著者

Shun Yasuda Kanako Okazaki Hironori Nakano Kayoko Ishii Hyo Kyozuka Tsuyoshi Murata Keiya Fujimori Aya Goto Seiji Yasumura Misao Ota Kenichi Hata Kohta Suzuki Akihito Nakai Tetsuya Ohira Hitoshi Ohto Kenji Kamiya

出版者

Japan Epidemiological Association

雑誌

Journal of Epidemiology (ISSN:09175040)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.Supplement_XII, pp.S104-S114, 2022-12-05 (Released:2022-12-05)

参考文献数

51

被引用文献数

4

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Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal exposure to external radiation on perinatal outcomes among women who experienced the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster (FDND) using the Fukushima Health Management Survey (FHMS).Methods: Data from the Pregnancy and Birth Survey and Basic Survey in the FHMS were combined to analyze external maternal radiation exposure following the FDND, and the relationship between radiation dose and perinatal outcomes was analyzed using binomial logistic regression analysis. Missing dose data were supplemented using multiple imputation.Results: A total of 6,875 individuals responded to the survey. Congenital anomalies occurred in 2.9% of patients, low birth weight (LBW) in 7.6%, small for gestation age (SGA; <10th percentile) in 8.9%, and preterm birth in 4.1%. The median maternal external radiation dose was 0.5 mSv (maximum, 5.2 mSv). Doses were classified as follows: <1 mSv (reference), 1 to <2 mSv, and ≥2 mSv. For congenital anomalies, the crude odds ratio for 1 to <2 mSv was 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56–1.17) (no participants with congenital anomaly were exposed to ≥2 mSv). At 1 to <2 mSv and ≥2 mSv, the respective adjusted odds ratios were 0.91 (95% CI, 0.71–1.18) and 1.21 (95% CI, 0.53–2.79) for LBW, 1.14 (95% CI, 0.92–1.42) and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.30–2.37) for SGA, and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.65–1.29) and 1.05 (95% CI, 0.22–4.87) for preterm birth.Conclusion: External radiation dose due to the FDND was not associated with congenital anomalies, LBW, SGA, or preterm birth.

著者

Akira Takagi Satoko Ohfuji Takashi Nakano Hideaki Kumihashi Munehide Kano Toshihiro Tanaka

出版者

Japan Epidemiological Association

雑誌

Journal of Epidemiology (ISSN:09175040)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.1, pp.21-26, 2022-01-05 (Released:2022-01-05)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

3 9

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Background: Mumps deafness causes serious problems, and incidence data are needed to identify its disease burden. However, such data are limited, and the reported incidence is highly variable. Nationwide studies in Japan with a large age range are lacking.Methods: This was a retrospective observational investigation of the 2005–2017 mumps burden using employment-based health insurance claims data. Data were analyzed for 5,190,326 people aged 0–64 years to estimate the incidence of mumps deafness.Results: Of 68,112 patients with mumps (36,423 males; 31,689 females), 102 (48 males; 54 females) developed mumps deafness—an incidence of 15.0 per 10,000 patients (1 in 668 patients). Fifty-four (52.9%) patients had mumps deafness in childhood (0–15 years), and 48 (47.1%) had mumps deafness in adolescence and adulthood (16–64 years); most cases occurred in childhood, the peak period for mumps onset. The incidence of mumps deafness per 10,000 patients was 73.6 in adolescence and adulthood, 8.4 times higher than the incidence of 8.8 in childhood (P < 0.001). In childhood, the incidence of mumps deafness was 7.2 times higher among 6–15-year-olds (13.8; 95% CI, 10.2–18.2) than among 0–5-year-olds (1.9; 95% CI, 0.6–4.5), and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). No sex difference was observed.Conclusions: The incidence of mumps deafness per 10,000 patients aged 0–64 years was 15.0 (1 in 668 patients). A secondary risk of deafness following mumps virus infection was identified not only for children, but also for adolescents and adults.

著者

Yutaka HIROI Akinori ITO Eiji NAKANO

出版者

Japan Society of Kansei Engineering

雑誌

KANSEI Engineering International (ISSN:13451928)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.1, pp.59-66, 2009 (Released:2018-05-31)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

2 8

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Familiarity is one of the most important requirements for human symbiosis robots, such as care service robots. To improve familiarity of a human symbiosis robot, we proposed a novel concept called “robot avatar.” A robot avatar is a small robot mounted on a main robot, and it performs gestures instead of the main robot. Although our previous study revealed that a robot avatar was effective for increasing users’ familiarity with a robot, the effect of users’ age on the improvement of familiarity by a robot avatar was not investigated well because the most of the subjects in the previous study were young. When considering the application of a robot avatar to care service robots, it is important to investigate the effect of a robot avatar on elderly people. In this paper, we focus on elderly subjects, and carried out an experiment to test if a robot avatar is effective for elderly people to improve familiarity. The result was positive, and the effect of a robot avatar on elderly people was stronger than that on younger people. From a comparison of the results from elderly subjects with those from younger subjects, we found that the elderly paid less attention to dialogue between a human and a robot.

著者

Ken-ichi Okumura Naoki Koike Takafumi Nakano

出版者

Arachnological Society of Japan

雑誌

Acta Arachnologica (ISSN:00015202)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.2, pp.73-78, 2017 (Released:2017-12-31)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

4 5

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Taxonomic accounts of two species belonging to the subfamily Coelotinae from Japan are reviewed. Iwogumoa portus Nishikawa 2009 originally described from Osaka, Japan and Coelotes plancyi Simon 1880 described from Beijing, China are considered to be conspecific. Therefore the former is synonymized with the latter, and C. plancyi is transferred to the genus Iwogumoa Kishida 1955. Coelotes inabaensis Arita 1974 described from Tottori, Japan is placed under the genus Dichodactylus Okumura 2017.

著者

Kosuke NISHI Ai KONDO Takeaki OKAMOTO Hiroyuki NAKANO Miho DAIFUKU Sogo NISHIMOTO Kenji OCHI Terumi TAKAOKA Takuya SUGAHARA

出版者

Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry

雑誌

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry (ISSN:09168451)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.1, pp.40-46, 2011-01-23 (Released:2011-01-23)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

16

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The water-soluble fraction of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.) had immunoglobulin (Ig) production stimulating activity in human hybridoma HB4C5 cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The biochemical and physical properties of the main active substance in kale were found to be a heat-stable protein with a molecular weight higher than 50 kDa. The Ig production-stimulating factors were assumed to act on the translational and/or secreting processes of Igs. This Ig production-stimulating effect was also observed in lymphocytes from the mesenteric lymph node and Peyer’s patches of mice that had been administered with the kale extract for 14 d. The partially purified kale extract was analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS, the result indicating ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) as an active substance. Rubisco from spinach indeed exhibited Ig production-stimulating activity in HB4C5 cells. These findings provide another beneficial aspect of kale as a health-promoting foodstuff.

著者

Shintaro Nakano Shun Kohsaka Taishiro Chikamori Kenji Fukushima Yoshio Kobayashi Ken Kozuma Susumu Manabe Hitoshi Matsuo Masato Nakamura Takayuki Ohno Mitsuaki Sawano Koichi Toda Yasunori Ueda Hiroyoshi Yokoi Yodo Gatate Tokuo Kasai Yoshiaki Kawase Naoya Matsumoto Hitoshi Mori Ryo Nakazato Nozomi Niimi Yuichi Saito Ayumi Shintani Ippei Watanabe Yusuke Watanabe Yuji Ikari Masahiro Jinzaki Masami Kosuge Kenichi Nakajima Takeshi Kimura on behalf of the JCS Joint Working Group

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.5, pp.882-915, 2022-04-25 (Released:2022-04-25)

参考文献数

245

被引用文献数

40

著者

中野 はるみ Harumi NAKANO

出版者

長崎国際大学

雑誌

長崎国際大学論叢 = Nagasaki International University Review (ISSN:13464094)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.235-249, 2001-03

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In this paper I have described about the auxiliary 'つ(tsu)' 'ぬ(nu)' that was used from ancient times until the Kamakura Period, and the difference from the similar expressions 'たり(tari)'. The modern word '~てしまう(~teshimau)' implies the ancient auxiliary 'つ(tsu)' and 'ぬ(nu)'. I tried to make clear the characteristics of Japanese which has the originarity idea for the objective expression and the subjective one. That's means Modality.

著者

Abubakr Ahmed Abdullah Al-shoaibi Yuanying Li Zean Song Chifa Chiang Yoshihisa Hirakawa KM Saif-Ur-Rahman Masako Shimoda Yoshihisa Nakano Masaaki Matsunaga Atsuko Aoyama Koji Tamakoshi Atsuhiko Ota Hiroshi Yatsuya

出版者

Japan Atherosclerosis Society

雑誌

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (ISSN:13403478)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.63519, (Released:2022-07-13)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

4

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Aims: The associations between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) subtypes are not well established among the Japanese population. This study used longitudinal data from the Aichi Workers' Cohort Study to explore the association between LDL-C levels and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke subtypes. Methods: Pooled data of 8966 adults (7093men and 1903 women) who were recruited between (2002) and (2008) were used for the current analysis. Propensity scores for the LDL-C categories were generated using multinomial logistic regression. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated from the inverse probability weighted Cox proportional hazards model for LDL-C category associations with risks of CHD, stroke subtypes, and CVD. Results: During a median follow-up of 12 years, 122 strokes (57 ischemic strokes, 25 intracerebral hemorrhage, and 40 unknown subtypes) and 82 cases of CHD were observed. LDL-C 160- mg/dL compared to LDL-C 100-119 mg/dL was positively and significantly associated with the risk of CHD (HR: 4.56; 95% CI: 1.91-10.9) but not with ischemic stroke (HR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.44-2.22). LDL-C was inversely associated with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (P for trend=0.009). Conclusion: In middle-aged Japanese workers, LDL-C was significantly and positively associated with CHD, but not with ischemic stroke. LDL-C was inversely significantly associated with intracerebral hemorrhage.

著者

Tomoko Sakai Chisato Hoshino Megumi Nakano Yu Fujiwara Atsushi Okawa

出版者

The Japanese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine

雑誌

Progress in Rehabilitation Medicine (ISSN:24321354)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.20220015, 2022 (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

3

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Objectives: This study aimed to describe the rehabilitation characteristics of patients with acute stage coronavirus disease managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the intensive care unit.Methods: This retrospective study enrolled coronavirus disease patients who underwent rehabilitation following ECMO between April 21, 2020, and August 20, 2021. The following patient data were evaluated: age, sex, weaning, peak C-reactive protein, lowest albumin level, white blood cell count, use of steroids and muscle relaxants, duration of respiratory management, ECMO management and rehabilitation, Medical Research Council (MRC) score, and Barthel index after sedation and at discharge.Results: ECMO was performed in 20 patients, and 16 were weaned successfully. The median durations of ECMO and respiratory management in survivors were 14.5 and 38 days, respectively. The median MRC scores after sedation and after rehabilitation therapy were 18 and 45, respectively. The median rehabilitation duration after sedation was 14 days. The MRC score after sedation showed significant correlations with the durations of ECMO and intubation. The median Barthel index values after sedation and at discharge were 0 and 30, respectively.Conclusions: Rehabilitation was important for patients with severe coronavirus disease because muscle weakness advanced in proportion with the durations of ECMO and ventilation management in the intensive care unit.

著者

Jun SHIBAYAMA Takuma KURODA Junji YAMAUCHI Hisamatsu NAKANO

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Electronics (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E105-C, no.4, pp.159-162, 2022-04-01

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A periodic array of InSb spheres on a substrate is numerically analyzed at terahertz frequencies. The incident field is shown to be coupled to the substrate due to the guided-mode resonance. The effect of the background refractive index on the transmission characteristics is investigated for sensor applications.

著者

中野 耕太 Kota NAKANO

出版者

島根県立大学北東アジア地域研究センター

雑誌

北東アジア研究 = Shimane journal of North East Asian research (ISSN:13463810)

巻号頁・発行日

no.25, pp.125-133, 2014-03

著者

中野 伸彦 Nobuhiko Nakano

巻号頁・発行日

no.4, pp.1-8,

著者

中野 元太 矢守 克也 Nakano Genta Yamori Katsuya ナカノ ゲンタ ヤモリ カツヤ

出版者

「災害と共生」研究会

雑誌

災害と共生 (ISSN:24332739)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.83-94, 2020-09

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一般論文国際防災教育支援において、支援者と被支援者との間の社会的・経済的・文化的・教育環境的相異に配慮すべきとの主張は数多い。この主張は、相異に配慮しさえすれば、支援者が教える知識・技術は被支援者にとって有用であり、国際的防災教育支援という枠組・実践はどのような社会間にも適用可能であるとの前提に立つ。しかし、ルーマンの「リスク/危険」概念を導入すれば、防災教育の多くは自然災害をリスクとみなす〈リスク社会〉に特有の実践(【防災教育@〈リスク社会〉】)であり、自然災害を危険とみなす〈危険社会〉に対する有効性は確かではないこと、よって、無条件な適用が、かえって防災教育の不全を引き起こす可能性を指摘できる。このことをネパールでの防災教育実践事例やインタビューに基づく防災に対する姿勢から考察した。その上で「仕掛学」に理論的アイデアを借りて〈危険社会〉にも通用する【防災教育@〈危険社会〉】を提案するとともに、【防災教育@〈危険社会〉】の倫理的課題についても言及した。

著者

中野 佑一 ナカノ ユウイチ Nakano Yuichi

出版者

駒澤大学文学部社会学科

雑誌

駒沢社会学研究 : 文学部社会学科研究報告

巻号頁・発行日

no.57, pp.77-96, 2021-11

著者

SHIBUYA Ryosuke NAKANO Masuo KODAMA Chihiro NASUNO Tomoe KIKUCHI Kazuyoshi SATOH Masaki MIURA Hiroaki MIYAKAWA Tomoki

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2021-046, (Released:2021-04-08)

被引用文献数

5

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In this study, we assessed the prediction skill of the Boreal Summer Intra-Seasonal Oscillation (BSISO) mode of one-month simulations using a global non-hydrostatic atmospheric model (NICAM) with explicit cloud microphysics and with a grid spacing of 14 km. The simulations were run as a series of hindcast experiments every day of August during 2000-2014; a total of 465 simulations were run with a 13950-day integration. On using forecast skill scores for statistical measurements, it was found that the model showed an overall BSISO prediction skill of approximately 24 days. The prediction skill tended to be slightly higher (∼ 2 days) when BSISO events began in the initial phases 7 to 1, which corresponded to the re-initiation phase of the BSISO, where a major convective center over the Philippine Sea decayed and a new convective envelope began aggregating over the western Indian Ocean. The phase speed and the evolution of the amplitude of the BSISO were well simulated by the model with a clear northwestward-southeastward tilted outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) structure over the Maritime continent and the western Pacific. However, the propagation speed was slower during phases 6-7, and the amplitude of the BSISO largely decayed during phases 8-1, which was likely to have been associated with the stagnant behavior of the convective cells over the Philippines. This stagnation of the propagation over the Philippines may be largely attributed to the small background southerlies bias in the model over the Philippines based on regression coefficient analysis using the moist static energy. The bias in the large-scale circulation was likely to have been associated with the bias in the moisture field and the associated background monsoonal circulation. We concluded that the model physics controlling the background fields are important factors for improving the BSISO prediction skill.

著者

Cyndy Liu Tae Nakano-Tateno Motoyasu Satou Constance Chik Toru Tateno

出版者

The Japan Endocrine Society

雑誌

Endocrine Journal (ISSN:09188959)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.EJ21-0106, (Released:2021-07-10)

被引用文献数

4

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Pituitary adenomas are benign tumours that can cause an individual various clinical manifestations including tumour mass effects and/or the diverse effects of abnormal pituitary hormone secretion. Given the morbidity and limited treatment options for pituitary adenomas, there is a need for better biomarkers and treatment options. One molecule that is of specific interest is the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a transcription factor that plays a critical role in mediating cytokine-induced changes in gene expression. In addition, STAT3 controls cell proliferation by regulating mitochondrial activity. Not only does activation of STAT3 play a crucial role in tumorigenesis, including pituitary tumorigenesis, but a number of studies also demonstrate pharmacological STAT3 inhibition as a promising treatment approach for many types of tumours, including pituitary tumours. This review will focus on the role of STAT3 in different pituitary adenomas, in particular, growth hormone-producing adenomas and null cell adenomas. Furthermore, how STAT3 is involved in the cell proliferation and hormone regulation in pituitary adenomas and its potential role as a molecular therapeutic target in pituitary adenomas will be summarized.

著者

Tsunesuke TOMODA Yasuo NAKANO Takashi KAGEYAMA

出版者

Japan Bifidus Foundation

雑誌

Bifidobacteria and Microflora (ISSN:02869306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.71-74, 1988 (Released:2010-06-28)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

13 20

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The number of intestinal Candida was correlated with the incidence of Candida infection. The number of intestinal Candida was higher in patients receiving antileukemic chemotherapy than in normal subjects. Respiratory and urinary infections were increased in patients with more than 105 Candida/g feces. Bifidobacterium administered orally to patients with more than 105 Candida/g feces, reduced the incidence of infection if the intestinal Candida population fell to less than 104/g feces.

著者

Masuo NAKANO Teruyuki KATO Syugo HAYASHI Sachie KANADA Yoshinori YAMADA Kazuo KURIHARA

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90A, pp.339-350, 2012 (Released:2012-06-07)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

14 34

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A 5-km-mesh nonhydrostatic cloud-system-resolving regional climate model (NHM-5km) has been developed at the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) by improving upon the JMA operational mesoscale model (MSM). Three major changes have been made to MSM: the Kain-Frisch convective parameterization scheme has been improved to reduce the incidence of false predictions of rainfall areas along coastlines during the warm season, a spectral nudging method has been introduced to avoid phase-gap between the inner model (NHM-5km) and the outer model, and a Simple Biosphere model has been applied for sophisticated representation of land surface processes. This article presents details of the first two of these modifications.A present-day climate simulation is performed using NHM-5km by nesting within the results of a 20-kmmesh atmospheric global climate model (MRI-AGCM3.2S). Taylor’s skill score is used to compare the performances of NHM-5km and MRI-AGCM3.2S in terms of reproducing the spatial pattern of precipitation-based extreme indices over the Japanese Islands. The comparison shows that NHM-5km yields a significant improvement in reproducing the present-day climatology (e.g., the maximum number of consecutive dry days and the simple daily precipitation intensity index), suggesting that NHM-5km is a reliable tool for accurately predicting future changes in extreme weather at a fine spatial resolution.

著者

中野 洋平 Yohei NAKANO

雑誌

人間と文化 (ISSN:24326399)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.199-205, 2017-02-28

著者

Aad G. Abbott B. Abdallah J. Abdinov O. Aben R. Abolins M. AbouZeid O. S. Abramowicz H. Abreu H. Abreu R. Abulaiti Y. Howard J. Pallin D. Palma A. Pan Y. B. St. Panagiotopoulou E. Pandini C. E. Panduro Vazquez J. G. Pani P. Panitkin S. Pantea D. Agricola J. Howarth J. Bellagamba L. Paolozzi L. Papadopoulou Th D. Papageorgiou K. Paramonov A. Paredes Hernandez D. Parker M. A. Parker K. A. Parodi F. Parsons J. A. Hrabovsky M. Parzefall U. Bellerive A. Pasqualucci E. Passaggio S. Pastore F. Pastore Fr Pásztor G. Pataraia S. Patel N. D. Pater J. R. Hristova I. Pauly T. Pearce J. Bellomo M. Pearson B. Pedersen L. E. Pedersen M. Pedraza Lopez S. Pedro R. Peleganchuk S. V. Pelikan D. Hrivnac J. Penc O. Peng C. Peng H. Belotskiy K. Penning B. Penwell J. Perepelitsa D. V. Perez Codina E. Pérez García-Estañ M. T. Perini L. Hryn'ova T. Pernegger H. Perrella S. Peschke R. Peshekhonov V. D. Beltramello O. Peters K. Peters R. F Y Petersen B. A. Petersen T. C. Petit E. Hrynevich A. Petridis A. Petridou C. Petroff P. Petrolo E. Petrucci F. Benary O. Pettersson N. E. Pezoa R. Phillips P. W. Piacquadio G. Hsu C. Pianori E. Picazio A. Piccaro E. Piccinini M. Pickering M. A. Piegaia R. Benchekroun D. Pignotti D. T. Pilcher J. E. Pilkington A. D. Hsu P. J. Pin A. W J Pina J. Pinamonti M. Pinfold J. L. Pingel A. Pires S. Pirumov H. Bender M. Pitt M. Pizio C. Hsu S. C. Plazak L. Pleier M. A. Pleskot V. Plotnikova E. Plucinski P. Pluth D. Poettgen R. Poggioli L. Bendtz K. Pohl D. Artz S. Atlay N. B. Polesello G. Poley A. Policicchio A. Polifka R. Polini A. Pollard C. S. Polychronakos V. Pommès K. Pontecorvo L. Benekos N. Hu D. Pope B. G. Popeneciu G. A. Popovic D. S. Poppleton A. Pospisil S. Potamianos K. Potrap I. N. Potter C. J. Potter C. T. Poulard G. Hu Q. Aguilar-Saavedra J. A. Benhammou Y. Poveda J. Pozdnyakov V. Pozo Astigarraga M. E. Pralavorio P. Pranko A. Prasad S. Prell S. Price D. Hu X. Price L. E. Primavera M. Benhar Noccioli E. Prince S. Proissl M. Prokofiev K. 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出版者

Elsevier

雑誌

Physics Letters, Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics (ISSN:03702693)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.756, pp.228-246, 2016-05

被引用文献数

32

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This Letter presents evidence for single top-quark production in the s-channel using proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The analysis is performed on events containing one isolated electron or muon, large missing transverse momentum and exactly two b-tagged jets in the final state. The analysed data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb-1. The signal is extracted using a maximum-likelihood fit of a discriminant which is based on the matrix element method and optimized in order to separate single-top-quark s-channel events from the main background contributions, which are top-quark pair production and W boson production in association with heavy-flavour jets. The measurement leads to an observed signal significance of 3.2 standard deviations and a measured cross-section of σs=4.8±0.8(stat.)-1.3+1.6(syst.) pb, which is consistent with the Standard Model expectation. The expected significance for the analysis is 3.9 standard deviations.