著者

Hsuan-Wen FAN

出版者

Disaster Nursing Group

雑誌

Health Emergency and Disaster Nursing (ISSN:21882053)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2017-0012, (Released:2018-02-08)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1 1

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Aim: This paper examines the Chi-Chi earthquake that struck central Taiwan (Republic of China) on September 21, 1999.Methods: Framed within a geopolitical examination, historical methodology utilized primary sources of relief agency reports, US Agency for International Development Fact Sheets, news analyses, and nurses’ voices.Results: Although the international community and government provided for physical needs, many of the earthquake survivors relied on the compassion and innovation of local hospital nurses, fellow citizens, and religious communities. For the nurses, the authority that being nurses gave them, their innovation, and self-reliance propelled them into duty.Conclusion: Although Taiwan received an outpouring of international aid, the disaster proved grim. The rugged geography and geopolitical strains complicated the effectiveness of international aid as it arrived hours after the earthquake. The “921” earthquake has significantly affected Taiwan’s national psyche.

著者

Yuki Ishikawa-Ishiwata Yuichi Nosaka Toshinori Usui Hiroshi Sasaki

出版者

The Plankton Society of Japan, The Japanese Association of Benthology

雑誌

Plankton and Benthos Research (ISSN:18808247)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.74-83, 2023-05-31 (Released:2023-05-30)

参考文献数

58

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We investigated the growth, thermotolerance, and fatty acid composition of the green alga Desmodesmus sp., which was isolated from a freshwater puddle in Ibaraki, Japan. Incubation experiments on the isolated strain were performed at a range of temperatures (20–40°C) with continuous illumination (110 µmol photons m−2 s−1) and nutrient-replete medium. High specific growth rates of 1.14–1.62 day−1 were observed at 20–35°C, but growth rates declined to 0.59 day−1 at 40°C. Lipid contents were 13.2%–14.4% (% dry weight) at 20–35°C and increased to 21.3% at 40°C. Some microalgae are known to regulate membrane fluidity by changing their fatty acid compositions in response to changes in ambient temperature. We found that the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA; C18:3 ω3) of Desmodesmus sp. was negatively correlated with water temperature. By contrast, no significant relationship was identified between temperature and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. The negative relationship between ω3 PUFA composition and temperature was stronger among thermotolerant as opposed to non-thermotolerant microalgae. This suggests that thermotolerant Desmodesmus sp. can grow at high temperatures by altering its fatty acid composition to affect membrane fluidity.

著者

Jihoon Kim Minjung Bak Sung-Ji Park Dong Seop Jeong Suryeun Chung Darae Kim Eun Kyoung Kim Sung-A Chang Jin-Oh Choi Sang-Chol Lee Seung Woo Park

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CJ-23-0040, (Released:2023-06-27)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

2

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Background: There are limited data about predictors of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after totally thoracoscopic ablation (TTA). This study investigated the clinical implication of left atrial appendage emptying velocity (LAAV) in patients undergoing TTA.Methods and Results: Patients who underwent TTA between 2012 and 2015 at a tertiary hospital were prospectively enrolled in this study. LAAV was measured and averaged over five heart beats from preoperative transesophageal echocardiography. The primary outcome was a freedom from recurrent AF or atrial flutter (AFL) detected on 24-h Holter monitoring or an electrocardiogram over a 3-year period after TTA. In all, 129 patients were eligible for analysis in this study. The mean (±SD) patient age was 54.4±8.8 years, and 95.3% were male. During the 3 years after TTA, the overall event-free survival rate was 65.3%. LAAV was an independent predictor of recurrent AF/AFL during the 3-year period after TTA (per 1-cm/s increase, adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91–0.99; P=0.016). Event-free survival was significantly lower among patients with a low LAAV (<20 cm/s; n=21) compared with those with a normal (≥40 cm/s; n=38; aHR 6.11; 95% CI 1.42–26.15; P=0.015) or intermediate (LAAV ≥20 and <40 cm/s; n=70; aHR 2.74, 95% CI 1.29–5.83; P=0.009) LAAV.Conclusions: In patients with AF, LAAV was significantly associated with the risk of long-term recurrence of AF after TTA.

著者

樋口 淳也 Kim Seong-yong 河合 俊郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本魚類学会

雑誌

魚類学雑誌 (ISSN:00215090)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.23-013, (Released:2023-10-05)

参考文献数

27

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A single specimen of Krusensterniella (Perciformes: Zoarcidae), collected off Tsugaru Peninsula, Aomori, Japan, was identified as Krusensterniella squamosa Chernova, 2022, characterized by three pungent spines in the dorsal fin, 47 dorsal-fin spines, at least 101 dorsal-fin rays and 103 vertebrae, and previously known only from the holotype, collected off Iwate, Japan. The new standard Japanese name “Uroko-haregaji”, referring to the scaled body, is proposed for the species. Records of Krusensterniella notabilis from Japan are unlikely to be that species, since many identification sources for Japanese fishes in correctly described K. notabilis as having a broad scaled area on the body.

著者

Satoru Sasaki Hiroyuki Kawamori Takayoshi Toba Ryo Takeshige Yusuke Fukuyama Takashi Hiromasa Hiroyuki Fujii Tomoyo Hamana Yuto Osumi Seigo Iwane Tetsuya Yamamoto Shota Naniwa Yuki Sakamoto Koshi Matsuhama Yuta Fukuishi Toshiro Shinke Ken-ichi Hirata Hiromasa Otake

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CJ-23-0312, (Released:2023-10-07)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

2

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Background: Fractional flow reserve-computed tomography (FFRCT) has not been validated in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for coronary artery disease due to theoretical difficulties in using nitroglycerin for such patients.Methods and Results: In this single-center study, we prospectively enrolled 21 patients (34 vessels) and performed pre-TAVR FFRCTwithout nitroglycerin, pre-TAVR invasive instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) measurements, and post-TAVR FFR measurements using a pressure wire. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of pre-TAVR FFRCT≤0.80 to predict post-TAVR invasive FFR ≤0.80 were 82%, 83%, 82%, 71%, and 90%, respectively. A receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated an optimal cutoff of 0.78 for pre-TAVR FFRCTto indicate post-TAVR FFR ≤0.80, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.84, and the counterpart cutoff of pre-TAVR iFR was 0.89 with an AUC of 0.86.Conclusions: FFRCTwithout nitroglycerin could be a useful non-invasive imaging modality for assessing the severity of coronary artery lesions in patients with severe AS.

著者

Akio Tanikawa Yung-Hau Chang I-Min Tso

出版者

Arachnological Society of Japan

雑誌

Acta Arachnologica (ISSN:00015202)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.31-38, 2010-09-30 (Released:2010-10-29)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

5 6

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The Taiwanese and Japanese spiders which have been identified with Cyrtophora moluccensis (Doreshall 1857) are taxonomically revised. Three color morphs, yellow-, green-, and red-types, show their own discrete monophyletic clades in the phylogenetic tree inferred by Neighbor Joining method using the partial sequences of mt-16S-rRNA genes. P-distances within group means are 0.2% in the yellow-type, 0.1% in the green-type, and 0% in the red-type. P-distances between group means are 18.8% between yellow- and green-types, 19.4% between yellow- and red-types, 10% between green- and red-types. These three color morphs can be separated also by the shapes of epigynum and male palp. Consequently we recognize them as three independent nominal species and determined the yellow-type as C. cylindroides (Walckenaer 1842), the green-type as C. moluccensis (Doleschall 1857), and the red-type as C. ikomosanensis (Bösenberg & Strand 1906).

著者

Tomohiro Nakamura Mari Nakamura Mayumi Kai Yumiko Shibasaki Haruki Tomita Miku Watabe Hatsumi Yokokura Shin-ichi Momomura

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Reports (ISSN:24340790)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CR-23-0059, (Released:2023-08-31)

参考文献数

23

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Background: For patients with advanced heart failure, palliative care, including opioids, is needed as a treatment for refractory dyspnea. However, little evidence has been reported on the efficacy and safety of opioids, and their use is not well established.Methods and Results: We have introduced a protocol for the use of opioids for dyspnea in patients with advanced heart failure admitted to Saitama Citizens Medical Center. Following this protocol, differences in clinical variables and outcome were investigated between patients in whom opioids were initiated intravenously or subcutaneously (i.v./s.c. group; n=13) and patients in whom they were initiated orally (oral group; n=18). In a comparison of baseline characteristics, significantly more patients in the oral group had a history of hospitalization for heart failure within the past year, and significantly more patients were treated with dobutamine and tolvaptan. After initiation of opioid treatment, both groups showed improvement in dyspnea; however, serial changes in vital signs were significantly greater in the i.v./s.c. group. The survival rate was significantly higher in the oral group (P<0.0001), with 33% of patients discharged alive.Conclusions: The clinical use of oral opioids using a single-center protocol is reported, suggesting that oral opioids may be practical and effective for dyspnea in patients with advanced heart failure.

著者

柏木 信一 カシワギ シンイチ Shin-ichi Kashiwagi

雑誌

修道商学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55-2, pp.175-198, 2015-02-28

著者

ELENA GIL-DONOSO CECILIA GARCÍA-CAMPOS SILVIA BLASCO-MORENO MARIO MODESTO-MATA MARINA MARTÍNEZ DE PINILLOS CHITINA MORENO-TORRES MARÍA MARTINÓN-TORRES JOSÉ MARÍA BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.230315, (Released:2023-06-23)

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The dental tissue proportions of human permanent canines are one of only a few sexually dimorphic features that are present in childhood, and therefore offer the opportunity to estimate the sex of immature individuals. This work aims to evaluate for the first time the degree of sexual dimorphism ‍in the three-dimensional (3D) measurements of deciduous canine dental tissues, to assess their potential in sexual assessment. Computed microtomographic techniques have been employed to anal‍yse the maxillary and mandibular deciduous canines of 65 individuals (36 females and 29 males) of known sex and age. The teeth were scanned and the volumes and 3D surface areas of the enamel cup and the dentine–pulp complex were obtained. Our results did not show statistically significant differences in either the absolute or relative dimensions of the enamel and dentine between female and male teeth. We hence conclude that volumes and 3D surface areas of deciduous canine dental tissues do not allow for sex determination, which contrasts with what has been observed in permanent canines by other authors. The differences in the degree of sexual dimorphism in dental tissue proportions be‍tween permanent and deciduous canines seem to be due to a decrease in the intersexual variability of ‍the dentine component dimensions. Since the dentine component is a tissue capable of responding to ‍changes in sex hormone concentration levels, our results might indicate that hormones play a more important role in the development of sexual dimorphism in the permanent dentition than previously thought.

著者

Noriko Fukue Mari Ishida Makiko Taniyama Natsuko Mukai-Yatagai Takahiro Sakamoto Tomoko Tamada Takeshi Suetomi Kazuaki Tanabe Yukiko Nakano

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Reports (ISSN:24340790)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CR-23-0011, (Released:2023-05-12)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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Background: The Japanese Circulation Society survey revealed that Japanese female cardiologists exhibited a trend to refuse the chairperson position; however, the causal factors remain uncertain.Methods and Results: We distributed a questionnaire survey among chairpersons of the Chugoku regional meeting in November 2022. The rate of chair acceptance at the annual meeting tended to increase as the chairperson’s experience grew (first time chairing a meeting, 25.0%; 2–3 times, 33.3%; 4–5 times, 53.8%; ≥6 times, 70.0%; P=0.021).Conclusions: Providing inexperienced members with the chance to perform the role of chairperson will lead to them accepting to chair annual meetings.

著者

Hirotoshi Watanabe Takeshi Morimoto Ko Yamamoto Yuki Obayashi Masahiro Natsuaki Kyohei Yamaji Manabu Ogita Satoru Suwa Tsuyoshi Isawa Takenori Domei Kenji Ando Shojiro Tatsushima Hiroki Watanabe Masanobu Oya Kazushige Kadota Hideo Tokuyama Tomohisa Tada Hiroki Sakamoto Hiroyoshi Mori Hiroshi Suzuki Tenjin Nishikura Kohei Wakabayashi Takeshi Kimura for the STOPDAPT-2 ACS Investigators

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.5, pp.657-668, 2023-04-25 (Released:2023-04-25)

参考文献数

28

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Background: The REAL-CAD trial, reported in 2017, demonstrated a significant reduction in cardiovascular events with high-intensity statins in patients with chronic coronary syndrome. However, data are scarce on the use of high-intensity statins in Japanese patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods and Results: In STOPDAPT-2 ACS, which exclusively enrolled ACS patients between March 2018 and June 2020, 1,321 (44.2%) patients received high-intensity statins at discharge, whereas of the remaining 1,667 patients, 96.0% were treated with low-dose statins. High-intensity statins were defined as the maximum approved doses of strong statins in Japan. The incidence of the cardiovascular composite endpoint (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, definite stent thrombosis, stroke) was significantly lower in patients with than without high-intensity statins (1.44% vs. 2.69% [log-rank P=0.025]; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24–0.94, P=0.03) and the effect was evident beyond 60 days after the index percutaneous coronary intervention (log-rank P=0.01; aHR 0.38, 95% CI 0.17–0.86, P=0.02). As for the bleeding endpoint, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (0.99% vs. 0.73% [log-rank P=0.43]; aHR 0.96, 95% CI 0.35–2.60, P=0.93).Conclusions: The prevalence of high-intensity statins has increased substantially in Japan. The use of the higher doses of statins in ACS patients recommended in the guidelines was associated with a significantly lower risk of the primary cardiovascular composite endpoint compared with lower-dose statins.

著者

Jadson J. S. Oliveira Tiara S. Cabral Ruby Vargas-Isla José F. B. Silva Doriane P. Rodrigues Nelson Menolli Jr. Mariana P. Drewinski Noemia K. Ishikawa

出版者

The Mycological Society of Japan

雑誌

Mycoscience (ISSN:13403540)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.6, pp.254-266, 2022-09-20 (Released:2022-11-20)

参考文献数

51

被引用文献数

1

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In the search for new strains of edible mushrooms in the Brazilian Amazon Forest, we found Lentinula specimens different from Lentinula raphanica. These were described morphologically and evaluated phylogenetically within the Lentinula clade. The mating system was determined, and interbreeding compatibility with L. raphanica was verified. The basidiomata have a cinnamon or deep orange to fulvous brown, moist to dry pileus, occasionally with whitish scales; crowded whitish cream lamellae; and an eccentric to lateral stipe. The typical, predominant basidiospores are 4.4-7.2 µm in length. Endogenous, elongate (7.8-14 µm) basidiospores were also found in some specimens. The long spores seem rare and occasional, but nonetheless a novelty for the group. Basidia are homogeneous in size, cheilocystidia are pyriform or bulboid, and caulocystidia are long and spheropedunculate. The hyphae of the pileipellis are pigment-encrusted. The characteristics match those of Agaricus ixodes originally described from Guyana, currently a synonym of Lentinula boryana. In the phylogenetic trees, such taxon appears distinct from L. boryana and sister to L. raphanica with strong support. This unique lineage was confirmed to be reproductively isolated from sympatric L. raphanica strains. Lentinula ixodes comb. nov. is the second species of the genus reported in the Amazon Forest.

著者

Toshiyuki Nagai Takayuki Inomata Takashi Kohno Takuma Sato Atsushi Tada Toru Kubo Kazufumi Nakamura Noriko Oyama-Manabe Yoshihiko Ikeda Takeo Fujino Yasuhide Asaumi Takahiro Okumura Toshiyuki Yano Kazuko Tajiri Hiroyuki Matsuura Yuichi Baba Haruki Sunami Shingo Tsujinaga Yasutoshi Ota Keiko Ohta-Ogo Yusuke Ishikawa Hideo Matama Nobutaka Nagano Kimi Sato Kazushi Yasuda Yasushi Sakata Koichiro Kuwahara Tohru Minamino Minoru Ono Toshihisa Anzai on behalf of the Japanese Circulation Society Joint Working Group

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CJ-22-0696, (Released:2023-03-10)

被引用文献数

17

著者

Kuang Mei-Fun Nojima Kazuhiko

出版者

九州大学

雑誌

九州大学心理学研究 (ISSN:13453904)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.295-305, 2003

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This study is focused on the mental health of female in Taiwan with different sexual orientation using the Internet as the research tool. The result presented that the same sex orientation female in Taiwan are feeling more stress for being female and lesbian in the family, school and work. However they also showed more reluctant to seek the professional psychological help and medication. This study also analyzed the difference between self-identified lesbian gender role in order to have more understanding about the relationship between lesbian sub-culture and mental health. The result showed that the butch lesbian reported the highest stress but the lowest mental health concerns. On the other hand the pure lesbian expressed the highest rate of mental health problems.

著者

Kentaro YOSHII Keita MOTTATE Yuki OMORI-URABE Yumiko CHIBA Takahiro SETO Takahiro SANADA Junko MAEDA Mayumi OBARA Shuji ANDO Naoto ITO Makoto SUGIYAMA Hiroshi SATO Hiroshi FUKUSHIMA Hiroaki KARIWA Ikuo TAKASHIMA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1010260371, (Released:2010-11-02)

被引用文献数

22 25

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Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a zoonotic agent causing severe encephalitis in humans. Rodent species which are potential hosts for TBEV are widely distributed in various regions in Japan. In this study, we carried out large-scale epizootiological surveys in rodents from various areas of Japan. A total of 931 rodent and insectivore sera were collected from field surveys. Seropositive rodents against TBEV were found in Shimane Prefecture in Honshu, and in several areas of Hokkaido Prefecture. These results emphasize the need for further epizootiological and epidemiological research of TBEV and preventive measures for emerging tick-borne encephalitis in Japan.

著者

Ken Takeda Ken-ichiro Suzuki Aki Ishihara Miyoko Kubo-Irie Rie Fujimoto Masako Tabata Shigeru Oshio Yoshimasa Nihei Tomomi Ihara Masao Sugamata

出版者

The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan

雑誌

Journal of Health Science (ISSN:13449702)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.95-102, 2009 (Released:2009-02-01)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

226 272

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Nanomaterials are being used increasingly for commercial purposes, yet little is known about the potential health hazards such materials may pose to consumers and workers. Here we show that nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2), which is used widely as a photo-catalyst and in consumer products, administered subcutaneously to pregnant mice is transferred to the offspring and affects the genital and cranial nerve systems of the male offspring. Nanoparticles identified as TiO2 by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were found in testis and brain of exposed 6-week-old male mice. In the offspring of TiO2-injected mice, various functional and pathologic disorders, such as reduced daily sperm production and numerous caspase-3 (a biomarker of apoptosis) positive cells in the olfactory bulb of the brain, were observed. Our findings suggest the need for great caution to handle the nanomaterials for workers and consumers.

著者

Masayo Hirao-Suzuki Shuso Takeda Takayuki Koga Masufumi Takiguchi Akihisa Toda

出版者

The Japanese Society of Toxicology

雑誌

The Journal of Toxicological Sciences (ISSN:03881350)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.4, pp.227-236, 2020 (Released:2020-04-01)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

1 15

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A growing body of experimental evidence strongly suggests that cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), a major component of the fiber-type cannabis plant, exerts a variety of biological activities. We have reported that CBDA can abrogate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and its enzymatic activity. It is established that aberrant expression of COX-2 correlates with the degree of malignancy in breast cancer. Although the reduction of COX-2 expression by CBDA offers an attractive medicinal application, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects have not fully been established. It has been reported that COX-2 expression is positively controlled by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in some cancerous cells, although there is “no” modulatory element for PPARβ/δ on the COX-2 promoter. No previous studies have examined whether an interaction between PPARβ/δ-mediated signaling and COX-2 expression exists in MDA-MB-231 cells. We confirmed, for the first time, that COX-2 expression is positively modulated by PPARβ/δ-mediated signaling in MDA-MB-231 cells. CBDA inhibits PPARβ/δ-mediated transcriptional activation stimulated by the PPARβ/δ-specific agonist, GW501516. Furthermore, the disappearance of cellular actin stress fibers, a hallmark of PPARβ/δ and COX-2 pathway activation, as evoked by the GW501516, was effectively reversed by CBDA. Activator protein-1 (AP-1)-driven transcriptional activity directly involved in the regulation of COX-2 was abrogated by the PPARβ/δ-specific inverse agonists (GSK0660/ST-247). Thus, it is implicated that there is positive interaction between PPARβ/δ and AP-1 in regulation of COX-2. These data support the concept that CBDA is a functional down-regulator of COX-2 through the abrogation of PPARβ/δ-related signaling, at least in part, in MDA-MB-231 cells.

著者

Tatsuya Noda Yasuyuki Okumura Keiko Kan-o Toshibumi Taniguchi Sadao Suzuki Tomoaki Imamura

出版者

Society for Clinical Epidemiology

雑誌

Annals of Clinical Epidemiology (ISSN:24344338)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.22016, (Released:2022-08-03)

被引用文献数

2

著者

井上 紗奈 KABURU Stefano S. K. NEWTON-FISHER Nicholas E.

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 Supplement 第28回日本霊長類学会大会

巻号頁・発行日

pp.9, 2012 (Released:2013-11-01)

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野生チンパンジーにおいて、同群の成熟個体を殺すことはまれである。特に、在位中のアルファオスが群れのメンバーによって殺される、という事例はこれまで報告されたことがない。本研究では、タンザニア・マハレ山塊国立公園のMグループでおきた殺害行動の概要と、死後の死体へのメンバーの反応について報告する。事件は、2011年10月2日におきた。アルファのPM(23歳)は在位4年目で健康なオスであった。事件は、PMと第二位のオス(PR)の喧嘩からPRが他のオスに助けを求めたことを発端とし、オス2個体を中心としたPMへの攻撃が始まった。攻撃は断続的に約2時間つづき、PMは死亡した。発表者はPMの死後直後に到着し、群れが現場から移動するまでの間、群れの観察をおこなった。到着時、PMの死体は水のない川岸すぐ脇の川底にあった。川岸15m程度頭上の木の枝に、攻撃時にPM擁護にまわったオスが座っていた。10m以内の藪にはPMを攻撃したオス数個体がいたが、数分でその場を離れた。その後、死体より3m以内の川岸にて、攻撃に加わっていないワカモノオスが枝を振り回して走り抜けるディスプレイをおこなった。直後に、数個体のメスが反対の川岸より15m~10m距離を横断した。そのうち1個体が向きを変えて死体の方へ接近したが、ワカモノオスのディスプレイにより離れた。つづいて来た子ども連れのメスが、死体に最接近した。顔に触れそうな距離で臭いを嗅ぎ、1m距離でしばし座った後、その場を離れた。一緒に来た子どもは、2m距離まで近づいたもののそれ以上は接近せず、少し離れた所から枝を振ったり、立ち上がってのぞきこむような行動をとった。事件は突発的におこったものだが、結果として現役アルファオスの死をもたらした。死後の死体への反応は、いずれも、通常ならアルファオスに対して絶対にとらない行動である。激しいけんかをしたと

著者

金 木斗 哲 Yoon Hong-key

出版者

人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理学会大会 研究発表要旨 2002年 人文地理学会大会 研究発表要旨

巻号頁・発行日

pp.000003, 2002 (Released:2002-11-15)

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1991年にニュージーランド政府がユーロピアン以外にも移民の門戸を開いてから新たな生活スタイルを求める多くのアジアの人々が当地に渡っている。特に韓国人移民の増加は目を見張るところがある。現在韓国はニュージーランドの5番目の輸出国であり、イギリスを追い越す勢いで両国の経済関係は緊密になってきた。これに伴って韓国人移民も急速に増加し、1996年のセンサスでは総人口の0.35%に当たる12,657人もの韓国出身の住民が報告された。これは10年前の426人に比べ約30倍の増加であり、彼らはニュージーランドの多文化傾向に十分貢献できるまで成長している。また、ニュージーランドにおける最大の都市であるオークランドには約1万人以上の韓国人が住んでおり、オークランド総人口の約1%に上っている。彼らの居住地域を見ると、約6割がオークランド大都市圏のNorthshore地域に居住していると推定され、アジアからの移民グループの中でも最も地理的集中度が高い。 Yoon(1997)によると、韓国人移民の職業の種類は1992年の20から1997年の55と韓国人移民の増加に伴って多様化している。また、韓国人移民が経営する事業体の数も1992年の37から1997年の636へと1600%の増加を見せている。しかしながら、韓国人が経営する事業のほとんどは、ホスト社会の経済ネットワークに浸透できず、典型的なエスニック・ビジネスの段階に止まっている。つまり、韓国人の資本と経営スタイルで韓国人の従業員を雇い、主に韓国人を客にするものである。 では、ニュージーランドへ移民する韓国人はどのような人々で、なぜニュージーランドを移民先として選んだのか。ニュージーランドにおける韓国人移民はほぼ例外なく高学歴で中産階級のホワイト・カラー出身である。また、韓国経済が好況のピークに向かっていたときに祖国を離れた彼らは、子供の教育環境ときれいでゆとりある生活環境をもっとも重要な移住動機として挙げている。このような社会経済的属性や移民の動機は、低い社会経済的ステータスと経済的理由といった従来の韓国人移民とは明らかに異なっており、新しい韓国人ディアスポラを象徴するものと言える。このように異なる社会経済的背景と移住動機をもつニュージーランドにおける韓国人移民は、移住前に描いていたパラダイスとしてのニュージーランドのイメージと現実としてのニュージーランドでの生活の間でどのように妥協し生活を営んでいるのか。本報告ではニュージーランドにおける韓国人移民の動向を1996年度センサスの分析と現地での深層インタビューより明らかにする。 ニュージーランドにおける移民政策の転換はニュージーランドの実験と評される新自由主義改革の一環として1986年に行われた。それまでニュージーランドでは社会の安定(social fabric)という名分のもとに白人特にイギリスとアイランド出身を優遇する差別的な移民政策が厳格に維持されてきたが、1986年の移民法改正によって伝統的な特定出身国選好システムを廃止された。しかし、この改正では移民者に高い英語能力を要求するなど依然として差別的な要素が多く残され、期待された投資移民の増加はほとんど現れなかった。1986年の移民法改正が批判を浴びる中、ニュージーランド移民省は1991年に‘新しい移民者の個人的な貢献により多文化社会としてのニュージーランドを促す’ため、‘ポイント・システム’と呼ばれるより進んだ移民法改正に踏み出した。このポイント・システムの導入はアジアからの移民の増加に特に効果的であった。ニュージーランドの移民法は移民の数だけでなく、移民者の年齢、学歴、技術や経済状況をも巧みにコントロールしてきた。現在、ニュージーランドにおける韓国人移民の典型は3、40代で大学教育を受けた中産階級出身である。しかし、ニュージーランドにおける彼らの就業状況をみると、65%が失業ないし非就業人口であり、就業者のほとんども記念品店、レストラン、旅行代理店などのエスニック・ビジネスに従事している。これは移民社会の初期においては共通する現象であるが、韓国人移民の場合は言葉の壁以外にも文化的な違いによって主流社会への同化にほかの移民グループより困難を極めている。 ニュージーランド移民省長官は1998年に“移民政策の失敗は数万の高級労働力が彼らの専門分野で働く展望をなくす結果を招いた”と認めた。確かに数千の高級技術を持つ韓国人移民が失業或いは非就業状態にある。しかし、ニュージーランドにおける韓国人移民社会の歴史は浅く、主流社会に適応する十分な時間がなかったことを考慮すると、彼らのアイデンティティつまり、Koreanか, New Zealanderかあるいは Korean New Zealanderかは今まさに形成中であると考えられる。また、それは移民社会に存在する3つの力、同化、隔離, そしてディアスポラの相互作用にかかっている。