaling events. Spred family proteins interact with Ras and Raf, thereby suppressing ERK activation. Studies have shown that SOCS and Spred proteins are key physiological regulators of immunity, hematopoiesis, and angiogenesis. Evidence is also emerging for the involvement of these proteins in human diseases.

著者

春原 則子 宇野 彰 朝日 美奈子 金子 真人 粟屋 徳子

出版者

日本音声言語医学会

雑誌

音声言語医学 (ISSN:00302813)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.3, pp.263-270, 2011 (Released:2011-10-06)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

11 7

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近年発達性dyslexiaにおいて注目されている音読の流暢性に関して, 音読所要時間を評価尺度として, 872名の小学1年から6年生の典型発達児を対象に, その発達と背景にある認知機能を検討した. 刺激として, ひらがな, カタカナの単語と非語, および文章を使用した. 単語の音読速度は小学3年生までに急速に発達し, その後も緩やかに発達すること, 非語と文章の音読速度は高学年になっても発達する可能性のあることが示された. 日常生活上の必要性を鑑みて, 音読速度も文章での評価が重要と考えられた. 重回帰分析の結果, 音読速度に影響する要因として自動化能力と音韻認識力が示されたが, それぞれの寄与率は学年によって変化し, 単語の音読速度に対する音韻情報処理能力の影響は学年が上がるにつれて小さくなり, 自動化能力の影響が大きくなった. また, 単語と文章については語彙力の寄与も示唆された.

著者

明石 法子 宇野 彰 春原 則子 金子 真人 Taeko N. Wydell 粟屋 徳子 狐塚 順子 後藤 多可志

出版者

日本音声言語医学会

雑誌

音声言語医学 (ISSN:00302813)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.1-7, 2013 (Released:2013-04-03)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

2 1

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発達性読み書き障害児における漢字単語音読の特徴を明らかにすることを目的とし,小学校2年生から6年生の発達性読み書き障害児37名と典型発達児991名を対象に,「小学生の読み書きスクリーニング検査(STRAW)」漢字単語音読課題における誤反応の分析および単語属性効果の検討を行った.誤反応分析の結果,発達性読み書き障害児は典型発達児に比べ,課題語を他の実在語に読み誤る語性錯読および無回答が多く,文字と音の対応は正しいが語単位では誤っている読み方である類音性錯読の出現率が低いという特徴が認められた.単語属性効果に関しては,親密度の高低にかかわらず,心像性の低い語,すなわちイメージが思い浮かべにくい語で誤りやすいことが明らかになった.こうした特徴には,音韻情報処理過程と視覚情報処理過程双方の障害という発達性読み書き障害児の認知能力が背景となっている可能性があり,診断の補助的指標や有効な学習法の開発に役立つと考えられた.

著者

前田 徹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本オリエント学会

雑誌

オリエント (ISSN:00305219)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.1, pp.119-126, 2000-09-30 (Released:2010-03-12)

被引用文献数

1

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In this brief paper, I will examine the lines 100-115 of “Gilgamesh and Agga.” I agree that, in this part of the text, the speaker was Gilgamesh and he was addressing Agga. However, I do not agree with the interpretation that Gilgamesh was expressing his gratitude for the mercy Agga had shown him, since we have no evidence to prove this situation. I offer an alternative interpretation for this part of the text; Gilgamesh allowed Agga to be an official in the army under his command, since Agga had no status and no privileges after he had been defeated in battle and had been abandoned by his own army. Gilgamesh released Agga. Agga served as his general and representative of Gilgamesh's rule over Kish.

著者

Toshio Naito Keito Torikai Masafumi Mizooka Fujiko Mitsumoto Kenji Kanazawa Shiro Ohno Hiroyuki Morita Akira Ukimura Nobuhiko Mishima Fumio Otsuka Yoshio Ohyama Noriko Nara Kazunari Murakami Kouichi Mashiba Kenichiro Akazawa Koji Yamamoto Mika Tanei Masashi Yamanouchi Shoichi Senda Susumu Tazuma Jun Hayashi

出版者

一般社団法人 日本内科学会

雑誌

Internal Medicine (ISSN:09182918)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.16, pp.1989-1994, 2015 (Released:2015-08-15)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

7 8

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Objective Although inflammatory markers, such as the white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin, are widely used to differentiate causes of fever of unknown origin (FUO), little is known about the usefulness of this approach. We evaluated relationships between the causes of classical FUO and the levels of inflammatory markers. Methods A nationwide retrospective study including 17 hospitals affiliated with the Japanese Society of Hospital General Medicine was conducted. Patients This study included 121 patients ≥18 years old diagnosed with "classical FUO" (axillary temperature ≥38.0°C at least twice over a ≥3-week period without elucidation of the cause on three outpatient visits or during three days of hospitalization) between January and December 2011. Results The causative disease was infectious diseases in 28 patients (23.1%), non-infectious inflammatory disease (NIID) in 37 patients (30.6%), malignancy in 13 patients (10.7%), other in 15 patients (12.4%) and unknown in 28 patients (23.1%). The rate of malignancy was significantly higher for a WBC count of <4,000 /μL than for a WBC count of 4,000-8,000 /μL (p=0.015). Among the patients with a higher WBC count, the rate of FUO due to NIID tended to be higher and the number of unknown cases tended to be lower. All FUO patients with malignancy showed an ESR of >40 mm/h. A normal ESR appeared to constitute powerful evidence for excluding a diagnosis of malignancy. In contrast, the concentrations of both serum CRP and procalcitonin appeared to be unrelated to the causative disease. Conclusion The present study identified inflammatory markers that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of classical FUO, providing useful information for future diagnosis.

著者

辻 琢己 吉田 侑矢 河野 武幸

出版者

日本医学教育学会

雑誌

医学教育 (ISSN:03869644)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.3, pp.121-131, 2013-06-25 (Released:2015-07-06)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

3

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背景 : 薬剤師養成を目的とした6年制薬学部の多くでフィジカルアセスメント実習が行われている.方法 : 薬剤師の職能創成や学びのモチベーションの向上に対する本実習の有用性を明らかとするため,実習前後で生じた学生の意識変化をアンケート形式で調査し,自由記述内容をテキストマイニングで解析した.結果 : フィジカルアセスメントに関する技能を持たない学生に本実習を実施した結果,本実習で修得した知識や技能が薬剤師に必要であると考える学生が有意に増加し,学びのモチベーションも向上した.考察 : 本実習は,積極的に薬物治療に貢献することの重要性を認識させるだけでなく,学びのモチベーションの向上にも繋がると考えられた.

著者

時松 宏治 小杉 隆信 黒沢 厚志 伊坪 徳宏 八木田 浩史 坂上 雅治

出版者

社団法人 環境科学会

雑誌

環境科学会誌 (ISSN:09150048)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.5, pp.327-345, 2007-09-28 (Released:2010-06-28)

参考文献数

36

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本論文は「持続可能な発展(SustainableDevelopment;SD)」指標の将来値の推計方法と,将来が「持続可能かどうか」の提示を試みようとする論文である。推計する指標は,世鉦が発行するWorldDevelopmentIndicator(WDI)で提示されているGenuineSaving(Sg,)とWealth(W)である。前者はフローの概念,後者はストックの概念に基づいている。こ¢指標の開発者であるD.W.Pearce,G.Atkinson,K.Hamiltonらロンドン大と世銀のグループらによると,これら2つの指標がともに正であることが「持続可能な発展」の必要条件である。理論的な定式化は最適経済成長理論に基づく世銀のHamiltonらの考え方を利用した。その上で,これら2つの指標の将来値の推計に必要なデータを,統合評価モデルから休生的に得られるシミュレーションデータに求めた。そのシミュレーションデータは,殿存の統合評価モデル(GRAPE)に日本版被害算定型ライフサイクル影響評価手法(LIME)を組み込んだGRAPE/LIMEモデルによる最適経済成長のシミュレーション結果を用いた、LIMEを用いた理由の1つは,LIMEは環境影響の経済評価にコンジョイント分析による支払い意思額を用いていることにある。Hamiltonらによる持続可能な発展指標の推計には支払い意思額と環境影響物質の排出量が必要となるが,GRAPE/LIMEモデルを開発することによりこれらがモデルで内生的に整合的に得ることが可能となる。また,環境影響被害を防ぐ支払い意思額は一種の外部コストと解釈可能であり,外部コストの内部イヒをGRAPE/LIMEモデルで行うことで,最適経済成長のシミュレーションを行うことが可能となった。 以上の方法により,2!00年までの世界10地域におけるsgおよびWの推計が可能となった。結果について議論をするのは今後の課題であるが,今回の推計方法によると,世界といわゆる先進国では21世紀にわたって「持続可能な発展」の必要条件を満たすが,いわゆる発展途上国においては21世紀後半になるまで,「持続可能な発展」の必要条件を満たさないことになった。 本研究の手法により,次の点で,従来の「持続可能な発展」指標の推計方法を,学術的にアドバンスすることが可能となった。1つ目は,従来では過去あるいは現在における推計だったものを,最適経済成長理論に基づいて,将来時点の推計を可能にしたことである。2つ目は,従来では推計に必要な各種データを整合的に収集して実証すること自体に難しさがあったが,本研究の方法では統合評価モデルにより内生的に得られるデータを利用して推計するため,整合性が高まったことである。3つ目は,異なる複数の指標から何らかの形で統合化する場合には,推計者の主観的判断により指標間のウェイトを決定せねばならないケースが多かったが,本研究ではその統合化に環境経済学の方法によるコンジョイント分析を用いたことである。 本研究は「弱い持続可能性」の立場に立って「持続可能な発展」指標の将来を推計する方法と結果を提示することには成功したものの,将来の「持続可能性」を評価し議論するという点では,今後多くの課題に取り組む必要がある。「持続可能な発展」の将来,Genuine Saving,Wealth,統合評価モデル,最適経済成長シミュレーション

著者

柳川 勝紀 松本 良 鈴木 庸平

出版者

石油技術協会

雑誌

石油技術協会誌 (ISSN:03709868)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.5, pp.374-383, 2012 (Released:2014-03-29)

参考文献数

65

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Methane is one of the major end products from photosynthetic organic matter. Based on stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of methane, biological pathways mainly consisting of carbon dioxide reduction coupled to molecular hydrogen oxidation and acetate fermentation and abiological pathways such as thermal degradation of organic matter have been systematically classified. However, recent advances in subseafloor biosphere research have unveiled the complexity of processes involved in the transformation, migration and fate of methane. Particularly, it has been recognized that marine sediments with high flux of methane harbor novel lineages of microorganisms, the physiological traits of which are largely unknown due to their resistance to cultivation. In this review article, microbiological investigations that shed light on DNA-based microbial community structures and metabolic diversity and activity related to methane production and consumption in organic-rich marine sediments are briefly summarized.