著者

山下 奈々

出版者

海上自衛隊幹部学校

雑誌

海幹校戦略研究 = Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Staff College review (ISSN:21871868)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.116-135, 2020-04

著者

山田 智之 Tomoyuki Yamada

出版者

上越教育大学

雑誌

上越教育大学研究紀要 = Bulletin of Joetsu University of Education

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.85-93, 2019-08-30

著者

朱 京偉 Jingwei ZHU

出版者

国立国語研究所

雑誌

日本語科学

巻号頁・発行日

no.12, pp.96-127, 2002-10

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北京外国語大学本稿では,語彙史の視点から近代哲学用語の成立を考察するにあたって,明治以後の哲学辞典8種を選定し,基本的な哲学用語を抽出して検討を加えた。方法としては,西周の訳語と『哲学字彙』初版の用語が,明治前期においてどんな役割を果たしていたか,また,その後の哲学用語にどんな影響を与えたかを解明するために,検討の対象となる881語を「西周と『字彙』初版の用語」と「西周と『字彙』以外の用語」の二部類にふりわけ,その下でさらに10項目の下位分類を設けた。そして,この下位分類によってグループ分けした各種の語について,所属語のリストを掲げ,それぞれの性質を検討してみた。結論から言えば,「西周と『字彙』初版の用語」は,近代哲学用語の草創期にあたる明治前期に早く登場し,明治全期にわたって強い影響を持っていた。これに対して,「西周と『字彙』以外の用語」は,明治後期から急増し,明治末期に増加のピークに達して,大正期以後しだいに減少していくというプロセスを経ている。大正後期になると,哲学用語の創出は終焉期を迎えたといえる。また,抽出した哲学用語では,在来語と新造語の比率は大体4対6の割合になっていることも今度の調査で明らかになった。This paper clarifies how modern philosophical terminology was established. The author chose 881 basic terms from 8 dictionaries of philosophy published since the Meiji era and classified them into 10 categories. The terms from each category can be divided into two groups: (1) Terms from the works by Nishi Amane (西周) and the dictionary, Tetsugaku-jii (『哲学字彙』), (2) Terms from the others. Tables display the source of each term. The philosophical terms used in the work by Nishi Amane and Tetsugaku-jii appeared in early Meiji, and had great influence during the whole period. The other terms increased drastically in the latter part of Meiji, and reached their peak at the end of the era. Their use gradually decreased in the Taisho era. We can consider the formation of modern philosophical terminology to have been completed in this time. This research also revealed that the ratio of traditional to newly coined terms was about 4:6.

著者

福田 喜一郎

出版者

鎌倉女子大学

雑誌

鎌倉女子大学紀要 (ISSN:09199780)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.39-50, 2006-03-31

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Kant stand nach seiner Aufklarung-Schrift (1784) verschiedenen Schwierigkeiten gegenuber. Seine Unterscheidung zwischen dem offentlichen Gebrauch und privaten Gebrauch der Vernunft wurde von Hamann streng getadelt. Kant wurde danach in den Spinoza-Streit zwischen Jacobi und Mendelssohn hineingezogen und fur Atheisten gehalten. Ferner gab es heftigen Angriff der Schwarmer auf die in Berlin entwickelte Aufklarung. Kant hat in dieser Phase seine Orientierung-Schrift (1786) geschrieben, um die Idee von seiner Aufklarung in praktischer Absicht zu erklaren. Seine Idee wurde neu als "Selbstdenken" vorgelegt, dessen Maxime heisst: "den obersten Probierstein der Wahrheit in sich selbst suchen".

著者

高島 直之

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

建築雑誌 (ISSN:00038555)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1483, 2002-02-20

出版者

日経BP社

雑誌

日経ビジネス (ISSN:00290491)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1722, pp.8-11, 2013-12-30

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その代償は決して小さくない。安倍首相の政権基盤の物差しとなる内閣支持率は、日本経済新聞社とテレビ東京による12月下旬の世論調査で11月の前回調査より7ポイント下落して56%となり、第2次安倍内閣発足後、最低となった。 現在と同じく衆参で多数を得てい…

著者

三宅 幸子

出版者

The Japan Society for Clinical Immunology

雑誌

日本臨床免疫学会会誌 (ISSN:09114300)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.5, pp.398-402, 2014

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腸管は最大の免疫組織でもあるが,常に食物の摂取などを通して外来抗原に接するうえに,100兆個にも達する腸内細菌と共存するなど独特な環境にある.近年,自然免疫研究の進歩に加え,シークエンス技術の進歩による培養によらない腸内細菌叢の網羅的遺伝子解析などが可能となり,常在細菌による免疫反応の調節に関する研究が進み,自己免疫との関係についても注目されている.無菌飼育下では多発性硬化症や関節リウマチの動物モデルは病態が軽減する.また抗生剤投与により腸内細菌を変化させると病態が変化する.特定の細菌の移入による自己免疫病態への影響については,Th17細胞を誘導するセグメント細菌を移入すると病態が悪化する一方,制御性T細胞の増殖に関与するBacteroidesやLactobacillusを移入すると病態が軽減する.これら動物モデルの解析では,腸内細菌が積極的に病態に影響することが示されている.ヒトの疾患では関節リウマチで解析がされており,特定の菌が関与する可能性も示唆されている.免疫調節に最適な腸内環境の維持が可能になれば,疾患治療のみならず予防にもつながることから,研究の進展が期待される.

著者

鄭 門鎬

出版者

北海道大学

巻号頁・発行日

2021

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文学研究科(言語文学専攻)

著者

劉 冠偉

出版者

北海道大学

巻号頁・発行日

2021

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文学研究科(言語文学専攻)

著者

與谷 謙吾 泉富葵 前阪 茂樹

出版者

鹿屋体育大学

雑誌

学術研究紀要 / 鹿屋体育大学

巻号頁・発行日

no.55, pp.67-73, 2017-08-01

著者

島 善高

出版者

早稲田大学社会科学部学会

雑誌

早稻田人文自然科學研究 = The Waseda journal of general science (ISSN:02861275)

巻号頁・発行日

no.41, pp.265-314, 1992-03

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論文

著者

片山 善博

出版者

一般社団法人 日本社会福祉学会

雑誌

社会福祉学 (ISSN:09110232)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.4, pp.82-85, 2020

著者

西岡 祖秀

出版者

日本印度学仏教学会

雑誌

印度學佛教學研究 (ISSN:00194344)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.497-493, 2005-12-20

著者

嘉手苅 徹

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.2, pp.121-136, 2016

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<p>The aim of this paper is to clarify the origins of the modern <i>kata</i> in<i> </i>karate-do by examining the 15 kinds of <i>kata</i>, or forms, described by Gichin Funakoshi in his major study that appeared in three volumes: <i>Ryūkyū Kenpō Karate</i> (1922); <i>Rentan Goshin Karatejutsu</i> (1925); and <i>Karate-dō Kyōhan</i> (1935), in which the term "<i>toudi</i>"<i> </i>was changed to "<i>karate</i>".</p><p>The <i>kata</i> are divided into three phases: "initial movement", "development of technique", and "closing movement". The first and last of these phases are most important when trying to understand the similarities and differences in terms of movements, and when seeking to comprehend the styles of, and transitions in,<i> kata</i>.</p><p>When demonstrating karate-do, the principle of "begin with <i>rei</i>; end with <i>rei</i>" was established by adapting modern Japanese educational manners to both the "initial movement" and "closing movement". The presence of onlookers at a demonstration had a particularly significant effect not only on these two phases, but also on the transformation of the symbolic movements made. One may therefore conclude that karate-do was transformed into a new system of techniques. The influence of modern physical education can be seen in the concept of group practice, in the way performers occupy a space and stand to attention, and in the teaching method involving the giving of orders to performers.</p><p>It is clear that Funakoshi's system was not modeled on any Chinese exemplar. He makes no reference to Chinese martial arts and manners in his 15 kinds of <i>kata</i>, nor is there any mention of these three phases of <i>kata</i> in the <i>Bubishi</i>, a study of Chinese martial arts that was widely known in Okinawa during the Taisho and Showa eras.</p><p>For these reasons, we must conclude that Funakoshi based his karate-do on a Ryukyu style of karate that belonged to a post-Chinese culture, and founded it to promote modern physical education and Japanese martial arts.</p>

著者

黒木 俊弘

出版者

Japanese Academy of Budo

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.19, 1969

著者

石田 肇

出版者

Japanese Academy of Budo

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.18-23, 1987

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The aim of this study is to demonstrate logically that Anko Itosu (born in Okinawa in 1830 and died in 1914) formed a nodal point from traditional Karatedo to modern Karatedo by the basis of 2 guideposts.<br>1. The first guidepost, Mr. Itosu's manuscript (10 articles)-3 Elements which form his view of Karatedo<br>(1) Spiritual element The concept of Budo which forms the basis of his Karatedo.<br>(2) Bujyutsu element The concept of Budo which forms the basis of his Karatedo.<br>(3) Physical element-The new viewpoint which forms the foundation of his Karatedo.<br>2. The second guidepost, Itosu's Karatedo-Kata<br>-His parts in the establishment of modern Karatedo<br>(1) He mastered and critically succeeded most of the traditional Karatedo-Kata-then he acquired the materials of his modern Karatedo.<br>(2) He adapted the many traditional Karatedo-Kata and recorganized some medern Karatedo-Kata from them----The period of transition to the modern Karatedo.<br>(3) He created the original modern Karatedo-Kata &ldquo;Pin-An Syodan-Godan&rdquo;, spread Karatedo widely and established the teaching method of modern Karatedo.

著者

真栄 城勉 平良 勉 嘉手苅 徹

出版者

Japanese Academy of Budo

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, pp.53, 1998

著者

名嘉 憲夫 嘉手苅 徹

出版者

沖縄県教育委員会

雑誌

史料編集室紀要 (ISSN:09144137)

巻号頁・発行日

no.31, pp.19-46, 2006-03

著者

ビットマン ハイコ

出版者

金沢大学留学生センター = International Srudent Center Kanazawa University

雑誌

金沢大学留学生センター紀要 (ISSN:13496255)

巻号頁・発行日

no.17, pp.1-22, 2014-03

著者

小山 善之 熊取 敏之 澁谷 敏三 新谷 和夫 福田 龍三 今村 幸雄 佐野 一郎 鴫谷 亮一 古屋 曉一 河野 實 日野 佳弘 渡邊 孝 武正 勇造 中村 なをゑ 小澤 義光 林 康之 平島 信子 早船 喬一 濱口 榮祐 木村 信良 神田 清 岡本 十二郎 濱田 政彦 大橋 成一 橋本 敬祐 小酒 井望 石井 暢 天木 一太 深澤 義明 貴船 トミ子 松村 義寛 中野 巖 種田 強一郎 林 義次 村田 貢

出版者

Japanese Society of National Medical Services

雑誌

医療 (ISSN:00211699)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.5-45, 1955

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This paper is an intermediate report of the clinical observations and various investigations made upon the 16 patients of the radiation sickness caused by BIKINI ashes on. 1st March 1934. The patients were admitted to the First Tokyo National Hospital on March 28th, and this report shall be for the period of the 5 months from March 28th to the end of August, 1964. Later, a thorough and complete report will be given, in which some amendments may be added to the present paper.<br>INTRODUCTION: At 3.50 a. m. on 1st March 1954, the 5th Lucky Dragon, a fishing boat, with a crew of twenty three on board, was located at about 100 miles east of BIKINI. The boat was under grey-white ash-fall for more than 5 hours. The crew was exposed to the ash-fall for 1.5 to 5 hours. The evening of that day they suffered from headache, anorexia, conjunctivitis and later nausea, vomiting, exhaustion and diarrehea, Several days later they suffered from itching, pain, rash, and erosion on the exposed skin areas. One week later two of the crew had hemorrhage of gingiva and some of the crew suffered from depilation. On March 19th, the boat returned to its base at Yaizu. On March 16th, the crew was admitted to the Kyoritsu Yaizu Hospital and on March 28th, 16 patients out of 23 were transfered to our hospital (the First Tokyo National Hospital).<br>On March 26th, Prof. Kimura's laboratory of Tokyo University made the analysis of the ashes taken from the 5th Lucky Dragon and found the following radioactive substances: Sr-89, Sr-90, Y-90, Y-91, Zr-96, Nb-95m, Nb-95, Ru-103, Ru-106, Te-129m, Te-129, Te-132, I-131, I-132, Ba-140, La-140, Ce-141, Ce-144, Pr-143, Pr-194, Nd-147, Pm-147, S-35, Ca-45, U-237, and Pu-239. The remaining radiation of the boat was investigated by Dr. Kakei et al. of March 17th and found it to be around 100mr/hr. Upon this data the total radiation was estimated at a count of 270 to 440γ. on the crew. In addition to the external exposure of such radiation, internal exposure, such as respiration of contaminated air, drinking of contaminated water and taking of contaminated food, shall be taken into consideration in the present cases. Radioactivity was found in the bile and urine taken from the patients.<br>GENERAL REMARKS: The 16 cases were strong young men but their body weight began to decrease from the middle of May and high or slight fever, anorexia, feeling of exhaustion, diarrhea and headache continued.<br>Skin and Hair: Irregular depilation, depigmentation, pigmentation with rain and itching, and erosion was observed. Some cases had folliculitis with pustules in April, while others recovered from erosions and at the end of May, regeneration of hair began. In July, hair condition was almost normal.<br>Blood and Bone-marrow: At the middle of April, the lowest peripheral leucocyte count was less than 2, 000. Two cases who had lower leucocyte count recovered earlier, i. e., their leucocytes increased to around 5, 000 at the middle of May. Meanu hile, the other cases had from 3, 033 to 4.000 count during the entire period. The former cases had also moderate anemia while the latter had only slight anemia. Blood platelet count of the former cases was less than 20, 000 and the recovery was slower than that of the leucocyte count. Reticulocyte count kept pace with that of leucocyte. In the former cases, myelocyte and other immature blood cells appeared temporarily in the circulated blood and eosinophile cells increased. The count of bone-marrow cells decreased remarkably (8, 000), i. e. panmyelophthisis, which later recovered slowly. In the latter cases, peripheral leucocyte findings and myelogram had almost no changes from the beginning of our observation and count of bone marrow cells was remarkably different by the sites of bone-marrow puncture. Vacuole and toxic granula appeared in the neutrophile cells in the circulated blood and vacuoles also appeared in lymphocyte and monocyte.