著者
坂下 碧 南学 正臣
出版者
一般社団法人 日本老年医学会
雑誌
日本老年医学会雑誌 (ISSN:03009173)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.3, pp.263-274, 2022-07-25 (Released:2022-09-07)
参考文献数
82

腎性貧血は慢性腎臓病に高頻度で合併し,貧血を適切に治療することは,CKD患者の余命延長や身体機能の改善につながる.現状のヒトエリスロポエチン(EPO)製剤による治療では,血栓塞栓症などの副作用やESA抵抗性の問題,高額な治療費・注射の必要性など,社会的な負担が大きい.腎性貧血の新規治療薬であるHIF-PH阻害薬は低酸素誘導因子を安定化させることにより内在性のエリスロポエチンの産生を高め,鉄利用を効率化する.これにより,従来のEPOを使用した治療と比較して,腎性貧血に対してより生理的なメカニズムでの治療が見込め,経口薬であることから非侵襲的であり通院間隔をのばすことも可能となるなどの利点がある.一方でHIFの多面的な作用により,留意すべき副作用も存在する.現在5種類のHIF-PH阻害薬が使用可能となっており,これらの薬剤の臨床研究で明らかとなっている知見なども含めて概説する.
著者
林 正義
出版者
日本財政学会
雑誌
財政研究 (ISSN:24363421)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, pp.121-143, 2019 (Released:2021-07-28)
参考文献数
7

大学の学部専門課程で利用される財政学や公共経済学の教科書では,課税が市場に与える効果の一例として,完全競争市場における部分均衡の枠組みを用いた「物品税の効果」が取り上げられている。その典型的な解説は,納税義務が供給者にある場合,物品税によって供給曲線が税率分だけ上方に「シフト」し,シフト後の「供給曲線」と需要曲線との交点が物品税下での新しい市場均衡になるというものである。本稿では,この物品税の効果に関して,1990年以降に出版された財政学や公共経済学の教科書111点がいかなる解説を行っているかを検証する。そして,多くが必ずしも正確に解説しているわけではなく,場合によっては読者(学生)を誤った理解へと誘導しているおそれがあることを指摘する。
著者
愛場 庸雅 杉本 緑 松田 泰明 杉浦 欣一 中井 義明 中島 俊文
出版者
耳鼻咽喉科臨床学会
雑誌
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 (ISSN:00326313)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.83, no.3, pp.391-395, 1990-03-01 (Released:2011-11-04)
参考文献数
12

The effects of therapeutic irradiation on olfactory function were investigated in 20 patients who received radiation therapy because of a malignant tumor of the nose or paranasal sinuses. The standard olfaction test with a T&T olfactometer and an intravenous olfaction test were given before the radiation therapy, during the period of radiation therapy and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months or more later.Five patients whose olfactory epithelium was outside the radiation field showed no damage to olfactory function. The olfactory function of the other 15 patients whose olfactory epithelium had been exposed to radiation was not obviously changed or damaged at the time of radiation therapy. However, 6 months after irradiation, some patients showed a decline in olfactory function, and after 12 months, 4 of 7 patients showed severe damage to olfactory function.These results suggest that a therapeutic dose of irradiation will not cause severe damage to the olfactory function during the period of radiation therapy, but could cause delayed olfactory disorders in some patients after a few years. These olfactory disorders might be caused by damage to or degeneration of the olfactory epithelium or olfactory nerve.
著者
南部 篤
出版者
日本神経学会
雑誌
臨床神経学 (ISSN:0009918X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, no.11, pp.1198-1200, 2012 (Released:2012-11-29)
参考文献数
10
被引用文献数
2

Malfunctions of the basal ganglia cause movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Several models have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of these disorders: (1) Firing rate model: activity imbalance between the direct and indirect pathways changes the mean firing rate of output nuclei of the basal ganglia and induces hypokinetic or hyperkinetic movement disorders; (2) Firing pattern model: oscillatory and/or synchronized activity observed in the basal ganglia disturbs information processing in the basal ganglia, resulting in motor symptoms; (3) Dynamic activity model: movement-related activity changes through the direct and indirect pathways disrupt balance between movement-related inhibition and surrounding excitation in the output nuclei, and induce motor symptoms. Each model will be critically discussed in this review.
著者
荒木 理沙 藤江 敬子 中田 由夫 鈴木 浩明 松井 幸一 植松 勝太郎 柴﨑 博行 安藤 貴彦 植山 ゆかり 礒田 博子 橋本 幸一
出版者
公益社団法人 日本栄養・食糧学会
雑誌
日本栄養・食糧学会誌 (ISSN:02873516)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.71, no.3, pp.121-131, 2018 (Released:2018-06-15)
参考文献数
28
被引用文献数
3 4

オリーブは, 果実だけでなく, 葉にもオレウロペイン等のポリフェノールを豊富に含んでいる。この点に着目し, オリーブ葉茶が生産されているが, ヒトにおけるオリーブ葉茶の機能性は明らかになっていない。そこで, 血清LDL-コレステロール (LDL-C) 濃度が境界域または軽度高値の40‐70歳非糖尿病男女を対象とし, 試験飲料としてオリーブ葉茶と緑茶を用いたランダム化2群並行群間比較試験を実施した。12週間の介入によって, オリーブ葉茶群でのみ, 体重 (p<0.05) と腹囲 (p<0.01) が有意に減少した。このことから, オリーブ葉茶が緑茶に比べて体重や腹囲の減少に有効となる可能性が示唆され, オリーブ葉に特有のポリフェノール等の機能性成分の関与が考えられた。なお, オリーブ葉茶群ではLDL-C濃度の低下傾向 (p=0.054) がみられたが, 明確な糖・脂質代謝改善効果を認めるには至らなかった。オリーブ葉茶がヒトの健康に及ぼす影響について, 今後さらに検討すべきと考えられた。
著者
小林 庸平 佐藤 主光 鈴木 将覚
出版者
日本財政学会
雑誌
財政研究 (ISSN:24363421)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.16, pp.172-189, 2020 (Released:2022-01-19)
参考文献数
18

地方財政のテキストにおいて固定資産税は「望ましい地方税」の代表例としてあげられる。ただし,その前提は土地に対する課税であることだ。しかし実際のところ,日本の固定資産税は土地に加えて,家屋や機械設備等,償却資産をその対象に含む。とくに償却資産に対する課税は,固定資産税に法人税とは異なる形での資本課税の性格を与えてきた。そこで本稿では資本税としての固定資産税の経済効果を検証する。具体的には工業統計調査および経済センサス活動調査(経済産業省・総務省)の事業所別パネルデータを用いて,固定資産税の償却資産課税が設備投資(有形固定資産の形成)に及ぼす影響について実証した。推定結果からは,固定資産税が設備投資を損なっている(マイナス効果が有意になっている)こと,とくに流動性制約に直面している(キャッシュフローが負の)企業に対するマイナス効果が高いことが明らかになった。
著者
鈴木 崇文
出版者
日本財政学会
雑誌
財政研究 (ISSN:24363421)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.13, pp.132-155, 2017 (Released:2021-08-28)
参考文献数
23

本稿では,2000年代に行われた三位一体改革が地方自治体の公共サービス歳出にどのような影響を与えたか分析する。まず自治体の歳出意思決定モデルを構築し,消費者需要の推定に広く用いられているAlmost Ideal Demand System(AIDS)を適用して変数の内生性を考慮したうえで行動パラメータの推定を行う。次に推定したパラメータを用いて,三位一体改革が行われなかった場合の歳出水準をシミュレートする。シミュレートした歳出水準と実際の歳出水準を比較することにより,改革が歳出に与えた影響を分析した。目的別歳出の分析からは,改革によって自治体は民生費,教育費およびその他の費目で相対的に大きい歳出の削減を行っていた。民生費は特定補助金の削減と税源移譲およびそれに伴う交付税調整の両者を原因として歳出が減少していた一方で,教育費とその他では前者の影響は小さく,主に後者の影響によって歳出の減少がもたらされたことが明らかになった。また,農林水産費,商工費および土木費では前者と後者の歳出に与える影響は相殺する方向に働いていた。
著者
山本 航
出版者
日本財政学会
雑誌
財政研究 (ISSN:24363421)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.14, pp.145-163, 2018 (Released:2021-08-28)
参考文献数
38

近年,自治体間の財政競争・相互依存関係に関する研究がわが国においても注目を集めてきた。自治体間の財政競争・相互依存関係には,大別して,①便益のスピルオーバー,②資本や住民の移動,③情報のスピルオーバーによる模倣という理論的背景が考えられるが,これら理論間では政策的含意が必ずしも一致しないため,実証結果を解釈する際は理論的背景への意識が不可欠となる。この点に関し,Hayashi and Yamamoto(2017)は推定において類似団体区分制度を活用することで,自治体の1人当たり総歳出についてヤードスティック競争が適合するとの結論を得ている。しかし,1人当たり総歳出に関する「平均的」な記述としてヤードスティック競争を用いるのが適当であるという結論を得ることができたとしても,その結果が個別の歳出項目についても当てはまる保証はない。そこで本稿では同論文を拡張し,個別の歳出項目を分析対象とした場合にも同論文の結論が成立するのかを実証的に検証する。
著者
島村 玲雄
出版者
日本財政学会
雑誌
財政研究 (ISSN:24363421)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.13, pp.198-217, 2017 (Released:2021-08-28)
参考文献数
23

本稿は,1982年のワセナール合意を契機とする「オランダモデル」による経済回復において,財政制度がどのように変化し,どのように「成功」に寄与したのか,財政の視点から再検討するものである。政労使の政策協調による雇用政策として知られるオランダモデルに対し,財政再建が課題であったルベルス政権,コック政権の2つの政権がいかなる財政改革を行ったのか,制度の視点から明らかにした。その結果,両政権の財政再建策の手法は異なるものであったが,その後の経済回復への貢献は大きいものであった。またオランダモデルとして理解される新たな雇用制度が単独で機能したというわけではなく,政府による抜本的な財政改革によって実現したと理解されるべきものであった。
著者
石田 三成
出版者
日本財政学会
雑誌
財政研究 (ISSN:24363421)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.10, pp.224-241, 2014 (Released:2021-10-26)
参考文献数
8

本稿では北海道内の市町村を対象として,①市町村が銀行等引受債を起債するにあたり,地域金融機関同士の競争環境が弱いと,地域金融機関の交渉力が強くなるため,銀行等引受債の金利スプレッド(対財政融資資金貸付金利)が上昇する,②公的資金のウェイトが高い地域では,公的資金が地域金融機関の競合相手として機能するため,地域金融機関による寡占の弊害が小さくなり,銀行等引受債の金利スプレッドも低下する,という2つの仮説を定量的に検証した。その結果,2つの仮説がともに支持された。主要な結論は以下のとおりである。まず,入札や見積合わせに参加する地域金融機関数が多くなるほど,銀行等引受債の金利スプレッドは低下することが明らかとなった。次に,非競争的な随意契約であっても指定金融機関以外の金融機関から資金を調達することで,わずかに金利スプレッドを引き下げることが可能である。最後に,公的資金のシェアが高い地域ほど銀行等引受債の金利スプレッドが低くなる傾向が確認され,公的資金は地域金融機関による寡占の弊害を軽減していることが示唆された。
著者
上田 淳二 筒井 忠
出版者
日本財政学会
雑誌
財政研究 (ISSN:24363421)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.9, pp.248-266, 2013 (Released:2021-10-26)
参考文献数
9
被引用文献数
1

日本の消費税について,毎年度の税収対GDP比やVRR(VAT Revenue Ratio)の値をみると,必ずしも一定で推移しているわけではなく,GDPに対する税収弾性値も変動している。本稿では,消費税収の対GDP比が変動してきた要因を明らかにし,将来の消費税収の対GDP比の大きさを考える際に考慮しなければならない要因を検討する。そのために,産業連関表を用いて,非課税取引を考慮した需要項目別の課税ベースの大きさを考えたうえで,毎年度の「理論的税収」の値を計算することによって,GDPに対する民間消費や住宅投資,一般政府総固定資本形成の比率の変化が,消費税収の変動に大きな影響を与えてきたことを示す。さらに,理論的税収と徴収ベースの消費税収の差として,「税制要因」による税収変動の大きさを把握し,2003年度の税制改正における中小事業者への特例措置の変更によって,税制要因の規模が大きく縮小したことを示す。
著者
吉弘 憲介
出版者
日本財政学会
雑誌
財政研究 (ISSN:24363421)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2, pp.200-217, 2006 (Released:2022-07-15)
参考文献数
39

1980年代以降,アメリカの州財政は新連邦主義の影響からその役割が強調され注目が集まっている。その中で,90年代を通じて州所得税改革が相次いで行われたとされる。本稿で取り上げるニューヨーク州は90年代以降,州個人所得税を中心に減税政策を展開するが,その過程で州内経済の変化によって生じた貧困問題などへの対応から勤労所得税額控除などの還付可能な税額控除を増額していく。このとき,各ブラケットでの限界税率の引き下げや基礎控除の引き上げなど従来行われてきた減税政策に加えて,還付可能な税額控除により低所得者層で実効税率が急速に引き下げられていく。本稿ではこうした変化を分析することで,90年代に各州で積極的に導入されていった還付可能な税額控除の影響を,ニューヨーク州のケーススタディを通じて明らかにしていく。
著者
亀山 晶子 樫原 潤 山川 樹 村中 昌紀 坂本 真士
出版者
産業・組織心理学会
雑誌
産業・組織心理学研究 (ISSN:09170391)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.34, no.2, pp.165-177, 2021 (Released:2022-04-29)

Recently, a case of depression called “modern-type depression” (MTD), which has different characteristics from melancholic or traditional-type depression (TTD), has been discussed. At the workplace, it has been suggested that employees with MTD are regarded as a problem, so this study examined the characteristics of impressions and attitudes toward MTD compared to those regarding TTD among supervisors and coworkers. Survey participants were 245 managers and 208 non-managerial employees from Japan. They read two vignettes that described fictitious employees with either TTD or MTD, and completed items regarding their impressions and attitudes toward these employees. Results indicated the following: (a) both managerial and non-managerial employees recognized there were employees similar to those described in the MTD vignette in society, especially among the youngest generations; (b) both managerial and non-managerial employees had more negative impressions and attitudes toward employees with MTD compared to those regarding employees with TTD; and (c) managers were more likely to attribute the cause of MTD to the employee’s personality and have lower sense of familiarity and understanding toward MTD characteristics. It is suggested that there are less understanding and support for MTD in the workplace and countermeasures for these problems are required.
著者
金井 隆典 渡辺 守 日比 紀文
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬理学会
雑誌
日本薬理学雑誌 (ISSN:00155691)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.120, no.1, pp.39-45, 2002 (Released:2003-01-28)
参考文献数
34

最近,潰瘍性大腸炎とクローン病の分子免疫学的な病態メカニズムが徐々に明らかにされるにつれ,従来の治療法とは異なった,より病態に特異的な治療法,サイトカインや免疫担当細胞に着目した治療法が開発,研究されるようになった.特に,抗TNF抗体によるクローン病治療に代表されるように,実際の臨床現場に応用され,優れた成績が報告されつつある.潰瘍性大腸炎とクローン病といった生涯にわたり治療を余儀なくされる疾患に対して,副作用が問題となる長期副腎皮質ステロイド投与に替わる,より効果的な治療法の開発は本病が若年で発症することを考え合わせ,社会的にも重要な問題である.免疫学の進歩の恩恵を受け,数年後の炎症性腸疾患治療は従来とは全く異なった新たな局面からの治療法が開発されることも考えられている.本稿では,現在までに明らかとされた炎症性腸疾患の免疫学的病態と,サイトカインに関連した知見に基づいた治療法の開発状況について概説した.
著者
加藤 美保子
出版者
ロシア・東欧学会
雑誌
ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2019, no.48, pp.1-18, 2019 (Released:2020-05-30)
参考文献数
40

The Ukraine crisis and subsequent Western sanctions have accelerated Russia’s economic dependence on China. Since the annexation of Crimea, scholars and analysts of Russia’s Asia policy have focused on Russia’s pivot to China and disregarded any preceding diversification policies throughout the Asia-Pacific region. This paper has two purposes. First, the paper aims to explain geopolitical changes in Russia’s Asia pivot policy over the last 20 years by analyzing not only Moscow’s strategic thinking towards major Asian powers―including the US, China, Japan, and South Korea, ―but also the restoration of its relationship with former Soviet partners such as India, Vietnam, and North Korea―. Second, this paper examines the impact of the Russia-US confrontation and the emerging friendship regime between Russia and its traditional partners in light of a Eurasian security order.The first section explains Russia’s strategic thought and policies towards the Asia-Pacific region from 2000 to 2012 by focusing on two factors: 1) The Asia-Pacific region as an emerging political and economic centre in a multipolar world vis-à-vis a US-led unipolar world. 2) The Asia-Pacific region where Russia needs to overcome isolation by restoring traditional diplomatic relations with China, India, Vietnam, and North Korea. The second section explains Russia’s aspiration as a Euro-Pacific power under the third Putin administration before the escalation of the Ukrainian crisis. In this period, Russia’s diversification policy in the Eastern direction expanded to the Pacific region including US allies. The third section describes how Russia accelerated its economic dependence on China under the deterioration of relations with the US by analysing energy and military cooperation with China. The fourth section evaluates the impact of the Russia-US confrontation at the global and regional levels as well as the Russia-China quasi-alliance in a newly emerging order in Eurasia.In conclusion, this paper reveals three findings. First, Russia’s geopolitical direction in its “Pivot to the East” policy developed in three steps: 1) the restoration of relations with former soviet partners to overcome isolation in the region (2000–2012); 2) regaining self-confidence as a great power and seeking aspiration as a Euro-Pacific power (2012–2014); 3) deterioration of relations with the US and subsequent economic dependence on China. This paper reveals that Russia has barely retained its multi vector foreign policy by developing and utilizing relations with former Soviet partners such as India and Vietnam even after March 2014, whereas Russia has accelerated its China-centred foreign and economic policy since the annexation of Crimea, as indicated in other research. Second, while Russia’s “pivot to China” policy is inherently based on economic incentives, Russian leadership views relations with China largely through the lens of US-Russia relations. Currently, as Moscow does not anticipate an opportunity to improve its relations with the US, Russia is unlikely to review its China-centred policy in the short and medium term. Third, the Russia-China strategic partnership is becoming a quasi-alliance in terms of military cooperation. For Russia, the only constructive means to remain a great power in Eurasia is to actively engage in both military cooperation and China-led regional order such as the “Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)”, to prevent further isolation in Eurasia. Meanwhile, its strengthened strategic partnerships with traditional Asian partners―the sole achievement of its early “Asia pivot” policy―will serve well to balance relations with China.
著者
富樫 耕介
出版者
ロシア・東欧学会
雑誌
ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2018, no.47, pp.81-97, 2018 (Released:2019-10-08)
参考文献数
30

Chechnya is important in terms of issues related to the nature of the state and minorities in the Russian Federation. When considering the Chechen problem, one notices that it has a dual structure. First, as a minority in Russia, the Chechen people have been affected by changes in the Russian state. Most extant research on this issue has examined the Chechen problem by focusing on the Chechens’ relationship with the Russian state.However, there is also another aspect—the form and nature of the “state” sought by the Chechen people has had an impact on both themselves and the Russian side. Existing research has mainly studied the kinds of tensions that “the state” sought by the Chechen people has caused in Russia. Thus, the effects of this “state” on the Chechens themselves have not been adequately studied.This article seeks to consider the Chechen problem by focusing on the nature of the “state” sought by the Chechen people. In particular, it seeks to clarify the kind of influence exerted by the changes in the nature of the “state” advocated by a minority group on that minority group itself. Further, it also considers the current situation and problems in the Chechen Republic.To achieve these aims, this article undertakes two tasks. First, it considers whether the form of the Chechen “state” governed by Ramzan Kadyrov is adequately accepted by its residents. In Chechnya, there have been terrorist activities and revolts by independence-seeking and radical Islamic groups, who do not recognize the legitimacy of the Kadyrov regime. This article analyzes the GTD (Global Terrorism Database) to assess whether the incidents of terror and rebellion have decreased over time to the present.The second task is to consider issues related to the nature of the “state” under the incumbent Kadyrov regime. Terrorism and rebellion are reactions against the government that can be easily observed externally, but there are also cases where these are subdued through strict crackdowns by the government. However, issues that concern the form and legitimacy of the state are often raised during the process of moving toward a stable statehood. Based on a fieldwork conducted in August 2018 and by considering the relationship between the Chechen general public and the “state,” particularly from the dual perspectives of history and public opinion, this article reveals the current problems relevant to the Chechen “state.”In conclusion, the number of terrorist activities in Chechnya as well as in North Caucasus has declined, and the Chechen republic is stable at present. Under the Kadyrov regime, it is difficult to research modern Chechen history because of the loss of research materials due to war and political issues preventing objective research. Therefore, especially the history and experience under the Chechen separatist “state” (1991–2000) are beginning to be forgotten in the current Chechen society. The Kadyrov regime emphasizes the legitimacy of its own “state” by comparing it with the Chechen separatist “state,” which it has labeled as a symbol of chaos, destruction, and destabilization. However, there are differences between the government and the people in Chechnya since the Kadyrov regime ignores the general public. Consequently, this would lead people to doubt the legitimacy of Kadyrov’s “state.”
著者
鳥飼 将雅
出版者
ロシア・東欧学会
雑誌
ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2018, no.47, pp.98-116, 2018 (Released:2019-10-08)
参考文献数
20

Although the political processes in specific regions of Russia have attracted much scholarly attention since the collapse of the USSR, the number of case studies involving the North-Caucasian ethnic republics has been quite limited. Consequently, a rather shallow and stereotypical understanding emphasizing only limited aspects of the politics in these republics has been represented in the academic discussion. Building on information from local news-sources and interviews in Dagestan, this study highlights three overlooked but important aspects: (1) the consociational nature and instability between the regional and municipal governments in Dagestan politics, (2) the uniqueness of electoral mobilization in Dagestan, and (3) the struggle to consolidate the power vertical following Ramazan Abdulatipov’s appointment as the governor.The consociational nature of Dagestan politics, particularly in the 1990s, has been discussed by several specialists. While this uniqueness was guaranteed by the legal and constitutional framework of Dagestan, the Kremlin’s initiative to force regional governments to revise regional laws to comply with federal laws removed these constraints. However, by scrutinizing the composition of the regional assembly, this study shows that the balance of power among ethnic groups has been maintained informally in contemporary Dagestan. Moreover, an analysis of municipal level elites reveals the independence of diverse actors in Dagestan’s politics, which has resulted in an unstable regime.This study also highlights the difficulty of aligning our understanding of electoral mobilization in Dagestan with the general conception of political machines in the non-Russian ethnic republics. Although, as the literature on Russian electoral politics points out, turnout and support for incumbent candidates and parties in federal-level elections are extremely high in Dagestan, mayoral elections have proved highly competitive, implying that electoral mobilization in Dagestan is not controlled by the regional government but rather by clan groups whose activities are rampant at the municipal level. This finding demonstrates the need to modify the prevailing concept of Russian political machines, which has been based mainly on case studies of ethnic republics such as Tatarstan, to explain Dagastanʼs uniqueness.Finally, governors recently sent from the center have begun to establish the power vertical in Dagestan in order to enforce stable rule by the federal government. The fourth governor of Dagestan, Ramazan Abdulatipov, was the first outsider governor in Dagestan since WWII. His close relationship with the Kremlin enabled him to neutralize several local clans that were firmly rooted in specific municipalities, although this attempt was left incomplete. His successor, Vladimir Vas’liev, had had no ties whatsoever to Dagestan prior to his inauguration as governor. Given his efforts to thoroughly transform Dagestan’s politics, there is an urgent need to observe whether this transformation, with support from the Kremlin, will succeed.Whereas the main focus is on the contemporary political process in Dagestan, the implications of this case study offer a deeper understanding of Russian federalism during Putin’s presidency. Study findings also show the importance of case studies focused on specific regions, even in centralized Russia, in order to expand our understanding of federalism and electoral politics in Russia.
著者
加藤 有子
出版者
ロシア・東欧学会
雑誌
ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2018, no.47, pp.35-53, 2018 (Released:2019-10-08)
参考文献数
48

In the interwar period, after the end of the partition, Polish literature was finally freed from national themes, and writers could focus more on language. Moreover, languages of the newly independent nations became national languages of their respective countries. Based on the understanding that artistic and social interest in languages increased during this period, this paper explores the concept of a new language in the futurist manifests (1921) and the novel I Burn Paris (1928), both written by Bruno Jasieński. My aim is to present I Burn Paris—regarded as a communist ideological novel—as a work featuring issues related to language, and to show Jasieński’s consequent longing for a new universal language.First, I discuss the recreation of the traditional Polish messianism (i.e., the suffering Poland would be reborn to save the world) by Jasieński, in one of his futurist manifests: “To the Polish Nation. Manifest of Immediate Futurization of Life” (1921). Jasieński rewrote the messianism as a socialist one, according to which the new Poland would reform the old capitalist Europe. This idea of a new world recurs in I Burn Paris as the concept of a new common language.Second, based on archival research, I show I Burn Paris was simultaneously translated into many languages and went through many printings, through that its different versions circulated. This research also shows the role of the international communist network in circulating literary works. Thanks to the network, East European writers writing in minor languages could join the modernist movement centered in big cities in Western Europe or in Russia. This was true also for the writers writing in Yiddish, a diaspora language. Considering these two diasporic networks, I propose to reconsider the West-Eurocentric map of 20th century modernism.Third, I present an unknown version of I Burn Paris with an alternative ending to the standard Polish version. My archival research shows that this version was circulated in Russian by 1934, when the socialist realist version revised by Jasieński was issued. The alternative ending is set two years after the ending of the standard version and mentions that the global revolution has already been accomplished. The novel’s reception by the Polish community in the USSR suggests that the ending was added to the Russian version to protect Jasieński from the expected criticism for the initial ideologically weak ending and the lack of depiction of class struggles. Further, I suggest that Jasieński wrote the alternative ending because it involves a longing for a new common language, which was his ultimate concern in his 1921 futurism manifest to the 1930 article written in Moscow. Jasieński believed that a new world should have a new common language, understandable by everyone and which, in turn, would create a new society.The repeated rewriting hints at Jasieński’s opportunism, but in fact, it was a result of his view on artistic creation. “Every movement ends with its manifest.” He viewed a novel as a performative “manifest,” which he had to ceaselessly overcome to create new one.