著者
松尾 信裕
出版者
大阪歴史博物館
雑誌
大阪歴史博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:13478443)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, pp.37-52, 2020 (Released:2020-09-18)

飛鳥時代に創建された四天王寺の周辺には古代から近世まで遺構が発掘調査で見つかっている。四天王寺周囲には中世には門前町が形成され、15世紀末には「天王寺は七千間在所」とまで言われた都市的な様相を見せていたとされている。その姿を四天王寺境内の周囲で行われた発掘調査の成果から検討した。境内の東部や北部では区画の大溝が見つかるが、それらは時期が新しくなるにつれ、境内に近づいてきた。また、地形的な制約から、町として広がることはなかったと推定した。境内の西部では建物の柱穴が多く見つかり、多くの掘立柱建物が建ち並ぶ町場と推定できた。その出現は平安時代に遡り、室町時代には完成した街区となっていたと想定した。
著者
栄原 永遠男
出版者
大阪歴史博物館
雑誌
大阪歴史博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:13478443)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, pp.1-18, 2020 (Released:2020-09-18)

考古学的な調査研究により、後期難波宮の中枢部には壮大な宮殿建築群が建てられており、京域には条坊制が敷かれていたことが明らかになった。これにより、後期難波宮・京には多くの人々が住み、繁栄していたというイメージが出来上がっている。しかしそれらはあまり根拠がなく、遷都や行幸時と平時とにわけて、再検討が必要である。大粮申請文書その他の分析によると、各官司はそれぞれ独自の建物や院を持つことはなく、合同庁舎・合同院の一角にコーナーを保持していた。合同庁舎・合同院は、一、二の官司が仕丁とそれを指揮監督する使部などの雑任を配置する形で保守されていた。後期難波京の京域については、貴族が邸宅を持っていたが常住することはなく、家令に管理させていた。また使部や家令が家を持ち家族が住んだ可能性はあるが、正方位の家がびっしり立ち並ぶ状態ではなかった。以上は平時の場合であるが、遷都や天皇が行幸してくると状況は一変した。多くの官人が来て官僚機構も機能し、貴族やその家族も居住した。
著者
君嶋 葵
出版者
公益社団法人 有機合成化学協会
雑誌
有機合成化学協会誌 (ISSN:00379980)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.78, no.9, pp.901-903, 2020-09-01 (Released:2020-09-10)
参考文献数
8

Hippolachnin is a polyketide natural product isolated from the marine sponge Hippospongia lachnein in China 2013, which has shown highly potent antibacterial activities against several pathogenic fungi. It features a highly substituted cyclobutane, six contiguous stereocenters, one of which is quaternary carbon and bears an unusual array of four ethyl groups on its convex face. In this review, total syntheses of hippolachnin by four groups are described.
著者
千野栄一著
出版者
白水社
巻号頁・発行日
1997
著者
広瀬 裕子
出版者
日本教育行政学会
雑誌
日本教育行政学会年報 (ISSN:09198393)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.41, pp.19-36, 2015

<p>This paper consider the issue of educational professionalism and political intervention focusing on the registration of the "School Standards and Framework Act 1998" in the UK. The paper argues that the crucial issue in the present circumstances for this theme is the institutional fatigue, and its maintenance. The paper suggests that political intervention can be an effective method to recover the institutional fatigue of the system based on educational professionalism.</p><p>The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 enabled LEAs to intervene into schools and the Secretary of State to intervene into LEAs, when they find failures there. Although the question was raised wheather this act would further enforce the power of the government, no substantial oppositions was raised in the Parliament Debates. This was because this registration intended to deal with a specific case of failure, and this intention was shared among the House members as a reasonable ultimate solution. The case was that of the London Borough of Hackney. As the local authority itself was already assessed as failing in Hackney, arguments were focused on Article 8 of the act, which gives the Secretary of State the power to take over the failing local authorities.</p><p>Hackney Council had been struggling to improve its education since the previous Conservative government revealed the troubles Hackney had in the early 1990s, but there were no significant improvements. The new Labour government, in 1997, immediately launched a series of powerful actions to support Hackney including dispatching the Hackney Improvement Team, whose recommendations, however, the Council would not implement entirely. This was the background to the introduction of Article 8 of the act.</p><p>As soon as the act was enacted, Article 8 was adapted to Hackney, and its school improvement services and its ethnic minority achievement service were taken away from the Council and transferred to a private company Nord Anglia in 1999. Three years later, in 2002, all educational services were taken away and transferred to the Hackney Learning Trust, which was a non-profit private organisation established in Hackney specifically for this purpose, with a 10-year contract. Thus, time-related powerful political intervention was employed as a tool to repair the institutional fatigue. This project has turned out to be successful.</p><p>This paper interprets this registration of the radical article and its adaptation to Hackney as an emergency method for educational governance reform, which means a governance reform adjusting custommade tools with a non-regular governance logic, but effective to recover the damage. The reason why the Hackney case was successful is because two factors: first, radical but effective tools were successfully programmed for Hackney, second, the case where the radical tools would be applied was clearly targeted and shared. Without these factors, the tools would not be effective but could cause harm, because the logic of the time-related radical tools and the actual education situation are not necessarily compatible.</p>
著者
Agus Bahar Rachman 赤澤 隆志 小川 雅廣
出版者
Japanese Society of Food Chemistry
雑誌
日本食品化学学会誌 (ISSN:13412094)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.27, no.1, pp.10-21, 2020 (Released:2020-04-30)
参考文献数
35

Olive leaf (Olea europaea L.) is an underutilized resource of olive tree but has a high polyphenol content, so it has the potential to be used as a food ingredient. In this study, we investigated the effects of olive leaf water extracts on the physical properties of chicken breast sausage (CBS). Olive leaf water extracts were prepared at 4 (OEx4) and 80°C (OEx80) from dried olive leaf powder and they were applied to CBS preparation within the concentration range 0.05 to 0.5% (w/w minced meat). OEx4 had 32% lower polyphenol content than OEx80. Water content, expressible water, breaking strength, and viscoelastic properties of CBS with OEx4 and OEx80 were measured. The analyses of the sausage physical properties showed that adding 0.1% OEx4 increased the breaking stress (115%), breaking strain (68%), modulus of elasticity (20%), coefficient of viscosity (23%), and water-holding capacity (9%), and the enhancement effects of OEx4 were much greater than those of OEx80. The gel network of OEx4-containing CBSs observed by scanning electron microscopy was finer and denser than that of the control CBS. Chemical analyses of the meat proteins showed that OEx4 induces polymerization of myofibril proteins, especially myosin, via non-disulfide covalent bridges formed between amino and/ or thiol groups. These results indicate that the application of OEx4 improves the sausage gel properties by inducing non-disulfide-type protein polymerization. This study supports the feasibility of OEx4 as a new ingredient to improve the texture of gel products prepared from chicken breast minced meat.