著者

月本昭男監修

出版者

青春出版社

巻号頁・発行日

2009

著者

月本昭男監修

出版者

学研マーケティング (発売)

巻号頁・発行日

2012

著者

司修画 月本昭男訳

出版者

岩波書店

巻号頁・発行日

2011

著者

司修画 月本昭男訳

出版者

ぷねうま舎

巻号頁・発行日

2012

著者

月本昭男監修

出版者

学研マーケティング (発売)

巻号頁・発行日

2011

著者

月本昭男監修

出版者

学研マーケティング (発売)

巻号頁・発行日

2013

著者

月本昭男監修

出版者

学研プラス

巻号頁・発行日

2017

著者

松田伊作 [ほか] 責任編集

出版者

岩波書店

巻号頁・発行日

1997

著者

本間 裕大

出版者

東京大学生産技術研究所

雑誌

生産研究 (ISSN:0037105X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.4, pp.243-245, 2021-08-01 (Released:2021-09-11)

参考文献数

3

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社会は,意思決定の連続で成立しているが,その結果である社会を振り返ると,どうも「より良い≒最適な」状態から乖離しているのでは,と感じざるを得ない場合もある.このような乖離が生じる背景には,社会全体としての最適状態と,各々の主体が合理的な行動をとったときの均衡状態とが異なるため,であることが知られている.本稿では,社会最適と均衡状態それぞれを求める簡単な数値例を示しながら,両者の特徴を提示し,広い視野をもつ重要性と難しさとを議論したい.

著者

村田 朗

出版者

日本医科大学医学会

雑誌

日本医科大学医学会雑誌 (ISSN:13498975)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.96-101, 2007 (Released:2007-05-14)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

3 4

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Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is defined as sleep disordered breathing (SDB) with at least five episodes of apnea or hypopnea per hour of sleep combined with symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness. With prevalence of only 4% in men and 2% in women older than 30 years, SAS is not a rare disease and is increasing with the rate of obesity. It is thought that SAS is caused by narrowing of the upper respiratory tract due to enlargement of the surrounding soft tissue and the structures of the chin and face. Patients with SAS have many difficulties, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, a decline in daily activities, traffic accidents, hypertension, arrhythmia, and automatic nerve and endocrine system disorders. Consequently, SAS causes arteriosclerosis and final outcomes such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Most patients with SAS are unaware of the severity of their disorder and seek medical attention only after a family member points out the snoring with apnea. It is important to remember that SAS is likely to trigger life-threatening disorders during sleep. Therefore, if symptoms, such as excessive sleepiness during daytime hours and snoring with apnea develop, a respiratory specialist should be consulted and continuous positive airway pressure therapy should be performed.

出版者

日本スポーツマネジメント学会

雑誌

スポーツマネジメント研究 (ISSN:18840094)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.1, pp.92-100, 2016

著者

鈴木 公啓

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.94.22309, (Released:2023-06-30)

参考文献数

29

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This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of body image of Japanese high school girls and the relationship between body dissatisfaction and the desire to lose weight using objective silhouette figures developed based on real and objective data from Japanese girls. Additionally, the girls’ body image was also examined by male high school students. A total of 169 female and 148 male high school students were asked to respond to several body images using an objective silhouette figure. The female high school students also responded to items measuring body dissatisfaction and the desire to lose weight. The results confirmed that the girls had not overestimated their body image and that they idealized a body shape considerably slimmer than their current body shape. The results also suggest that cognition rather than substance of body shape is related to body dissatisfaction and the desire to lose weight. Furthermore, the results also indicated that estimation gaze by same-sex rather than opposite-sex is essential in determining the ideal image.

著者

具志堅 伸隆 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.48-57, 2004-07-22 (Released:2017-01-14)

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This study examined the effect of cognitive resources on inhibition of the mood-congruent effect to reveal the automaticity of the process proposed by the mood-as-information theory. One-hundred and fifty-three participants made judgments either under positive or negative mood. The amount of cognitive resources was also manipulated by restricting time for judgment. Results showed that, only when cognitive resources were not restricted, the mood-congruent effect was inhibited through attribution toward the origin of the mood. Therefore, these results suggest that the mood states serve as information for judgments rather automatically, while cognitive effort is required to inhibit an application of mood to judgments. The discussion considered the adaptive significance of saving cognitive resources by automatically applying mood to judgment.

著者

倉員 正江

出版者

日本近世文学会

雑誌

近世文藝 (ISSN:03873412)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, pp.13-26, 1984 (Released:2017-04-28)

著者

安野 智子

出版者

Japanese Association of Electoral Studies

雑誌

選挙研究 (ISSN:09123512)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, pp.46-60,145, 1996-03-31 (Released:2009-01-22)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1

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This study investigates the process model of public opinion formation mediated by perceived media impact. Davison (1983) coined the the term “third-person effect”: i. e., individuals tend to perceive a stronger impact of media message persuasiveness on others rather than on themselves. Several studies, the reafter, found the evidence of this tendency to overestimate the media's impact on others as compared with the self (Perloff, 1993, for a review). Davison also proposed that individulals are inclined to cope with perceived others' attitude change as a consequence of the media's impact, i. e., people change their own attitude or behavior in response to the perceived others' change, which means that they themselves are influenced by media messages in question (the third-person effect hypothesis). This hypothesis suggests that perception of media's impact mediates the actual impact.The third-person effect is related to several social psychological phenomena. First, the notion of self-other distinction (perceived discrepancy between self and others) is relevant to “fundamental attribution error” (e. g., Ross, 1977). Second, “pluralistic ignorance”, which means misperception of social distribution of opinion, is related to the perceived discrepancy. Third, the idea that people's expectations are the key to their actual behaviors is substantially paralleled to the argument of “spiral of silence” hypothesis (Noelle-Neumann, 1984). The hypothesis suggests that those who perceive themselves as minority hold their tongues in fear of expected isolation.Relating to these phenomena, the present author proposed the process model of public opinion formation through the third-person effect as follows; The greater the perceived third-person effect is, the larger the discrepancy between one's own opinion and expected public opinion will be (Hypothesis 1). Also, as the discrepancy increases, the perceivers will change their attitudes or behaviors all the more (Hypothesis 2).These hypotheses were confirmed by the author's two studies. n study 1, the third-person effect was correlated with the expectation of discrepancy between one's own opinion and public opinion. Study 2 showed that the third-person effect facilitated the intention to speak out, which was not predicted by the spiral of silence hypothesis.

著者

フェルドマン オフェル 川上 和久

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

新聞学評論 (ISSN:04886550)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.197-206,311, 1988-04-30 (Released:2017-10-06)

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This study was designed to explore and analyze some features related to the evaluations and the perceptions Japanese university students held toward the political coverage of the press. In paticular, while replicating and extending earlier studies conducted in the U.S., the aims of the present paper are threefold : to examine the multifaceted evaluations of the newspapers' political stories while referring to specific dimensions in categories of competence/trust, community involvement/personalism, and bias/sensationalism; to follow systematically the way Japanese youth construct their image of the press' functifon; and to determine whether newspapers' image has any effect on selected demographic and media use variables. The findings reveal that the press is highly trusted in its political reportage, perceived as fulfilling and realizing its social role, and as presenting unbiased coverage as well as reflecting correctly the public opinion. More-over, frequency of general exposure to newspapers and television, reading or watching the political content of the news media, political interest, stances and knowledge of political events are all found to be associated with different degrees of perception of the printed media. From the comparative viewpoint, the study points out a diversity and variation of newspapers' images held in the U.S. and Japan and suggests further comparison surveys.

著者

本橋 裕美

出版者

物語研究会

雑誌

物語研究 (ISSN:13481622)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.3-14, 2013-03-31 (Released:2018-03-27)

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Like history, a narrative has plural axes of time. However, when we read narrative, we seek for one axis of time. We deny incoherence, seek for coherence, and reconstruct a story. But The Tale of Genji, a text connected to history, does not allow the reduction to one axis of time. It reveals that it has plural axes of time, and it causes characters' past and present to waver. This wavering shakes our perception as well as the characters'. I will talk about "Engi," an era name defining time, and explain the intersection of "Fiction × Reality."

著者

五十嵐 茂

出版者

日本質的心理学会

雑誌

質的心理学研究 (ISSN:24357065)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.99-115, 2014 (Released:2020-07-10)

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森は経験の出来という事柄について考え抜いた思想家である。本稿の目的は,現在に至るまで充分に理解されているとは言えない森の経験の思想の内在的理解をまず深めることである。そしてその理解を「人生の物語」=ライフストーリー研究の課題に繋げる。森の経験は単なる認識論的なそれではない。経験とは,その現れによって生を充たし組織する生実践そのものである。森は,そのような経験の発見と生成のプロセスを,経験世界を充たして現れるものの到来によって描いた。ものの到来が引き連れる「まとまりをもったもの」の出現によって言葉の意味を充たし定義し,それを内容として形成される思想を求めた。私のもとへと世界が出来する過程を明らかにすることは,森の言う「意味が存在に通じる道」すなわち意味の出来事をとらえ,描くことである。そこにおいて意味が対象と経験の間を往還する姿をとらえることができる。そのためには,語義的意味を超えて文脈において凝集する意味のふるまいをとらえる生成的意味論の視点を必要とする。それを繋ぐ環としてヴィゴツキー意味論が言及される。生の文脈をくぐり抜け,「生の主題」へと凝縮する意味のふるまいは,人生の物語研究における「経験の組織」「その意味づけ」における「意味の凝縮による生の主題の形成」をよくとらえるものとなる。

著者

Daniel Pauly

出版者

Chapman & Hall

巻号頁・発行日

1994