著者
須藤 康介 Kosuke SUDO 東京大学大学院 Graduate School The University of Tokyo
出版者
THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY
雑誌
教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.81, pp.25-44, 2007-11-30

The purpose of this paper is to grasp how science is taught in Japanese junior high schools, and to show the influences of teaching methods on academic achievement and differences between social classes, using the data of TIMSS2003. It is found that science lessons in junior high schools are taught using four teaching methods: the experiment-investigation method, society-daily life method, homework-examination method, and hearing-practice method, as well as combinations of these methods. They are not trade-offs, but are linked to one another. In this paper, the author emphasizes the following three points regarding the influence of these four teaching methods. Firstly, looking at two of the "Traditional Views on Academic Achievement, " the hearing-practice method tends to improve academic achievement, while the homework-examination method may degrade it. Thus, a return to the "Traditional Views on Academic Achievement" could potentially lead to an unintended further decline in academic achievement. Secondly, the society-daily life method, which is based on the "New Views on Academic Achievement, " may promote increased differences of academic achievement between social classes, but does not bring about a decline of academic achievement. Thirdly, an additional effect takes place on academic achievement when the hearing-practice method and society-daily life method are combined. Based on these findings, the author suggests that we should not regard "New Views on Academic Achievement" and "Traditional Views on Academic Achievement" as being in binary opposition. Rather, we should discover effective teaching methods (and a combination of them) among many kinds of "new" and "traditional" teaching methods.
著者
椎尾 一郎 浜田 玲子 美馬 のゆり Itiro Siio Reiko Hamada Noyuri Mima お茶の水女子大学理学部情報科学科 東京大学情報理工学系研究科 公立はこだて未来大学システム情報科学部 Department of Information Sciences Ochanomizu University Graduate School of Information Science and Technology The University of Tokyo School of Systems Information Science Future University-Hakodate
出版者
Japan Society for Software Science and Technology
雑誌
コンピュータソフトウェア = Computer software (ISSN:02896540)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.23, no.4, pp.36-46, 2006-10-26
参考文献数
9
被引用文献数
10

キッチンは生産の場であり,調理を媒介とした教育とコミュニケーションの場でもある.このため,家庭環境の中でも,実用的なユビキタスコンピュータアプリケーションの可能性が高い場所と考えられる.そこで筆者らは,コンピュータ,ネットワーク,センサを組み込んだ未来のキッチン,Kitchen of the Futureを開発している.このコンピュータ強化されたキッチンにより,単に調理の効率を向上させるだけではなく,キッチンを学びとコミュニケーションの場として復活させることができると考えている.本論文では,Kitchen of the Futureを利用して実装した,調理の記録とネットワークでの公開と共有,調理過程の再生,遠隔地キッチンを接続しての調理支援,調理教材の効果的な提示を実現するアプリケーションについて報告する.A kitchen is a place of food production, education, and communication. As it is more active place than other parts of a house, there are lot of potential ubiquitous computing applications in a kitchen. We are developing a computer-augmented kitchen environment: the Kitchen of the Future that embeds various computing elements into a standard kitchen unit. In this paper, we will describe overview of the Kitchen of the Future system and its three applications, i.e, web-ready recipe pages generator, video conference system for cooking instruction, and interactive cooking navigation system.
著者
角 能 高橋 幸裕 Yoku KADO Yukihiro TAKAHASHI 東京大学大学院人文社会系研究科 尚美学園大学総合政策学部 The University of Tokyo Shobi University
出版者
尚美学園大学総合政策学部総合政策学会
雑誌
尚美学園大学総合政策論集 = Shobi journal of policy studies, Shobi University (ISSN:13497049)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.24, pp.1-16, 2017-06-30

本稿は認可保育所運営への株式会社の参入という保育の準市場化が、公立保育所と私立保育所との間の対自治体関係の違いに与える影響を、自治体の保育担当職員と私立(民営)保育所の園長に対する聞き取り調査の結果に基づいて分析した。株式会社が認可保育所運営に参入している自治体では、株式会社運営の保育所は、公立保育所や社会福祉法人運営保育所に比べて保育行政への参加において劣位に置かれている一方、障害児や処遇困難ケースは公立保育所と私立保育所とで等しく引き受けていることを明らかにした。対照的に、株式会社が認可保育所運営に参入していない自治体では、私立保育所の圧力団体の力が強く、障害児や処遇困難ケースの引き受け等の自治体からの負担の重い要請は公立保育所が優先的に引き受けていた。This paper analyzes how quasi-market, for-profit companies running authorized nursery schools, influences structural relations between public nursery schools and private ones against local authorities, based on interview for nursery staff at private schools and local government workers.At local authority, for-profit companies run nursery schools, they have more disadvantageous position than public ones and those run by shakai-fukushi-houjin on participating in government as nursery care. On one hand, they accept offer from local authorities about nursery care of child with disabilities or difficult cases at the same extent as public ones.In contrast, as local authority, with no nursery school run by for-profit company, as strong lobby group between private nursery schools against local authority, public nursery school mainly accept nursery care of child with disabilities or difficult cases.
著者
大井 奈美 Nami OHI 東京大学大学院学際情報学府 Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies The University of Tokyo
出版者
情報文化学会
雑誌
情報文化学会誌 = Journal of the Japan Information-culture Society (ISSN:13406531)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.19, no.1, pp.7-15, 2012-08-31
参考文献数
20

本稿は,俳人,俳句結社などの俳句共同体,俳句メディアという多様な存在の相互関係から生じるコミュニケーションの観点から,俳句現象を包括的に理解しようと試みるものである。このように個々の自律的な存在のはたらきに留意しながら,同時にそれら個々の存在のはたらきのみには還元しきれない現象の全体(「システム」)にも目を向けようとする分析視角は,従来,「セカンド・オーダー・サイバネティクス」と総称されてきた研究分野に含まれる。本稿ではそのうち,とくに「基礎情報学」にもとづいて,新傾向・無季自由律俳句と伝統派俳句とをとりあげ,俳人,俳句共同体,俳句メディアなどによる複合的な影響を考慮しながら通時的分析をおこなうことで,豊穣な近現代俳文学史の一端を多層的観点から再考した。その結果,俳文学史は,俳句コミュニケーション創出機構の変遷,すなわち「俳句システムの進化」として理解された。その核心にあったのは,俳句批評の創出や俳句理論の変容などとしてあらわれた,俳句コミュニケーション創出機構の自覚化(俳句システムによる「二次観察」)であり,それには,作家のみならす,メディアや結社制度もまた大きな役割を果たしていたことが明らかになった。This study aims to understand haiku phenomena inclusively, from the viewpoint of communication, which emerges from reciprocal relationships among haiku poets, haiku societies, media on haiku, and other establishments relating to haiku. Such an analytic point of view, which tries to consider both operation of each autonomous agent and that of a whole system consisted by the agents, is included in the realm of second order cybernetics. The operation of a system cannot totally be reduced to that of a system's components and that is why such a viewpoint is required. Fundamental informatics, which in the same study field is employed as a theoretical framework and two haiku movements, which include Shin-keiko-haiku (the new trend haiku) and Dento-ha-haiku (the Hototogisu school haiku) forming an important part of modern haiku history, are focused in this study. As a result, modern haiku history is considered to be the evolution of a haiku system, whose main incentive is awareness of production mechanism of haiku communication, which is occurred through second order observations by a haiku system. This study also illuminates how haiku poets, haiku societies and media on haiku take part in the evolution of a haiku system.
著者
楠本 大 Dai Kusumoto 東京大学大学院農学生命科学研究科:(現)宇都宮大学野生植物科学研究センター Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo:(Present office)Center for Research on Wild Plants Utsunomiya University
出版者
樹木医学会
雑誌
樹木医学研究 = Journal of tree health (ISSN:13440268)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.8, no.2, pp.65-74, 2004-09-30
参考文献数
71
被引用文献数
4

針葉樹の多くは傷害樹脂道を形成し,樹脂を分泌する.傷害樹脂道とは,傷などの刺激によって形成される樹脂道のことで,菌や昆虫の侵入を妨げるのに重要な役割を果たしていると考えられている.傷害樹脂道は木部あるいは師部の形成層付近に形成され,形成が完了するには1〜2カ月間を要する.傷害樹脂道はエチレンを人為的に処理することでも誘導され,処理により樹脂生産は促進される.このことから,樹木がストレスを受けたときに生成するストレスエチレンの関与が示唆されている・菌や昆虫の加害のような継続的刺激は,物理的傷害のような一時的な刺激よりもエチレン生成を促進し,傷害樹脂道の形成範囲や樹脂の分泌量を増加させると考えられる.また,エチレンは環境ストレスによっても生成され,病虫害と複合して作用することによって,著しいエチレン生成を誘導する可能性が推察される.
著者
諏訪 僚太 中村 崇 井口 亮 中村 雅子 守田 昌哉 加藤 亜記 藤田 和彦 井上 麻夕里 酒井 一彦 鈴木 淳 小池 勲夫 白山 義久 野尻 幸宏 Ryota Suwa Takashi Nakamura Akira Iguchi Masako Nakamura Masaya Morita Aki Kato Kazuhiko Fujita Mayuri Inoue Kazuhiko Sakai Atsushi Suzuki Isao Koike Yoshihisa Sirayama Yukihiro Nojiri 京都大学フィールド科学教育研究センター瀬戸臨海実験所 九州大学付属天草臨海実験所 琉球大学熱帯生物圏研究センター瀬底研究施設 琉球大学熱帯生物圏研究センター瀬底研究施設 琉球大学熱帯生物圏研究センター瀬底研究施設 琉球大学大学院理工学研究科 琉球大学大学院理工学研究科 東京大学海洋研究所 琉球大学熱帯生物圏研究センター瀬底研究施設 産業技術総合研究所 琉球大学 京都大学フィールド科学教育研究センター瀬戸臨海実験所 国立環境研究所地球環境研究センター Seto Marine Biological Laboratory Field Science Education and Research Center Kyoto University Amakusa Marine Laboratory Kyusyu University Sesoko Station Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus Sesoko Station Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus Sesoko Station Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus Graduate School of Engineering and Science University of the Ryukyus Graduate School of Engineering and Science University of the Ryukyus Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo Sesoko Station Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST) University of the Ryukyus Seto Marine Biological Laboratory Field Science Education and Research Center Kyoto University Center for Global Environmental Research National Institute for Environmental Studies
出版者
日本海洋学会
雑誌
海の研究 (ISSN:09168362)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.19, no.1, pp.21-40, 2010-01-05
参考文献数
102
被引用文献数
3

産業革命以降の二酸化炭素(CO_2)排出量の増加は,地球規模での様々な気候変動を引き起こし,夏季の異常高海水温は,サンゴ白化現象を引き起こすことでサンゴ礁生態系に悪影響を及ぼしたことが知られている。加えて,増加した大気中CO_2が海水に溶け込み,酸として働くことで生じる海洋酸性化もまた,サンゴ礁生態系にとって大きな脅威であることが認識されつつある。本総説では,海洋酸性化が起こる仕組みと共に,海洋酸性化がサンゴ礁域の石灰化生物に与える影響についてのこれまでの知見を概説する。特に,サンゴ礁の主要な石灰化生物である造礁サンゴや紅藻サンゴモ,有孔虫に関しては,その石灰化機構を解説すると共に,海洋酸性化が及ぼす影響について調べた様々な研究例を取り上げる。また,これまでの研究から見えてきた海洋酸性化の生物への影響評価実験を行う上で注意すべき事項,そして今後必要となる研究の方向性についても述べたい。The increase of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO_2) concentration after the industrial revolution caused global climate change. During the last several decades, coral reef ecosystems have been devastated by the mass-scale coral bleaching events caused by abnormally high seawater temperature in summer. In addition, increased atmospheric CO_2dissolves in the ocean, acts as an acid and finally decreases the pH level of seawater. This phenomenon, known as ocean acidification, is now being considered as a future threat to the calcifying organisms in coral reef ecosystems. In this review, we summarize basic backgrounds of ocean acidification as well as its potential impacts on coral reef calcifiers. Together with the distinctive mechanisms of calcification among specific groups, we review the impacts of ocean acidification on major reef-builders such as scleractinian corals, calcareous red algae and reef-dwelling foraminifera. Finally, we point out some recently-recognized problems in acidified seawater experiments as well as the future direction of this research field.
著者
五十嵐 悠紀 五十嵐 健夫 鈴木 宏正 Yuki Igarashi Takeo Igarashi Hiromasa Suzuki 東京大学大学院工学系研究科 東京大学大学院情報理工学系研究科:JST ERATO 東京大学大学院工学系研究科 Dept. of Engineering The University of Tokyo Dept. of Information Science and Technology The University of Tokyo:JST ERATO Dept. of Engineering The University of Tokyo
雑誌
コンピュータソフトウェア = Computer software (ISSN:02896540)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.26, no.1, pp.51-58, 2009-01-27

"あみぐるみ"は毛糸を使って作るぬいぐるみであるが,毛糸の編み方によって形状をデザインしていくため,初心者にはデザインすることが困難である.我々は3次元モデリングプロセスにインタラクティブな物理シミュレーションを組み合わせることであみぐるみを効率的にデザインできるモデラーを作成した.本システムは自動で編み目を計算してあみぐるみモデルをシミュレーション結果として提示するため,初心者にでも直感的にデザインでき,編み図も容易に得ることができる.また,初めてあみぐるみに挑戦する初心者でも製作手順を容易に理解できるようにするために,製作手順を視覚的に提示する製作支援インタフェースも備えた.あみぐるみ初心者でも容易にオリジナルなあみぐるみを作成できることを確認したので報告する.
著者
日下田 岳史 Takeshi HIGETA 東京大学大学院 Graduate School of Education The University of Tokyo
出版者
THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY
雑誌
教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.79, pp.67-84, 2006-12-10
被引用文献数
1

One premise of studies on the Japanese university participation rate is that there have been three stages: expansion, stagnation, and re-expansion. A second premise is the prefecture is used as the unit to determine whether students have moved upon entrance to university. However, the prefecture as a measurement unit does not always coincide with the zone from which students can attend university from home, or "the hometown." Therefore, using data from the "Student Life Survey" of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, this study directly measures the ratio of members of the 18-year-old cohort who entered university from home, and the ratio of those living away from home (1968-1998). In this paper, the former is called the university participation rate from home, and the latter the university participation rate from away from home. The finding is that for girls, the university participation rate from home has risen fairly consistently. This is important knowledge for the first premise of studies on the university participation rate. It appears that the reason why preceding studies have not given a successful explanation of the university participation rate of girls based on economic variables, whereas that of boys has been successfully explained, is because the cost of movement has not been considered. Therefore, this study confirms the effect of the cost of movement, and clarifies the difference of the determining factors of the university participation rate from home according to gender or university location. Furthermore, this study confirms a difference between girls and boys for each economic variable effect including the movement cost effect after controlling for factors peculiar to university location. The results are that the limiting conditions are more sensitive in large cities than in rural areas, and that girls are more sensitive to the limiting conditions than boys when controlling for the factor peculiar to the area. This suggests the reproduction of the composition where "girls remain in the local area, and boys move out."
著者
西田 健志 五十嵐 健夫 Takeshi Nishida Takeo Igarashi 東京大学大学院情報理工学系研究科 東京大学大学院情報理工学系研究科:科学技術振興機構さきがけ Graduate School of Information Science and Technology the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Information Science and Technology the University of Tokyo:JST PRESTO
出版者
日本ソフトウェア科学会
雑誌
コンピュータソフトウェア (ISSN:02896540)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.23, no.4, pp.69-75, 2006-10-26
参考文献数
7
被引用文献数
3

本論文では,参加者間で画像を共有し,それら画像の特定部分に会話を結びつけることのできるチャットシステムLock-on-Chatとその運用により得られた様々な知見をまとめる.文書や画像と会話を結びつけるほかのシステムが,ひとつの文書について深く議論するのに適しているのに対して,我々のシステムは複数の画像に分散した会話をしやすくすることに重きを置いてデザインされている.Lock-on-Chatは学術会議において発表中に聴衆が会話するためのシステムとして運用された.Lock-on-Chatが局面に応じてさまざまな使われ方がされる様子,多くの参加者が活発に議論する様子が観察された.
著者
小林 雅之 Masayuki KOBAYASHI 東京大学 Center for Research and Development of Higher Education The University of Tokyo
出版者
東洋館出版社
雑誌
教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.80, pp.101-125, 2007-05-31

In Japan, like in most countries, the equality of educational opportunities is a crucial issue both in academics and in governmental policy. However, the policy of equality of educational opportunities in Japanese higher education has been weakening. The first aim of this paper is to investigate the background of the policy and to clarify the reasons for its loss of importance. With this aim, the author gives an overview of policy and research works on the equality of higher education opportunities in Japan, in comparison with those overseas. The aim of higher educational policy and planning in post world-war II Japan was to rectify disparities in higher education opportunities between regions and social classes by increasing the supply of institutions providing higher education. However, the policy turned drastically from enlargement to suppression in 1975. The establishment of new universities and departments in the metropolitan area were strictly restricted by the Ministry of Education. This policy aimed to reduce regional inequalities in higher educational opportunities, and was largely successful in doing so. However, the policy concentrated on the regional inequalities, leading to a loss of concern on inequalities among social classes, with the exception of student financial aid programs. Secondly, the results of the Student Life Survey by the Ministry of Education (from 2004 by the Japan Student Service Organization) are often used to demonstrate the equality of higher educational opportunities in Japan. On the contrary, however, some researchers argue that the inequality of higher educational opportunity has been increasing or at least not decreasing, using other survey data. This paper examines the equality of higher educational opportunities using new survey data from 2005. The data show large inequalities in university education opportunities, particularly in private universities. In particular, the participation rate is very low among low-income, low-achievement, female high school graduates. This shows that there are still problems of inequality. Thirdly, this survey shows the existence of debt aversion among parents in the lowest income class and in families with mothers having the lowest education levels. It seems likely that debt aversion leads to serious problems because of the inadequacy of student aid programs, coupled with high tuition fees in Japan. The student financial aid programs of The Japan Student Service Organization, the largest public student program in Japan, gives loans, but not grants, to undergraduates. Some parents and students from lower income tiers may decide not to apply to university to avoid a debt burden. This result implies the need for grants to maintain the accessibility of higher education in the future.