著者

加藤 欣也

出版者

日本眼光学学会

雑誌

視覚の科学 (ISSN:09168273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.1-3, 2015 (Released:2015-07-14)

参考文献数

3

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単レンズは両凸(凹),平凸(凹),凸(凹)メニスカスの6種類に分類される。レンズで最も重要な仕様は焦点距離である。薄肉レンズの焦点距離はレンズから焦点までの距離であるが,凸レンズの焦点距離は正,凹レンズの焦点距離は負となる。レンズには前側焦点と後側焦点があり,空気中の焦点距離は等しくなる。厚肉レンズや組み合わせレンズの焦点距離は,主点から焦点までの距離となる。

著者

島村 麻子 井上 舞 新井 敏郎

出版者

獣医疫学会

雑誌

獣医疫学雑誌 (ISSN:13432583)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.35-36, 2011-07-20 (Released:2013-01-04)

被引用文献数

1 1

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Veterinary clinicians often encounter with foreign body ingestion in domestic dogs. Accumulation of treatment information and epidemiological data about these cases could lead development of methods for prevention and enlightenment for dog owners. So far, these incidents are regarded as carelessness by dog owners, and veterinary clinicians did not show concrete directions for prevention of these incidents for owners. In this study, we analyzed animal health insurance claims data of these incidents in dogs and collected preventive findings about the cases from clinicians and owners using the internet research.Insurance claims data were used for analysis of the prevalence of these incidents in dogs. Total of 252,414 dogs which contracted Anicom animal health insurance from April 1 2009 to March 31 2010 were used as source data for analysis. 5,708 dogs cases were claimed as incidents caused by foreign body ingestion (total claims were 8,296 cases). Difference of prevalence of these incidents between ages is significant. 4.4% (2,728 dogs/61,448 dogs) for puppies under one year of age, 2.5% (736/29,215) for 1 year old, 1.8% (620/34,616) and under 1.5% for 3-10 years old. The average of prevalence for total dogs was 1.7%. Especially in puppies under one year of age, among top 17 breeds of insured dog, the prevalence of foreign body ingestion was 7.1% for French Bulldogs, 6.8% for Golden Retrievers, 6.0% for Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, 5.5% for Papillons, Labrador Retrievers, and 4.5% Toy Poodle. These breeds showed higher prevalence than the average (4.4%) for all breeds. For these breeds with higher prevalence materials/objects (substances) causing these incidents should be removed. The internet research with clinician prevailed that possible substances causing incidents (plural answer available) were some kinds of strings, seeds of fruit and plum pickles, medical supplies, pebble, grains of sand, some kinds of cloth like socks, towel and dust-cloth. Over 84% (145/172) clinicians reported that they encountered these incidents caused by above mentioned objects. Even 27 death cases were reported by strings, 16 cases by medical supplies and 13 cases by kinds of cloth. These objects/materials should be removed from dogs particularly. Death cases by accidental ingestions were also reported in dogs by poisoning of ornamental lily (12 cases), chocolate (9 cases) and onion (4 cases). The internet reserch for pet owners showed that over 90% of owners knew toxicity with chocolate and onion but only 29% of owners knew risk of poisoning with lily.Incidents caused by foreign body ingestion is very dangerous behavior inducing death in dogs, and careful monitoring of these incidents should be carried on with all concerned veterinary medicine.

著者

苧阪 満里子

出版者

日本生理心理学会

雑誌

生理心理学と精神生理学 (ISSN:02892405)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1301si, (Released:2013-11-25)

参考文献数

3

著者

SAMANTI KULATILAKE

出版者

The Anthropological Society of Nippon

雑誌

Anthropological Science (ISSN:09187960)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.200428, (Released:2020-08-08)

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Swiss naturalists Paul and Fritz Sarasin visited Sri Lanka on five occasions. Their later visits were focused on anthropological research on the Indigenous Wannila Atto (‘Vedda’) people and exploration of prehistoric settlements in Sri Lanka. Among the Sarasins’ anthropological and archaeological collections are skeletal material of several ethnic groups of Sri Lanka belonging to the 19th and early 20th centuries. This collection is curated at the Natural History Museum of Basel, Switzerland. The ethnolinguistic groups represented in the Sarasins’ collection include the ‘Vedda,’ Tamil, and Sinhala people of Sri Lanka, and it constitutes the largest ‘Vedda’ cranial collection housed at a single institution. The objective of this paper is to compare cranial variation of the Indigenous ‘Vedda’ and other Sri Lankan ethnic groups using this important dataset, while publishing the raw craniometric data for further studies. Observations on the dentition show that the Tamil and Sinhala individuals had high incidences of caries and dental abscesses that are typically associated with agriculturalists and that cribra orbitalia associated with iron deficiency was relatively common among all three ethnic groups. Betel quid chewing for recreational and cultural purposes, a practice that is widespread even today, had left dark stains on the teeth of many individuals of all groups in the sample. Multivariate statistical analyses on the craniometric data show that there is significant overlap among the three ethnic groups in terms of cranial shape. These findings underscore the importance of considering the ‘Vedda,’ Tamil, and Sinhala groups from Sri Lanka as closely related, due to gene flow over millennia.

著者

Lusha Wang Ayumi Kotani Takafumi Tanaka Takeshi Ohta

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2020-043, (Released:2020-11-23)

被引用文献数

1

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Based on the drought severity index (DSI), which is derived from the ratio of evapotranspiration (ET) to potential evapotranspiration (PET) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), as measured by remote sensing, we replaced the ET/PET ratio with soil moisture (0-10 cm) to establish an improved index (IDSI) and evaluated the drought situation in Inner Mongolia. The two components in IDSI are independently derived; however, the effects of evapotranspiration are contained in the soil moisture, and even precipitation changes could be reflected. We used monthly IDSI data for Inner Mongolia to evaluate drought throughout the growing season (May–September) during 2001-2010. The IDSI showed that 2001, 2007, and 2009 were years with significant drought. Areas that experienced extreme drought were less extensive than those found by the DSI because we removed the ET/PET component, which already contains the effects of the NDVI. IDSI results not only contained the degree of precipitation change for a given month through soil moisture, but also reflected the influence of water and heat in the previous month through the NDVI. Moreover, IDSI results were generally consistent with agricultural drought disaster records.

著者

細野 史郎

出版者

The Japan Society for Oriental Medicine

雑誌

日本東洋醫學會誌 (ISSN:1884202X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.63-75, 1965-10-30 (Released:2010-10-21)

著者

大野 雅恵

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.128, no.3, pp.343-355, 2008-03-01 (Released:2008-03-01)

参考文献数

62

被引用文献数

4 4

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Nuclear receptors function as ligand-inducible transcription factors that regulate various physiological functions such as development, reproduction, and metabolism. Dysregulation of the metabolism of cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose leads to the metabolic syndrome including type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis. Studies of nuclear receptors promise to provide discoveries of therapeutic agents against the metabolic syndrome. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and is activated by bile acids. FXR regulates the metabolism of not only bile acid but also cholesterol, lipoprotein, triglyceride, and glucose, and is considered a potential therapeutic target for the metabolic syndrome because of these functions. Nuclear receptors have two regions for transactivation, a constitutive activation function (AF-1) and a ligand-dependent activation function (AF-2). AF-1 and AF-2 seem to require interactions with coactivators for the activation function and both work synergistically to give full transactivation of nuclear receptors. However, coactivators for AF-1 activity are poorly understood, whereas coactivators required for AF-2 activity have been well studied. To understand the molecular mechanism of AF-1 in FXR, we isolated proteins associated with AF-1 by GST pull-down assay using the N-terminal region of FXR and nuclear extracts from HeLa cells. This review focuses on the roles of FXR and our new findings regarding FXR-associated factors.

著者

Gisela Grunewaldt-Stöcker Christiane von den Berg Johanna Knopp Henning von Alten

出版者

Japanese Society for Root Research

雑誌

Plant Root (ISSN:18816754)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.33-48, 2013 (Released:2013-09-20)

参考文献数

76

被引用文献数

19

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Plant protection against soil-borne diseases has been a challenge in horticultural production of Ericaceae for a long time. We tested the hypothesis that ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ERMF) control root pathogens. Isolates of ERMF previously obtained from Calluna vulgaris and Rhododendron hirsutum were selected based on growth inhibiting activity against Oomycetes in dual agar plate tests. In addition, we assessed their impact on economically important Pythium spec. and Phytophthora cinnamomi in sterile Rhododendron plantlets in a liquid culture system, which is suitable for continuous observations of the infection process. For this purpose, rooted cuttings of micro-propagated Rhododendron plantlets were transferred to a mineral solution and subsequently inoculated with either Oidiodendron maius or the ERMF isolates. Before the root pathogens were applied to the experimental system, the symbioses were established over a four-week period. Mycorrhizal development, pathogen infection sites and development in mycorrhizal plants and non-mycorrhizal control plants were assessed microscopically. The root-colonising intensity of the tested ERMF differed considerably, but each of the applied ERMF impaired external pathogen mycelium and reduced pathogenic infections. A complete reduction was achieved at higher ERMF colonisation levels. The failure of symbiosis formation allowed pathogens to infect and spread. The quantification data concerning mycorrhiza frequencies and extramatrical hyphal nets provided details for a discussion on the suppressive effects of ERMF on the pathogens. The tested ERMF confer at least a localized protection from pathogen attack through suppression prior to infection. It is now to prove, whether these biocontrol effects will also be expressed in pot experiments.

著者

張 兵

出版者

一般財団法人 アジア政経学会

雑誌

アジア研究 (ISSN:00449237)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.3, pp.49-53, 2019-07-31 (Released:2019-09-10)

著者

Maksymilian A. Brzezicki Lauren Celentano Maciej Ostrowski Arup Chakraborty

出版者

The Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology

雑誌

Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology and Therapeutics (ISSN:18848826)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, pp.67-78, 2020-11-18 (Released:2020-11-18)

参考文献数

46

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Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) displays a variety of psychological and physical symptoms. These are difficult to rapidly control with currently available pharmacological options. This review summarises the evidence for an acute use of microbiological modification drugs targeting vagal nerve stimulation.A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Pubmed, and PschInfo for all pre-clinical and human studies concerning the use of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the treatment of GAD.Twenty-five studies were eligible for inclusion. In mice, modification therapy resulted in improved behaviour that was at least non-inferior to standard therapy (antidepressants). Brain histopathology revealed further anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective benefits. Vagotomy abolished the anti-GAD properties of the treatment.In humans, several species demonstrated significant reductions in palpitations, shortness of breath, headaches, flu-like symptoms, and abdominal pains vs. placebo within 4 to 12 weeks. B. bifidum, B. lactis, L. acidophilus and S. thermophiles showed alleviation of physical symptoms to population baseline when added to an antidepressant. No significant side effects were reported in the studies.As physical symptoms are typically the presenting medical complaint of GAD, there is potential to control the disease with the administration of bacteria-containing pharmaceutical agents as an adjunct to current antidepressant options.

著者

伏木 ももこ 太田 和希 長谷川 孔明 大島 直樹 岡田 美智男

出版者

ヒューマンインタフェース学会

雑誌

ヒューマンインタフェース学会論文誌 (ISSN:13447262)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.443-456, 2020-11-25 (Released:2020-11-25)

参考文献数

27

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“Nudge theory,” an approach to influence people’s decision making, channels people’s behavior by designing environmental cues. We have been studying driving agents that encourage drivers to drive safely and make better behavioral choices for gently driving. Therefore, we attempted to apply a type of Nudge theory called default effect to driving agents. An example of the default effect is an instance wherein people need to make decisions immediately. They are more likely to follow other people’s opinions instead of considering the optimal choice. In this paper, we discuss the research outline of NAMIDA0, a multi-party interaction driving agent, and its application based on the Nudge theory.

著者

知見 邦彦

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.2, pp.65-77, 2012-07-20 (Released:2017-04-25)

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The prevailing view of the main change in the insurance industry in the United States since the 1970's has been the development of "Alternative Risk Transfer" and "Enterprise Risk Management". However, "Financialization of the Economy" has been a grater source of change on the insurance industry as it brought with it-financialization of insurance products, insurance premiums and the insurance business. This paper suggests that the insurance industry has been subsumed into the world of finance, which has meant the decline of the fundamental and comprehensive function of insurance, i.e. risk transference, risk pooling and risk distribution. Firstly, the financialization of insurance products means that they added a financial function to their function of compensation and security. In the era of financialization "Insurance Disintermediation" (the outflow of insurance money by canceling traditional insurance policies) triggered a change in insurance products by adding financial products such as investment trusts. Secondly, securitization of insurance products such as Catastrophe Bond (Insurance Linked Securities) was also a method of financialization of insurance products. Financialization of the insurance premium (which was originally based on the loss ratio) means that the level of the premium becomes influenced by investment yield, which is based on declining the insurance premium and ratio of profit for life insurers. The outcome of covering a deficit with investment transforms insurers to speculative institutional investors. In the 2007-2008 global financial crisis, the collapse of the major mono-line insurers and AIG shook the financial system. It was the first time that the collapse of insurers was deeply connected with the financial system. Financialization of insurance products refers to the expansion of credit. Financial guarantee insurance provides investors with the guaranteed payment of timely interest and the ultimate principal in the event of the failure of the issuer, which leads to incentives for investors to buy those financial products. CDS (Credit Default Swap) which mono-line insurers and AIG provide has had a similar function to financial guarantee insurance policies. As a result, mono-line insurers and the like have grown into a major source of credit enhancement.

著者

保井 俊之

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本コンペティティブ・インテリジェンス学会

雑誌

インテリジェンス・マネジメント (ISSN:21866252)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.23-34, 2009-09-05 (Released:2013-01-31)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1

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金融インテリジェンスは国家安全保障のために,金融に特化した組織により,金融の手法により要求・収集・分析され,金融のフォーマットで政策決定者に提供されるインテリジェンスと定義される。金融インテリジェンスは主として1990年代、マネーロンダリング対策のための法執行活動として出現した。そして2001年9月11日の米国における同時多発テロは金融インテリジェンスの活動分野を,非伝統的な脅威と戦う非対称な戦争の分野へと拡大した。さらに2005年から米国は北朝鮮及びイランを重大な安全保障上の脅威とみなすようになり,これらの国に金融インテリジェンスを活発に適用するようになった。2007年秋に発生したグローバルな金融危機により,米国のインテリジェンスコミュニティは金融サービス及び金融市場をインテリジェンス活動の主要な領域とみなすようになっている。

著者

坂井 雅子

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本歯周病学会

雑誌

日本歯周病学会会誌 (ISSN:03850110)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, pp.107-110, 2015-06-28 (Released:2015-07-06)

参考文献数

5

著者

松山 修二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本画像学会

雑誌

電子写真学会誌 (ISSN:0387916X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.192-199, 1986-06-10 (Released:2014-04-12)

著者

三宅 鴻

出版者

近代英語協会

雑誌

近代英語研究 (ISSN:21864381)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1991, no.7, pp.79-89, 1991-05-17 (Released:2012-07-06)

著者

西松 裕一

出版者

一般社団法人 資源・素材学会

雑誌

Journal of MMIJ (ISSN:18816118)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.133, no.2, pp.34-44, 2017-02-01 (Released:2017-02-28)

参考文献数

5

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This is an essay on the methodology and practical process of the research work in the field of engineering science. In this paper, firstly the philosophy and concept of scientific research is discussed. Secondly, the author describes the present procedure of the publishing of research papers in the journal of some academic or professional societies, as well as the review system which is indispensable for certification of the academic quality of research papers. Thirdly, some processes of study and academic training from the graduate student up to the professional researcher are concretely explained.Furthermore, the author indicates the important role of technical abilities of each researcher, which include mathematical analysis and designing of experimental equipments applied for the research works.Next, the author describes the practical process of research works, which starts from the search and decision of research theme, through the evaluation of its expected contributions as well as possibility of success, the theoretical analysis and/or experimental work on the decided research theme, and the examination of test results or the verification of test run of theoretical analysis, attains to the publishing of results of the research work.Finally, the process and measure of evaluation of the quality of research papers are discussed from academic and industrial points of view, and some features of the excellent research paper are described.

著者

安藤 敏夫

出版者

公益社団法人 日本顕微鏡学会

雑誌

顕微鏡 (ISSN:13490958)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.2, pp.56-61, 2019-08-30 (Released:2019-09-07)

参考文献数

21

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詳細ではあるが静止構造しか得られない従来の構造生物学的手法や,光学プローブを介して動態を間接的に可視化する1分子生物学手法の限界を破るべく,AFMを飛躍的に高速化するための技術開発が進められ,約10年前に高速AFMは確立した.この新規顕微鏡により,タンパク質分子の機能活動中の動的な姿を直接観ることが初めて可能になった.既に数十種類に亘るタンパク質系の高速AFM観察が行われ,分子の動画像が他の手法では得られない機能メカニズムへの深い洞察を与え得ることが実証された.現在この方向の研究が更に盛んに進められている.それと並行して,高速AFMの機能拡張に向けた更なる技術開発も進められ,高速AFMの対象が分子からオルガネラ,バクテリア,動物細胞へと拡大しつつある.本稿では,高速AFM技術とこれまで行われた応用研究を概説し,現在抱える技術的問題とその克服に向けた更なる技術開発の方向を示す.

著者

Hajime Murai

出版者

Japanese Association for Digital Humanities

雑誌

Journal of the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities (ISSN:21887276)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.4-21, 2020-11-20 (Released:2020-11-19)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

2

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In recent years, there have been attempts to generate stories automatically by utilizing computers and various other kinds of information technology. However, it remains unclear how story sequences can be made to look natural and appear interesting. This study conducted a data description of 134 famous Japanese comic detective stories and listed 37 types of plot elements, 10 types of tricks, 9 types of criminal motives, and 10 types of relationships between victims and criminals, in order to realize a computational narratological analysis. Based on these parameters, eleven factors have been extracted through factor analysis. The structures of the plot transition networks varied according to the factors present in the detective stories. Therefore, an elaborate, human-like, and understandable creation of plot transitions can be enabled based on the detailed differences between plot transition networks.

著者

落合 信寿 近藤 寛之

出版者

学校法人 産業医科大学

雑誌

Journal of UOEH (ISSN:0387821X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.35-45, 2017-03-01 (Released:2017-03-23)

参考文献数

54

被引用文献数

1

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職場や生活環境に見られる視覚表示の色には,安全確保のために,色彩の見えの効果が利用される.これらの効果は,色彩の機能性と総称され,視認性,可読性,誘目性,識別性の4種類に分類される.本稿では,産業安全および環境安全に関わる視覚表示の色彩設計に利用される色彩の機能性と,眼科学で問題とされる色覚異常(特に先天赤緑異常)との関連に着目し,色彩の機能性が1型色覚における赤の知覚に及ぼす影響について考察した.日本の眼科臨床においては,現在,急激な制度改革の影響により,先天赤緑異常への対応が不十分な状況にある.一方,職域における色覚異常への対応は,これまでほとんど顧みられることはなく,今後,解決すべき産業安全衛生の問題である.この問題解決を図るための一つのモデルとして,英国HSE(Health and Safety Executive)が定めた色覚検査に関するガイドラインの先駆的事例を紹介した.また,日本の眼科臨床に即したガイドライン作成に関わる問題点についても考察し,産業安全および環境安全に色彩の機能性を利用した視覚表示における色覚異常への対応について論じた.