著者

栗原信充

出版者

写

著者

関沢 まゆみ

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.191, pp.91-136, 2015-02

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1960年代以降,高度経済成長期(1955-1973)をへて,列島各地では土葬から火葬へと葬法が変化した。その後も1990年代までは旧来の葬儀を伝承し,比較的長く土葬が行われてきていた地域もあったが,それらも2000年以降,急速に火葬へと変化した。本論ではそれらの地域における火葬の普及とそれに伴う葬送墓制の変化について現地確認と分析とを試みるものである。論点は以下の通りである。第1,火葬化が民俗学にもたらしたのは「遺骨葬」と「遺骸葬」という2つの概念設定である。火葬化が全国規模で進んだ近年の葬送の儀式次第の中での火葬の位置には,A「通夜→葬儀・告別式→火葬」タイプと,B「通夜→火葬→葬儀・告別式」タイプの2つがみられる。Aは「遺骸葬」,Bは「遺骨葬」と呼ぶべき方式である。比較的長く土葬が行われてきていた地域,たとえば近畿地方の滋賀県や関東地方の栃木県などでは,葬儀で引導を渡して殻にしてから火葬をするというAタイプが多く,東北地方の秋田県や九州地方の熊本県などでは先に火葬をしてから葬儀を行うというBタイプが多い。第2,Bタイプの「遺骨葬」の受容は昭和30年代の東北地方や昭和50年代の九州地方等の事例があるが,注目されるのはいずれも土葬の頃と同じように墓地への野辺送りや霊魂送りの習俗が継承されていたという点である。しかし,2000年代以降のもう一つの大変化,「自宅葬」から「ホール葬」へという葬儀の場所の変化とともにそれらは消滅していった。第3,両墓制は民俗学が長年研究対象としてきた習俗であるが,土葬から火葬へと変化する中で消滅していきつつある。そして死穢忌避観念の希薄化が進み,集落近くや寺や従来の埋葬墓地などへ新たな石塔墓地を造成する動きが活発になっている。これまで無石塔墓制であった集落にも初めて石塔墓地造成がなされている。火葬が石塔その他の納骨施設を必須としたのである。第4,近代以降,旧来の極端な死穢忌避観念が希薄化し喪失へと向かっている動向が注目されているが,それを一気に加速させているのがこの土葬から火葬への変化といえる。旧来の土葬や野辺送りがなくなり,死穢忌避観念が希薄化もしくは喪失してきているのが2010年代の葬送の特徴である。After the 1960s, triggered by the high economic growth from 1955 to 1973, funeral practices changed from inhumation to cremation all over Japan. Still, inhumation remained common for a relatively long time until the 1990s in some regions where traditional practices were transmitted, though since 2000, it has rapidly replaced by cremation. Focusing on these regions, this paper presents the results of the field survey and analysis of the spread of cremation and its attendant changes in funeral and burial practices, as shown below. First, from the viewpoint of folklore studies, cremation has introduced two distinctive concepts into funeral services: one with the corpse in a coffin and one with the ashes in an urn. In the former, cremation follows the vigil and funeral/ farewell services (pattern A), while in the latter, it is conducted between the vigil and funeral/farewell services (pattern B). These two patterns of funeral procedures have diverged recently as cremation was spreading all over Japan. In the regions where inhumation remained common for a relatively long time, such as Shiga Prefecture in the Kinki Region and Tochigi Prefecture in the Kanto Region, the pattern A is more common; cremation is conducted after the last words were addressed to the deceased at the funeral service. On the other hand, the pattern B, cremation followed by the funeral service, is more common in Akita Prefecture in the Tohoku Region and Kumamoto Prefecture in the Kyushu Region. Second, it is worth noting that even though the pattern B, a funeral service with the ashes in an urn, was accepted in the Tohoku Region in the late 1950s to the early 1960s and in the Kyusyu Region in the late 1970s to the early 1980s, people did not abandon traditional practices related to inhumation such as a funeral procession to the cemetery. These practices have disappeared since the 2000s in parallel with another drastic change: a shift in the funeral venue from homes to funeral halls. Third, the double-grave system, which has been studied by folklorists for years, is also diminishing with the replacement of inhumation by cremation. Moreover, while death is less and less disliked or regarded as impurity, more and more tombstone cemeteries are built near communities and in temples and conventional burial cemeteries. Tombstone cemeteries have been also introduced to communities where that custom did not exist. The background for this is that cremation has created demands for repositories for the bones of the dead such as tombstones. Fourth, as referred to by many researchers in the modern times, death is less and less disliked or regarded as impurity, and this trend has been further accelerated by the shift from inhumation to cremation. The funeral practices in the 2010s are characterized by this trend of the weakening and diminishing of people's dislike and disgust of death, driven by the abandonment of the funeral practices that make people consider death as impurity such as inhumation and funeral processions.

著者

尾上白夢 訳

出版者

春江堂

巻号頁・発行日

1920

著者

横井 梓 齋藤 美穂

出版者

人間・環境学会

雑誌

人間・環境学会誌 (ISSN:1341500X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.11-20, 2014

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本研究は、大型スクリーンによる立体視およびウォークスルーが可能なバーチャルリアリティ(VR)を使用して作成した提示刺激の心理的特徴を明らかにし、写真やCG刺激との心理評価の比較からVRの有用性を検証することを目的とした。本研究における提示内容は室内空間を設定し、実空間との比較を行った。調査は、SD法による各提示刺激と実空間の印象および気分、空間の特性に関する評価で構成され、調査結果より各提示刺激別の評価の特徴を抽出し、刺激間での比較を行った。その結果、写真は実空間とほぼ同等の印象、気分を与え、「現実感」、「質感」を表現しやすく、さらに実空間よりも暖かい印象を与える可能性がある刺激であることが示唆された。しかし、「奥行き」や「臨場感」を表現するには至らない結果が窺えた。CGは「明るさ」や「冷たい」印象を他刺激よりも与えやすく、実空間と同程度の印象、気分や現実感等を他刺激よりも与えづらい提示刺激であることが示された。一方で、VRは空間内で感じられる気分に関して実空間と同等の気分を与えることが困難であるという結果が得られたが、「上品さ」や「親しみやすさ」、「好感」を与え、「楽しさ」を他刺激よりも多く与える結果を得た。さらにVRは、「現実感」に加え、「臨場感」を表現しやすく、「広さ・高さ・奥行き」といった寸法感を表現することにも長けていることが示された。

著者

楠見 孝

出版者

白桃書房

雑誌

組織科学 (ISSN:02869713)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.2, pp.6-15, 2014

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ホワイトカラーの熟達化と,それを支える実践知(暗黙知)の構造,その獲得について認知心理学の知見に基づいて論じた.そして,ホワイトカラーに質問紙調査を実施し,マネジメントの暗黙知の獲得は,管理職経験年数,経験学習態度,批判的思考態度,類推,省察,職場内の暗黙知と形式知の知識変換が関与していることを示した.最後に,個人学習と組織学習の相互作用が実践知の獲得を促進し,管理職への熟達を導くことを議論した.

著者

河野 裕美 安部 直哉 真野 徹

出版者

Yamashina Institute for Ornitology

雑誌

山階鳥類研究所研究報告 (ISSN:00440183)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.1-27, 1986-03-30 (Released:2008-11-10)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

4 7

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Nakanokami-shima was designated a national monument in 1972 because of its important for breeding seabirds, though the seabirds of the island were very poorly known. In this paper we present the information on the breeding species and their current status. Observations were made over a ten years period from 1975 to 1984.Seven species of seabirds were found to breed on the island. All were summer visitors, except for the Brown Booby which may be a resident.1. Bulwer's Petrel, Bulweria bulwerii. Bulwer's Petrel was not known to breed on the island until we captured and ringed 2 adults on 2 July, 1981, both of which had fully grown brood patches, and 2 more adults on 4 July, 1982, both of which were incubating. In 1982, 1983, and 1984 the petrels bred at the same locations shown in Fig. 1. The petrels bred gathering in small numbers and laid under rock, Sixty-six adults were ringed from 1981 to 1984 and it seems that the breeding population is fewer than 100 birds.2. White-faced (or Streaked) Shearwater, Calonectris leucomelas. Many nest holes of the White-faced Shearwaters were widely distributed on gentle slopes in grassplateau in the centre of the island. Some birds incubated on bare ground under dwarf 'Gajumaru', Ficus retusa, and others incubated under large rocks. We could not estimate their population.3. Brown Booby, Sula leucogaster. The main colonies, which were used by almost all the birds, were found annually at areas A, B, C, and D shown in Fig. 2. On Nakanokami-shima Brown Boobies nested on ridges and on steep cliffs. Few birds nested in the rocky zone near the shore. Before noon on 3 July, 1981, a Maritime Safety Agency Helicopter flew over the eastern part of the island, surprising the settled birds and causing them to take flight one after another. It was possible at that time to make a total count and 250 birds were counted. Since the breeding pairs were taking care of chicks at that day, some parents were probably absent offshore. Clearly the population was larger than 250. A chick ringed on 29 June, 1980, at the main colony was recaptured at the same place on 21 August, 1983. The bird was in adult plumage, but was not breeding. This recovery record indicates that non-breeding immatures are also included among those attending the main colonies. Table 1 shows the results of an intensive search for nests during the breeding season of 1984. Nests on inaccessible cliffs in areas A-D were of course omitted. The annual breeding population was estimated approximately as about 200 to 500 birds.4. Red-footed Booby, Sula sula. This species was not known to breed in Japan before 1975, when we discovered a breeding pair on 27 August, 1975. The parent incubated one egg and its nest was builted on the canopy of dwarf 'Gajumaru' bush in area A in Fig. 2. On 24 June, 1976, 3 adults and 2 chicks were ringed at the same place, and on 30 June, 1977, one downy chick and parent were found again at the same place as in 1975. On 13 July, 1982, two fledglings and one adult were seen on the cliff in area E in Fig. 2.5. Bridled Tern, Sterna anaethetus. This, species was not known to breed in Japan until we found its breeding at the island on June, 1980. The Bridled Tern settled rocky zone near the shore, placing their eggs in the shelter of rocks. The locations of colonies in 1983, and 1984 are shown in Fig. 3. This tern is apparently an inshore feeder, remaining usually close to the colony. The estimated numbers were 120 birds in area A, and 40 in area B on June 30, 1980, about 1000 in area A, and 100 in area B on 2 July, 1981, and about 650 in area, A, and 50 in area B on 2 July, 1982. Since 1981 the numbers have increased markedly. The birds in attendance at these areas were in adult plumage, however considerable numbers of non-breeding, presumably immature, birds may make up part of these totals.

著者

中尾万三 著

出版者

彩壷会

巻号頁・発行日

1925

著者

渋川景佑

出版者

写

巻号頁・発行日

vol.[1],

著者

Tome Ikezoe Yasuyoshi Asakawa Akimitsu Tsutou

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.75-79, 2003 (Released:2004-01-16)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

18 30

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This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between quadriceps strength and balance to falls of institutionalized elderly people. The subjects comprised 25 elderly women aged 75.3 ± 3.4 years. The values of the postural sway in two standing positions, functional reach test, and quadriceps strength were compared between two groups of elderly adults, those with or without a history of fall. Quadriceps strength was measured using isometric contraction of the knee extension. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the postural sway in the two standing positions and the functional reach test. Quadriceps strength in the non-fall group was, however, significantly higher than that in the fall group (1.48 Nm/kg vs. 1.08 Nm/kg, p<0.01). The discriminating criterion for muscle strength between the two groups was 1.28 Nm/kg, with an apparent error rate of 24.8%. These findings suggest that (1) the degree of quadriceps strength may be a useful indicator for the prospect of fall in institutionalized elderly people, and (2) quadriceps strength should be maintained at least more than 1.28 Nm/kg to prevent fall.

著者

磯部 澄葉

出版者

金城学院大学

雑誌

金城学院大学論集. 人文科学編 (ISSN:04538862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, pp.1-8, 2010

著者

前田 稔

出版者

京都大学

雑誌

京都大学生涯教育学・図書館情報学研究 (ISSN:13471562)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.213-216, 2005-03-31

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性的内容を含む図書について、一般社会においては、成年者と未成年者では法制度上異なる取り扱いがなされており、成年者が優先されている。しかし、図書館の運用では、そもそも収集対象とならない場合が多く、児童を保護する要請が顕在化することは少ない。一方、インターネットの場合は収集意図と無関係にあらゆる情報が図書館内に流入してくる。このため、児童の保護への意識が喚起されているものの、決定的な解はみつかっていない。

著者

杉原 周治

出版者

広島大学

雑誌

廣島法學 (ISSN:03865010)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.137-164, 2005-06-30

著者

水谷 秀樹

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.127, no.11, pp.1837-1842, 2007-11-01 (Released:2007-11-01)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

17 32

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A number of anticancer drugs exert their effect by causing DNA damage and subsequent apoptosis induction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and super oxide anion (O2-), participate in apoptosis and DNA damage induced by some anticancer drugs, however, the precise mechanism of apoptosis via ROS formation remains to be clarified. I investigated the mechanism of apoptosis and DNA damage induced by anticancer drugs, especially topoisomerase inhibitors, using human cultured cells. TAS-103, a topoisomerase inhibitor, induces apoptosis through DNA cleavage and subsequent H2O2 generation mediated by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and NAD(P)H oxidase activation. Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline antibiotic and topoisomerase inhibitor, induces apoptosis through direct oxidative DNA damage leading to indirect H2O2 generation mediated by PARP and NAD(P)H oxidase activation. DOX caused site-specific oxidative DNA damage in the presence of copper(II), which may contribute to apoptosis. These findings suggest that ROS formation plays important roles in apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs. Furthermore, these studies may provide an insight into the development of new effective chemotherapeutic drugs.

著者

芦川 晋

雑誌

現代社会学部紀要 = FACULTY OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY BULLETIN

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.161-198, 2017-03-10

著者

Alexandr Parlesak Joachim Eckoldt Karl Winkler Christian J Bode Christian Schäfer

出版者

SOCIETY FOR FREE RADICAL RESEARCH JAPAN

雑誌

Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition (ISSN:09120009)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.3, pp.174-180, 2014 (Released:2014-05-01)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

5 11

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So far, little is known about the effect of nutrition and lifestyle on the composition of circulating lipoprotein subfractions. In the current study, we measured the correlations among physical activity, nutrient intake, smoking, body-mass index (BMI), and age with the concentration of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and apolipoproteins (ApoA1, ApoA2 and ApoB) in subfractions of LDL and HDL in 265 healthy working men. Concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipids, and ApoB in small, dense atherogenic LDL particles (sdLDL) correlated negatively (p<0.001) with those of cholesterol, phospholipids, and ApoA1 in HDL2, respectively. Age correlated positively with sdLDL while increasing BMI correlated with an atherogenic shift of cholesterol, phospholipids, and ApoB from large, buoyant LDL (lbLDL) to sdLDL and decreasing concentrations of HDL2 constituents. Physical activity and alcohol intake correlated negatively with sdLDL constituents and positively with HDL2 components. Consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) correlated with a lower ratio of sdLDL to HDL2 cholesterol. A favorable lipoprotein subfraction profile linked to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in men was associated with physical activity, moderate alcohol consumption, and dietary intake of MUFA, which might be exploited in future interventions for prevention of age- and BMI-associated atherogenic shifts of lipoprotein subfractions.

著者

甲斐 久史

出版者

一般社団法人 日本内科学会

雑誌

日本内科学会雑誌 (ISSN:00215384)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.101, no.2, pp.322-328, 2012 (Released:2013-04-11)

参考文献数

10

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心不全は心筋障害により心筋のポンプ機能が低下し,末梢主要臓器の酸素需要に見合うだけの血液量を心臓が絶対的にまたは相対的に拍出できない状態にあり,肺または体静脈系にうっ血を来たし,生活機能に障害を生じた病態である.その病態は単に心臓のポンプ不全ではなく,心臓の異常により引き起こされた血行動態,神経体液性因子,腎臓などの全身の異常をともなう症候群としてとらえることができる.

著者

王 碩玉

出版者

一般社団法人日本機械学会

雑誌

年次大会講演資料集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2006, no.8, pp.66-67, 2006-09-15

著者

武揚社 編

出版者

崇文館書店等

巻号頁・発行日

1917

著者

帆足 喜与子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会

雑誌

教育心理学研究 (ISSN:00215015)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.2, pp.65-74,126, 1961-08-30 (Released:2013-02-19)

参考文献数

17

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要求水準とパーソナリティとの間に関係ありと認められた事柄は次のとおりである。(1) 安定感のあるものは, 成功すれば水準を上げ, 失敗すれば下げるというふうに適応的反応をする。(2) 失敗をまともにうけ入れるものも適応的反応をする。(3) 自分の地位に満足するものも適応的反応をする。(4) 妥協的, 協調的のものは場面によって設定態度を変化させる。(5) 競争心の強いものは目標を固執する傾向にある。(6) 本実験においては, 常にパーソナリティ評点のよいものの方がGDSが大きかった。個人について設定態度が比較的固定しているところから見ても, また特定のパーソナリティと特定の設定態度との関連性の存在から見ても, 要求水準には個性が相当にあらわれるといいうる。

著者

真島 信英

出版者

亜細亜大学

雑誌

亜細亜法學 (ISSN:03886611)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.2, pp.125-148, 2008-01