著者
塚原 佳子 松岡 淳夫
出版者
一般社団法人 日本看護研究学会
雑誌
日本看護研究学会雑誌 (ISSN:21883599)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.9, no.1, pp.1_91-1_95, 1986-04-01 (Released:2016-03-31)
参考文献数
23

The purpose of this study is to verify the interceptal effect for microorganism within the expilium by the usual mask made pile gauze. Our experimental verification is as follows. (1) The experimentation for permentation of microorganism on piled thick gauze under the dry and wet situation. (2) The experimentation for passability of microorganism through piled gauze with the artificial quiet expiratory air flow under dry and wet situation which was sent out by our designed respiratory model. For the indicating microorganism was used Bc. Cerratia. On these result, the interceptibility of microorganism by piled gauze mask decreased along its humidity increased and microorganism passed to the outside gauze-face by quiet expirium in 1 hour.
著者
Akira S. Hirao Atsushi Kumata Toshihito Takagi Yoshito Sasaki Takashi Shigihara Eiichi Kimura Shingo Kaneko
出版者
The Mycological Society of Japan
雑誌
Mycoscience (ISSN:13403540)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, no.3, pp.79-87, 2022-05-31 (Released:2022-05-31)
参考文献数
45

Pholiota microspora (“nameko” in Japanese) is one of the most common edible mushrooms, especially in Japan, where sawdust-based cultivation is the most dominant method accounting for 99% of the production. The current strains for sawdust cultivation in Japan are considered to have been derived from a single wild strain collected from Fukushima, Japan, implying that commercial nameko mushrooms are derived from a severe genetic bottleneck. We tested this single founder hypothesis by developing 14 microsatellite markers for P. microspora to evaluate the genetic diversity of 50 cultivars and 73 wild strains isolated from across Japan. Microsatellite analysis demonstrated that sawdust-cultivated strains from Japan were significantly less genetically diverse than the wild strains, and the former displayed a significant bottleneck signature. Analyzing the genetic relationships among all genotypes also revealed that the sawdust-cultivated samples clustered into one monophyletic subgroup. Moreover, the sawdust-cultivated samples in Japan were more closely related than full-sibs. These results were consistent with the single founder hypothesis that suggests that all commercial nameko mushrooms produced in Japan are descendants of a single ancestor. Therefore, we conclude that cultivated P. microspora originated from a single domestication event that substantially reduced the diversity of commercial nameko mushrooms in Japan.
著者
梯 滋郎 中村 晋一郎 沖 大幹 沖 一雄
出版者
公益社団法人 土木学会
雑誌
土木学会論文集B1(水工学) (ISSN:2185467X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.70, no.4, pp.I_1489-I_1494, 2014 (Released:2015-05-18)
参考文献数
10
被引用文献数
4

In Japan, safety degree against flood is said to have increased by river improvement. However, frequently flooded areas still exist. This means that frequently flooded areas has some characteristics which prevent river improvement. Therefore it is important to clarify the distribution and characteristics of frequently flooded areas for thinking about future river improvement plans.In this research, we clarified the distribution of frequently flooded areas in Japan, using flooded area maps. As a result, it is clarified that most frequently flooded areas exist in narrow valley plains, and the reason why such areas are still flooded is difficulty of embankment.
著者
野村 大成 加藤 秀樹 渡辺 敦光 佐々木 正夫 馬淵 清彦 藤堂 剛
出版者
大阪大学
雑誌
がん特別研究
巻号頁・発行日
1992

「放射線被曝による継世代発がん」に関して、ヒトにおいては、馬淵班員が広島・長崎の被爆者のF_1集団72,000人の調査を行った。1946-89年の死亡者中で白血病63症例、リンパ腫22症例を発見したので、詳しい診断を確認の上、授精前被曝との相関が調査できるようになった。基礎研究では、渡辺班員がC3H雄マウスに^<252>Cf中性子放射線照射することにより、ヘパトーマが非照射F_1(3%)の14倍の頻度で発生していることを発見し、野村実験を異なった系統マウスと原爆類似放射能で確認した。野村は、LTマウスにX線(3.6Gy)を照射することによりF_1に10倍の頻度で白血病が誘発されることを発見した。ICRマウスでは見られなかったことである。加藤班員は、これらF_1での発がんに関与した遺伝子のマッピングのため、TemplateDNAの多量、短時間処理法を確立した。佐々木班員はヒトにおける父親由来の突然変異としてRb遺伝子を調べ、Rb腫瘍細胞では80%の症例に+1g異常が観察されるが、9例中8例までが母親由来の1gが過剰になっていることが分かった。新しい発見であり、今後大きな問題になるだろう。藤堂班員は、紫外線によるDNA損傷のうち、がんや突然変異と深く関与してると思われる6-4産物を特異的に修復する酸素を初めて発見した。国内外で大きな反響を呼び、新聞誌上でも大きく報道された。英国核施設従業員(父親)の授精前被曝によりF_1にリンパ性白血病が相対リスク9.0(P=0.047)の高さで発生しているとの報告が1993年3月6日にあった(BMJ)。この報告は、Gardner論文と同じく野村のマウス実験と一致しており、より一層、ヒト疫学、マウスを用いた基礎研究が必要となる。また、内部被曝や低線量率長期被曝の精原細胞および卵細胞におよぼす影響がクローズアップされるようなった。
著者
藤堂 剛 加藤 秀樹 渡辺 敦光 佐々木 正夫 馬淵 清彦 野村 大成
出版者
大阪大学
雑誌
重点領域研究
巻号頁・発行日
1994

1.マウスを用いた継世代発がん:野村はLTマウスを用い精子および精子細胞期へのX線(5.04Gy)照射により、F_1マウス非照射群の約10倍の頻度でリンパ性白血病が誘発されたが、精原細胞期照射ではICRマウスと同様に白血病は誘発されなかった。本年度は、N5マウスを用いたところ、精原細胞期照射でも約6倍の頻度でリンパ性白血病が発生し、ICR,LTと異なる結果となった。白血病発生に系統差がある。また、渡辺は原爆放射能に近い線室の^<252>Cf(中性子66%)をC3H雄マウスの精子期あるいは精原細胞期に1回全身照射(O.5,1.0Gy)し、C57BL雌マウスと交配し、F_1を14.5ケ月後に屠殺したところ、いずれの群でも、肝腫瘍が約10倍も増加した。2.原爆被爆者の子供の死亡率調査:両親の被爆線量に伴う、全死因及び癌死亡の有意な増加は認められない。発癌率調査でも殆ど認められないであろう(馬淵)。3.継世代発がん機序:マウスにおける継世代発がんの遺伝様式はヒトでのRB遺伝子やp53遺伝子の変異によるがん発生と似ている。1)網膜芽細胞腫患者の突然変異の起源を調べると情報の得られた16例のうち15例までが父親由来であり、微視突然変異(RB1)では67%に欠失・挿入・塩基置換なとどの突然変異が認められた(佐々木)。2)継世代高発がんN5マウス家系においてもp53の変異が検出された(野村)。3)マウス肺腫瘍の発生には、その70%を決定する単一の優性遺伝子が存在し、マイクロサテライトマーカーを用い調べると、第六染色体上のK-rasより10cM遠位にありK-ras intron内に欠失が存在することも明らかにした(野村、加藤)。4)藤堂は、紫外線による損傷を持つDNAに特異的に結合する蛋白を2種見い出した。1つは(6-4)光産物に対する光回復酵素で、酵素蛋白の精製に成功し、この酵素が損傷DNAを元に形に修復する活性を持つ事を明らかにした。
著者
大沢 真理
出版者
日本家族社会学会
雑誌
家族社会学研究 (ISSN:0916328X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.27, no.1, pp.24-35, 2015-04-30 (Released:2017-02-04)
参考文献数
26
被引用文献数
1 1

働いて稼ぐこと,子どもを生み育てることにかかわる社会政策の影響を,比較ジェンダー分析する.1985年以来の相対的貧困率や非正規労働者比率の推移,近年の賃金動向を手がかりとして,日本において就業条件が劣化してきたことを概観する(Ⅲ).また,2000年代末のOECD諸国の貧困率および貧困削減率を検討する.日本では,税・社会保障制度による貧困削減率が,成人が全員就業する世帯や子ども(がいる世帯)にとって,マイナスである(Ⅳ–1).所得再分配がかえって貧困を深めるという事態はOECD諸国で異例であり,労働力人口の急減が憂慮される社会として,極めて不合理である.税・社会保障の負担面を見ると,日本の制度は累進度が最も低い部類であり,ひとり親世帯の負担が不釣り合いに重い.ただし民主党政権下の子ども手当は,所得が低い層ほど負担を大きく軽減していた(Ⅳ–2).Ⅴではアベノミクスの「成果」を検証したうえで,若干の展望を述べる.
著者
佐藤 徹
出版者
日本科学史学会
雑誌
科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.26, no.164, pp.193-206, 1987 (Released:2021-09-21)

Archimedes gave geometrical demonstrations to find the volume of a sphere and the ellipsoids of revolution in totally different ways, although both lead to the same integral,∫[2a,0]x (2a — x)dx. Nicolas Bourbaki -a group of French mathematicians-state their views on why Archimedes had no concept of integral calculus as follows: "Might it not be that Archimedes regarded such a standpoint as extreme 'abstraction,'and dared to concentrate on studying characteristic properties of each figure he was working on ?" Certainly there is something in what Nicolas Bourbaki say. However, their views do not answer fully the question To the solution of this difficult problem, in my opinion, an important clue can be found by considering Archimedes' scholastic career in chronological order. It was not until Archimedes wrote On Spirals in his late forties or early fifties that he could work out the summing of the series 1²+2²+…n². In his later work On Conoids and Spheroids Archimedes could obtain for the first time the sum of a series ∑Xk(2a—Xk), necessary to give geometrical proofs about the volume of the ellipsoids of revolution However,it was difficult for Archimedes,in writing On the Sphere and Cylinder I, to obtain the sum. Therefore, he proved the theorem about the volume of a sphere in a way not making use of such summation When the same integral appeared, Archimedes could not notice the internal connection unifying them. This may be because, for one thing, he excluded from geometry, due to their mechanical nature, the discussions using indivisibles found in The Method which could have been a clue toward noticing the internal connection. Secondly, obtaining the sum of a series was not a simple matter to Archimedes who lacked the necessary algebraic symbols.

193 0 0 0 OA 東都茶会記

著者
高橋箒庵 編
出版者
慶文堂書店
巻号頁・発行日
vol.第7輯上, 1920
著者
高橋 松人
出版者
公益財団法人 山階鳥類研究所
雑誌
山階鳥類学雑誌 (ISSN:13485032)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.43, no.1, pp.33-46, 2011-09-30 (Released:2013-09-30)
参考文献数
13
被引用文献数
1

The Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii is endemic to Japan and information on its breeding ecology in the wild is fragmentary. To examine the breeding schedule and mating system of this species, I set artificial feeding stations at three sites in Mie Prefecture, Japan, from 2003 to 2009, and observed courtship display, drumming, wattle around the eye, and molt of individuals. Individuals were identified mainly by body (and tail) size and plumage color. The egg-laying period was estimated to be from mid-March to April, based on the breeding schedule of individuals in cages. Males and females had bright red wattles from late-February to April and late-February to May, respectively. The mating period was obscure because courtship displays were observed in June, September and November. Males molted their tail from late June to early November. Some young females and adult females used feeders together until the following May. If they belonged to the same family, the family period lasted for one year. Young males disappeared from the family group in late August. At each feeding station, there was one male and female that continued to use the feeder and appeared together at the feeder. Although other males and females sometimes used the feeder, courtship displays were observed only between the male and female that used the feeder continuously. Only the male that continually used the feeder showed drumming by wing whirring. These results suggest that the Copper Pheasant is socially monogamous.
著者
小茂田 昌代
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.141, no.7, pp.887-909, 2021-07-01 (Released:2021-07-01)
参考文献数
33
被引用文献数
1

The difficult experience of treating scabies in an elderly hospital reaffirmed my determination and responsibilities as a pharmacist. In 2000, there was no effective treatment for scabies in Japan. With the Japan Pharmaceutical Association as well as the Japanese Dermatological Association, the indication of ivermectin which is the intestinal fecal nematode was expanded for scabies. Since it was found that the administration of ivermectin through a tube to patients who could not take it orally had a dose loss of 50% depending on the injection method, an appropriate administration method was proposed. However, the oral administration of ivermectin has side effects including systemic liver damage, and external preparations require labor for systemic application, and recurrence from unapplied areas is also a problem. Therefore, we devised a whole-body bathing, in which patients are immersed in a fluid that contains ivermectin. The repeated ivermectin bathing three times a week cured scabies and has no problematic side effects in the clinical trial, suggesting that this method is a safer treatment. Next, in Okinawa, phenothrin-resistant head lice infestation was prevalent, and no medical drug for this infestation is available in Japan yet. Hence, to address this situation, we conducted a clinical trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of a combination regimen of 5% topical phenothrin and the unapproved 0.5% topical ivermectin. Consequently, 92% and 100% effectiveness were obtained in Okinawa and Tsukuba, respectively. As a result, we were able to conduct research aimed to maximize the safety and effectiveness of ivermectin in Japan.