著者
高木 久史
出版者
社会経済史学会
雑誌
社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.74, no.5, pp.469-485, 2009-01-25 (Released:2017-07-22)

日本中世における債権・債務・信用一般に関する実証分析は少ない。本稿では信用の中でも商業上の信用の問題,具体的には掛取引について論じる。方法としては,非経済的側面との関係(例えば政治史)に触れながら,中世後期とくに15世紀から17世紀初頭にかけての掛取引の事例検出,とくに16世紀前半を中心とした事例検出を行い,時代的特徴を示す。とくに中世後期については徳政に関する事例とそれ以外とに分けて論じる。結果,徳政にかかる売掛金の扱いに関する商人慣習法の存在と幕府徳政令によるその追認,一方での各徳政令における売掛債権破棄志向(戦争等を契機とする債務者救済の特別措置によるもの)等を示す。実態面では,高額・長距離掛取引の実施,支払期日観念ならびに期日超過に伴う利子支払特約の存在,売掛債権の文書化,年市的性格をもつ京都馬市での掛取引の実施,当事者相互の売掛金の持ち合い,国質・所質名目での売掛金取立の実施(とそれを拒否する動向),等について示す。全体としては,概して遅くとも15世紀後半以後における掛取引の広範な実施,ならびに近世初頭までの継続的な実施を示す。
著者
三雲 健
出版者
Tokyo Geographical Society
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.99, no.1, pp.18-31, 1990-02-25 (Released:2010-11-18)
参考文献数
58
被引用文献数
3 4

Extensive studies on seismic activity and focal mechanism of major to moderate-size earthquakes that occurred along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea and the northern part of the Fossa Magna regions are reviewed and discussed in relation to regional tectonics. The validity of a prevailing hypothesis is also tested from various observations to see if the Northeast Honshu arc is part of the North American plate.Seismicity along the Japan Sea coastal regions extends southwestwards across the Toyama trough in one way, and also in other way to the northern Fossa Magna through a zone near the Shinano river. It has been noticed that the seismicity show temporarily successive properties similar to migration phenomena. Five major earthquakes along the Japan Sea regions have been interpreted as having thrust-type mechanisms, and the depth distribution of aftershocks of two larger events and the dip of submarine active faults suggest an eastward dipping fault plane.The maximum compressive stress derived from the focal mechanisms of more moderatesize earthquakes indicates E-W to ESE-WNW orientations, changing gradually from the northern to southwestern part of the coastal regions. In inland regions west of the northern Fossa Magna, the general trend appears oriented again in the ESE-WNW direction, which is found to be well consistent with the direction of principal compressive strains derived from geodetic triangulation surveys over the last 80 years.All the above evidence suggests that the regions under consideration may be a tectonically active, convergent zone, and might be regarded as a zone of a possible plate boundary. There is no direct evidence, however, suggesting an eastward incipient subduction of the Japan Sea lithospheric plate, from observations of submarine topography and upper crustal structure beneath the regions.Numerical calculations show that the suggested hypothesis could partly account for the observed directions of compressive stress in Northeast Honshu but is apparently inconsistent with those in Southwest Honshu. The results suggest that the Northeast Honshu arc may better be regarded as a “micro-plate” which receives strong compressive stress not only from the westward movement of the Pacific plate but also from the west side. One of possible sources of the driving stress from the west side might be an eastward movement of the “Amurian plate” which is one of micro-plates detached from the Eurasian plate. Another possible source could be bilateral extension of the central Japan Sea region or of the regions covering Northeast China and the Korean peninsula.
著者
吉本 尚斗 仲村 淳 新城 治 砂川 長彦
出版者
一般社団法人 日本作業療法士協会
雑誌
作業療法 (ISSN:02894920)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.38, no.3, pp.365-370, 2019-06-15 (Released:2019-06-15)
参考文献数
9

外来心臓リハビリテーション(以下,外来心リハ)を実施するにあたり,目標設定のために作業選択意思決定支援ソフト(以下,ADOC)を使用した.症例は50歳代の女性で,本態性高血圧による心不全を呈したと診断された.その再発予防を目的に外来心リハと薬の内服を開始した.外来心リハに際しADOCを用いた面接で目標設定を行った.目標は「心不全再発予防のための食事療法および運動療法の継続」と「スィーツビュッフェでの友人との交流」であった.目標設定後,症例は週1回の外来心リハと自宅での食事療法および運動療法を行った.結果,友人との交流は可能になった.また血圧および体重は退院時に比較し大幅な改善を認め,薬は1剤が中止となった.
著者
新海 暁男
出版者
一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会
雑誌
生物物理 (ISSN:05824052)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.54, no.5, pp.247-252, 2014 (Released:2014-09-30)
参考文献数
34

Adaptive immunity is acquired when foreign substances enter the body. Interestingly, this immune system exists not only higher organisms but also many bacteria. The CRISPR-Cas systems are the bacterial adaptive immune systems against foreign DNA and RNA derived from phages or plasmids. Many bacteria can memorize the sequences of foreign DNA and RNA, and remove them by means of these systems. Structural and functional studies of these systems have dramatically progressed over the past few years. In particular, one of the CRISPR-Cas systems, Cas9, has received considerable attention as a highly efficient tool for genome editing.
著者
黒田 祐二 桜井 茂男
出版者
一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会
雑誌
教育心理学研究 (ISSN:00215015)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.51, no.1, pp.86-95, 2003-03-30 (Released:2013-02-19)
参考文献数
28
被引用文献数
12 6

本研究は, 友人関係場面における目標志向性と抑うつとの関係に介在するメカニズムを明らかにすることを目的として行われた。両者に介在するメカニズムとしては, Dykman (1998) により提唱されたディストレス生成モデル (目標志向性が対人行動を通してネガティブな出来事を促進 (ないし抑制) し, その結果抑うつが促進 (ないし抑制) される) に加えて, 新たにユーストレス生成モデル (目標志向性が対人行動を通してポジティブな出来事を促進 (ないし抑制) し, その結果抑うっが抑制 (ないし促進) される) を提唱し, この2つのモデルを検討した。重回帰分析による結果から, 3つの目標と抑うつとの関係はいずれもユーストレス生成モデルで説明できることが示された。すなわち,(1) 「経験・成長目標→関係構築・維持行動及び向社会的行動→ポジティブな出来事の発生→非抑うつ」,(2)「評価一接近目標→関係構築・維持行動→ポジティブな出来事の発生→非抑うつ」,(3)「評価一回避目標→関係構築・維持行動の不足→ポジティブな出来事の非発生→ 抑うつ」,という結果が示された。本研究の関連する既存の研究領域及び教育的介入に対する示唆が論じられた。
著者
成田 敦史 矢部 淳 松本 みどり 植村 和彦
出版者
一般社団法人 日本地質学会
雑誌
地質学雑誌 (ISSN:00167630)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.123, no.3, pp.131-145, 2017-03-15 (Released:2017-06-15)
参考文献数
35
被引用文献数
2

北海道北部の下川町上名寄に分布する中部~上部中新統パンケ層から33分類群より構成される大型植物化石群(上名寄植物群)を得た.パンケ層の堆積相解析と植物化石の組成,産状を基に上名寄植物群の示す古植生を復元した.上名寄植物群の示す古植生は,カツラ属やAcer subcarpinifolium(カエデ属),トウヒ属が優占する河畔植生,トクサ属やタケ亜科単子葉類,トウヒ属,ヤナギ属が優占する後背湿地植生,カツラ属やヤナギ属,フジキ属が優占する湖岸植生,湖周辺ではあるがブナ属優占の山地斜面のブナ林が強調された植生の4タイプの植生を認めた.上名寄植物群の組成的特徴は後期中新世~鮮新世前期の三徳型植物群と言える.堆積相と化石の産状から,上名寄植物群の主要構成種は,それらの近似現生種と同じ生育環境と考えられる.したがって,生態的に現在の植生に対比可能な群集が少なくとも北海道においては,中期中新世後期~後期中新世に成立していたことを示している.
著者
井上 剛志 高木 賢太郎 竹崎 勇輝 石川 昌義
出版者
一般社団法人 日本機械学会
雑誌
日本機械学会論文集C編 (ISSN:18848354)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.78, no.789, pp.1680-1690, 2012 (Released:2012-05-25)
参考文献数
7

The gyroscopic exercise tool which utilizes the gyroscopic effect caused by the whirling motion of the high speed rotating body to train the hand muscle is considered. This tool utilizes the contact phenomenon between the rotor and the case. When the input motion with 3-5 Hz is added to the case, the rotor spins in thousands rpm whirling with the precession motion which is synchronous to the input case motion. Conventional studies on this tool have assumed the continuous rolling motion of the rotor to the case. This paper does not set this assumption, and investigates the dynamical modeling of this tool considering the contact/non-contact conditions and the slip between the rotor and the case. Two kinds of motions are observed in the numerical simulation, one is the uniform precession which was observed in the conventional studies and the other is the periodically reverse precession. These two motions are physically explained, and are also observed in the experiment.
著者
佐々木 長市 江成 敬二郎 小関 恭 伊藤 豊彰 中山 正与
出版者
社団法人 農業農村工学会
雑誌
農業土木学会論文集 (ISSN:03872335)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1999, no.200, pp.233-241,a2, 1999-04-25 (Released:2011-08-11)
参考文献数
9

農業用水の水質浄化 (特に親水公園に使用を想定) に, 産業廃棄物としてその処理対策に苦慮しているカキ殻を用い試験をした。実験は水質の悪化している農業用水を循環させ水質の経日変化を調査した。その結果, 以下のような知見が得られた。1) pHの値は全観測期間8前後, 同じく溶存酸素濃度は5mg/L以上となった。浮遊物質濃度は数日で20mg/Lから2mg/Lへと低下した。生物化学的酸素要求量の値も8mg/Lから1週間ほどで4mg/L前後まで低下し, 30日で1mg/Lまで低下した。電気伝導度の改善効果は認められなかった。2) 大腸菌群数は, 5,000MPN/100mLの値が実験開始後数日で1,000MPN/100mLまで低下し, その後もさらに低下する傾向を示した。3) 全窒素濃度は, 1.4mg/Lの値から10日ほどで半分以下の濃度の0.6mg/Lとなり, その後も減少していく傾向となった。特に, NH4-Nの減少が大きかった。全リン濃度は, 初期にカキ殻からの溶出がみられ濃度が上昇し, 10日程で0.20mg/Lになったが, その後は低下し20日目で0.1mg/L, 30日目では0.05mg/L前後まで低下した。4) 大腸菌の減少傾向がみられ衛生面からの浄化が期待される。なお, 事例調査により, カキ殻の溶出による体積減少は, 年5%程度で機能維持のためには7年ほどで新しいカキ殻の補充が必要と判断された。以上の結果より, カキ殻は農業用水の浄化に有用であると判断された。
著者
秋山 守文 三神 俊彦 松村 将之 鶴間 哲弘
出版者
日本臨床外科学会
雑誌
日本臨床外科学会雑誌 (ISSN:13452843)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.69, no.10, pp.2721-2724, 2008 (Released:2009-04-07)
参考文献数
11

北海道ではマムシ咬傷の報告例はほとんどない.われわれは腎不全,DICを併発したマムシ咬傷の1例を経験した.症例は65歳,男性.既往に冠動脈バイパス手術歴があり,アスピリンを服用していた.早朝マムシを捕え,マムシ酒を作る過程で誤って右拇指を咬まれた.咬傷後10時間してから初診,それ故右上腕に至るまで腫脹していた.翌日には腫脹は肩甲帯を越え,エコー検査では手背部に液体貯溜をみたため切開を加えた.切開創は抗血小板剤の影響もあり止血されず再縫合を余儀なくされた.乏尿,DIC症候も出現し,抗ショック治療を行い,臓器症状は比較的早期に改善したが腕の腫脹の消退には4週間を要した.北海道ではマムシ咬傷は臨床上あまり問題になることは少ないが本症例の如く重症例も起りうることを啓蒙すべく報告する.
著者
井上 遠 松本 麻依 吉田 丈人 鷲谷 いづみ
出版者
日本鳥学会
雑誌
日本鳥学会誌 (ISSN:0913400X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.68, no.1, pp.19-28, 2019-04-23 (Released:2019-05-14)
参考文献数
35
被引用文献数
2

本研究では,二次林を含めた森林面積が島の約80%を占める奄美大島において,準絶滅危惧種に指定されているリュウキュウコノハズクの巣立ちビナのルートセンサスを,繁殖期(2017年6月27日–7月25日)に行なった.奄美大島のほぼ全域の合計58地点において98羽の巣立ちビナが確認され,うち13地点では複数回巣立ちビナが確認された.巣立ちビナ確認地点(53地点)と,確認地点と同頻度になるように各センサスルート上に無作為に設定した未確認地点(54地点)について,森林植生タイプ別の面積(常緑広葉樹林,常緑広葉樹二次林,常緑針葉樹林,落葉広葉樹二次林),開放地面積,林縁長,市街地までの距離,標高を説明変数として,一般化線形混合モデルを作成した.その結果,巣立ちビナの確認/未確認に対して常緑広葉樹林面積が正の効果を及ぼしていることが示された.今では限られた面積でしか存在しない成熟した亜熱帯常緑広葉樹林は,樹洞を有する大径木が多く存在し,本種の重要な営巣場所や繁殖場所となっている可能性が示唆された.
著者
小林 智之 及川 昌典
出版者
公益社団法人 日本心理学会
雑誌
心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.86, no.5, pp.467-473, 2015 (Released:2015-12-25)
参考文献数
19
被引用文献数
3 2

The current research examined the moderating role of beliefs in group interdependence on effects of negative meta-stereotypes. The effects of meta-stereotypes among Japanese participants were explored by examining responses toward a fictitious Korean defendant (Study 1), or a real political agenda between Korea and Japan (Study 2), after being exposed to negative views that Koreans might have of Japanese. In addition, the extent to which participants believed in group interdependence between the nations was measured. The results of the two experiments revealed that effects of negative meta-stereotypes were moderated by beliefs in group interdependence. The individuals with higher beliefs in group interdependence responded more favorably toward the outgroup when faced with negative meta-stereotypes, perhaps in an attempt to disconfirm the negative meta-stereotypes. On the other hand, the individuals with lower beliefs in group interdependence reciprocated with unfavorable responses when faced with negative meta-stereotypes.
著者
宮寺 貴之 渡邉 和美 久原 恵理子 小林 寿一
出版者
公益社団法人 日本心理学会
雑誌
心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.89.17048, (Released:2018-09-20)
参考文献数
30
被引用文献数
1

This study explores the factors associated with the quantity and quality of children’s testimony in police interviews, focusing on the characteristics of the crime, child victims, interviewers, and interview surroundings. We collected 137 cases of children interviewed as victims of a crime by administering a questionnaire to police officers in charge of the cases across Japan. Categorical principal component analysis, applied to the officers’impressions of the child’s accounts, yielded two aspects of the testimony: the quantity/quality of testimony, and the level of usability in the investigation. Regression analyses with variable selection revealed variables associated with these two aspects. The quantity/quality of testimony was associated with the characteristics of the crime, and the interviewer’s investigation experience, empathy, and history of participation in training, while information usability was related to the children’s characteristics, and the interviewer’s opportunities to talk with children other than their own, outside of work. The timing of the interview was also suggested to be involved in the two aspects of the children’s testimony. Limitations of this study are discussed for future studies.
著者
Atsushi Goto Mitsuhiko Noda Manami Inoue Maki Goto Charvat Hadrien
出版者
The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine
雑誌
Internal Medicine (ISSN:09182918)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.55, no.14, pp.1827-1830, 2016-07-15 (Released:2016-07-15)
参考文献数
17
被引用文献数
1 39

Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes, has been a major concern among health issues for Japanese policy requiring serious address. In this regard, the increasing number of people with diabetes in Japan over the past few decades has been regarded as a fundamental and evident problem. We herein clarify that the crude diabetes prevalence is likely to have increased mainly as a result of changes in the population distribution, namely, aging of the general population in Japan. We also predict the future trend for the number of people with diabetes according to available concrete evidence in this review.
著者
家田 仁 赤松 隆 高木 淳 畠中 秀人
出版者
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
雑誌
土木計画学研究・論文集 (ISSN:09134034)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.6, pp.177-184, 1988-11-30 (Released:2010-06-04)
参考文献数
14
被引用文献数
9 10

Evaluation of train scheduling is an important step for efficient use of restricted transportation facilities to improve the severe congestion in metropolitan area. This paper proposes a method for evaluating train scheduling from the view point of user's benefit. First, we formulate the model which represents a train diagram as a time-space network and explains user's behavior on the diagram network. Next, the criteria for evaluation of train scheduling is presented. This model is applied to a railway in Tokyo metropolitan area, and the applicability is validated. Finally, some train schedulings in Tokyo metropolitan area are evaluated by the method.
著者
山本 郁男 吉村 英敏
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
衛生化学 (ISSN:0013273X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, no.5, pp.233-248, 1982-10-30 (Released:2008-05-30)
参考文献数
117
被引用文献数
2 1

This review is concerned primarily with our recent papers which have been published or presented since 1978. Especially, metabolic conversion of Δ8-THC to Δ8-THC-11-oic acid and to 8α, 9α-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol (8α, 9α-EHHC) and their pharmacological implications are described. Liver microsomes catalyze formation of 11-OH-Δ8-THC from Δ8-THC, 11-oxo-Δ8-THC from 11-OH-Δ8-THC, and 8α, 9α-EHHC from Δ8-THC. The involvement of cytochrome P-450 in these reactions were suggested in vivo as well as in vitro. 11-OH-Δ8-THC was detected and determined as a metabolite in vivo of Δ8-THC in the liver and brain of mice. 11-OH-Δ8-THC, when administered to mice, showed higher distribution in the brain as compared with Δ8-THC. Pharmacological activities of 11-OH-Δ8-THC, 11-oxo-Δ8-THC, Δ8-THC-11-oic acid, 8α, 9α-EHHC, 8β, 9β-EHHC, 9α, 10α-EHHC and 8β, 9α-di OH-HHC were compared with that of Δ8-THC using mice. Pharmacological effect of 11-OH-Δ8-THC, 11-oxo-Δ8-THC, 8β, 9β-EHHC and 9α, 10α-EHHC were more potent than that of Δ8-THC in the cataleptogenic, hypothermic, pentobarbital-induced sleep prolonging, and anticonvulsant effects. Daily administration of 11-OH-Δ8-THC or 11-oxo-Δ8-THC as well as Δ8-THC quickly induced tolerance to their hypothermic and pentobarbital-induced sleep-prolonging effects. The LD50s of 11-OH-Δ8-THC, 11-oxo-Δ8-THC and Δ8-THC-11-oic acid are larger than that of Δ8-THC.
著者
Taro Narumi Tetsu Watanabe Shigehiko Kato Harutoshi Tamura Satoshi Nishiyama Hiroki Takahashi Takanori Arimoto Tetsuro Shishido Masafumi Watanabe
出版者
The Japanese Circulation Society
雑誌
Circulation Reports (ISSN:24340790)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1, no.6, pp.255-260, 2019-06-10 (Released:2019-06-10)
参考文献数
24
被引用文献数
1

Background:Insulin resistance as assessed using homeostasis model assessment ratio (HOMA-R) is associated with latent myocardial damage in apparently healthy subjects in health check. Meanwhile, diabetes mellitus (DM) is an unfavorable prognostic risk factor in patients with heart failure (HF). We examined the impact of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction on clinical outcomes in HF patients without DM.Methods and Results:This study enrolled 312 HF patients without DM. Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction was defined as HOMA-β <30%. A total of 108 patients (35%) had β-cell dysfunction. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide was higher in patients with pancreatic β-cell dysfunction compared with those without (625.2 vs. 399.0 pg/mL, P<0.001). On Kaplan-Meier analysis, a significantly higher cardiovascular events rate was observed in patients with pancreatic β-cell dysfunction (log-rank test, P=0.001), but there was no significant difference between patients with and without insulin resistance. On Cox hazard analysis, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction was independently associated with cardiovascular events after adjustment for confounding factors (HR, 1.58; 95% CI: 1.02–2.45), whereas insulin resistance was not associated with cardiovascular events.Conclusions:Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, but not insulin resistance, was associated with unfavorable outcome in HF patients without DM.
著者
Masaharu Kataoka Toru Satoh Hiromi Matsubara Koji Yamamoto Tsukasa Inada Kazunari Umezawa Tomohiko Takahashi Atsushi Nakano Keiichi Fukuda
出版者
The Japanese Circulation Society
雑誌
Circulation Reports (ISSN:24340790)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1, no.6, pp.268-275, 2019-06-10 (Released:2019-06-10)
参考文献数
15
被引用文献数
2

Background:This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ambrisentan combination therapy with phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in Japanese patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).Methods and Results:PAH patients who received ambrisentan for the first time in combination with a PDE5 inhibitor between January 2013 and the end of August 2015 were included in this study. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) safety analysis, as well as the efficacy analysis focusing on changes in clinical parameters, were investigated for overall cases and cases stratified by patient background. Forty-eight consecutive patients (n=21, 43.8% with idiopathic PAH; male/female, 18/30; average age, 43.3±17.4 years; World Health Organization functional class III/IV, n=22, 45.8%) who were treated with ambrisentan and a PDE5 inhibitor in Japan underwent the safety analysis. A total of 14 ADR occurred in 10 patients (20.8%). ADR included headache (8.3%), face edema (4.2%), angina pectoris (2.1%), hyperemia (2.1%), dyspnea (2.1%), pulmonary hypertension (i.e., worsening of PAH, 2.1%), nausea (2.1%), hepatic function abnormal (2.1%), edema (2.1%), and sudden death (2.1%). On analysis of hemodynamics parameters, there was a significant improvement in the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (−13.5 mmHg, P=0.0001) and pulmonary vascular resistance (−563.53 dyn·s·cm−5, P=0.0033).Conclusions:Ambrisentan combination therapy is safe and effective in hemodynamics improvement.
著者
小林 信一 稲永 由紀 大来 雄二 玖野 峰也 齋藤 芳子
出版者
Japanese Society for Engineering Education
雑誌
工学教育 (ISSN:13412167)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, no.5, pp.5_18-5_23, 2012 (Released:2012-09-29)
参考文献数
12
被引用文献数
1

In 2002, the Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering was established as a small institution in a Boston suburb specified by undergraduate engineering education. The college set up its targets to motivate students to cultivate a lifelong learning, and illuminates them with engineering design, interdisciplinarity and teamworking. These were not brand-new concepts in reforming engineering education, but somewhat difficult to realize because of the interferences such as the traditions and customs. The notable features of its curriculum are summarized as follows ; the project-based learning (PBL) are introduced to a half of courses, the engineering design education is placed across the curriculum, and the Senior Capstone Program in Engineering (SCOPE, a year-long PBL program where students collaborate with industrial partners) was set as the culmination of learning.