著者
中島 賢太郎 上原 克仁 都留 康
出版者
岩波書店
雑誌
経済研究 (ISSN:00229733)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.69, no.1, pp.18-34, 2018-01

本稿は,企業内の社員間コミュニケーション・ネットワークの構造,およびそれが業務成果に与える影響について定量的に分析することを目的とする.ウェアラブルセンサによって,法人顧客向けソフトウェア・サポート業務を行う企業の2つの事業所の社員同士の対面コミュニケーション行動データを収集した.このデータを用い,まず,ソシオグラムによってコミュニケーション・ネットワークの構造を明らかにした.次いで,各社員の成果データ(生産性)を用い,コミュニケーションが個人および事業所の生産性に与える影響を分析した.その結果,コミュニケーション・ネットワークにおける媒介中心性の上昇は事業所の成果に頑健に正で有意な影響を持つことが示された.このことは,知的業務におけるコミュニケーションが知識・情報交換であるがゆえに,直面した問題に対し,適切に他の社員からコミュニケーションによって情報収集することが重要であることを示唆する.This paper empirically investigates the structure of communication networks among employees within a firm and the impact of the communication networks on their productivity. To collect information on face-to-face communication among employees quantitatively, we use wearable sensors that automatically record data on face-to-face communication among employees wearing them at two offices of a company that provides software support to corporate clients. Using the data, we first show the structure of the communication network using sociogram. Next, we investigate the impact of the communication network on productivity. The results show that an increase in betweenness centrality in a communication network has a positive and significant impact on office performance. Communication between employees can be interpreted as the transfer of their specialized knowledge. Thus, it is considered that an employeeʼs high betweenness centrality indicates that the employee efficiently gathers information from various colleagues through the communication network. These results imply that the efficient gathering of information through face-to-face communication with various colleagues who have specialized expert knowledge improves productivity by helping to solve complicated problems that employees face.
著者
駒宮 功額
出版者
安全工学会
雑誌
安全工学 (ISSN:05704480)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.14, no.3, pp.169-174, 1975-06-15 (Released:2018-06-30)

動物による災害は減少しつつあるが,間接的な災害は増加の傾向があり,新しい災害の種を作っている.ここでは直接的災害を猛獣,家畜,海生動物,昆虫などに別けて紹介したが,交通機関の発達は対象とする動物の種類を増加させているし,海洋開発のような新技術の開発時の安全には海生動物も含まれることがわかる.間接的災害も技術の発展が生んだもので,小さな鳥のためジェット機が墜落する惨事も現実に生じた.この他クラゲによる停電,ガス事故なども社会的に大きな影響を与えることが災害例から知ることができる.これらの災害を防ぐにはまず,動物の習性をよく理解することが重要であろう.

1 0 0 0 OA 警察博覧会誌

出版者
旭川新聞社
巻号頁・発行日
1935
著者
小島 久子 鞠子 茂 中村 徹 林 一六
出版者
植生学会
雑誌
植生学会誌 (ISSN:13422448)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.20, no.1, pp.55-64, 2003

長野県菅平にある筑波大学の樹木園に植栽されたブナとミズナラの開葉時期と,葉の霜に対する耐性について実験を行った.実験にはマイナス5度以下に調節できる生育箱と野外で同じような冷却条件が与えられる自然放射冷却装置を製作して用いた.この自然放射冷却装置は既報の論文を参考にこの実験のために製作した.同時にブナ群落の分布限界とされている黒松内を中心とした北海道南部各地の温量指数と遅霜出現時期を検討した.開葉時期は1988年から1994年までの7年間記録し,その平均を求めた.それによると,ブナはミズナラより平均10日ほど早く開葉し,それに要する日温量指数はブナで平均113℃日,ミズナラで182℃日であった.一方,開葉したばかりの葉の霜に対する耐性の実験では,ブナの開葉したばかりの葉は霜に遭うと枯死し,開葉前の芽の段階では霜にあっても枯死しなかった.ミズナラは枝の先端に複数の冬芽を付け,若葉が霜で枯れても側芽が開葉し,その後成長できた.それにたいして,ブナの頂芽は前年の8月ころから形成され,側芽をもたないので,開葉後,遅霜に遭うとその後の成長ができなかった.ミズナラは,開葉時期が遅いことと,側芽を持つことによって,遅霜の害を回避している.開葉時期の遅れは,遅霜のない地域では光合成の開始時期の遅れとなり,物質生産においてブナに対して不利である.ブナは光合成を早く開始する代わりに遅霜に遭遇する危険をもつ.この二つの実験から,ブナは日温量指数が113℃日に達した後遅霜がある地域には自然には分布できないが,ミズナラは上に述べた生態的特性によってその地域でも分布でき,より北に分布を広げることができると思われる.日温量指数が113℃日に達した後に遅霜がある地域を北海道南部で調べてみると,倶知安と岩見沢が相当する.ブナが分布できる黒松内と倶知安のあいだには羊蹄山,ニセコアンヌプリなどの山塊があり,この山塊付近が113℃日に達した後遅霜がある地域に当たりブナの自然分布を妨げていると考えられる.これをブナの北限を説明する開葉時期-遅霜仮説とする.この仮説から,日温量指数が113℃日に達する前に最後の遅霜のある地域では黒松内以北でもブナは生育できるので,人為的に植えればブナは生育できるであろう.
著者
角野 卓造
出版者
日経BP社 ; 1985-
雑誌
日経マネー (ISSN:09119361)
巻号頁・発行日
no.430, pp.142-144, 2018-04

76Takuzo Kadono1948年東京都生まれ、大阪府育ち。71年学習院大学経済学部卒業後、文学座附属演劇研究所を経て、文学座座員に。72年『飢餓海峡』で初舞台を踏む。
著者
Kenji KATOH Tatsuro WAKIMOTO
出版者
The Japanese Society for Experimental Mechanics
雑誌
実験力学 (ISSN:13464930)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.14, no.Special_Issue, pp.s36-s41, 2014-07-01 (Released:2014-09-03)
参考文献数
10

It is well known as the wringing phenomenon of gage blocks that a strong adhesive force appears between two smooth surfaces when a thin liquid film is applied on the interface. A theoretical and experimental study is conducted to discuss the wringing mechanism. The liquid film may be separated into a large number of small puddles when two surfaces are rubbed together. One can expect a large adhesive force due to the resultant of surface tension acting on the circumference of each puddle. Numerical results for oil distribution between two surfaces show that the total perimeter length of liquid film reaches 10500 m on the surface of 3cm2, which leads to 1.0×106 (N/m2) for the adhesive force. The adhesive forces measured experimentally roughly agree with the theoretical value. A simple model is proposed to explain the adhesive force dependence on the velocity of pulling apart two surfaces.
著者
加々良 尚文 野口 眞三郎
出版者
日本内分泌外科学会・日本甲状腺外科学会
雑誌
日本内分泌・甲状腺外科学会雑誌 (ISSN:21869545)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.36, no.2, pp.96-100, 2019 (Released:2019-10-03)
参考文献数
31

乳癌の約70%はエストロゲン受容体(ER)陽性であり,内分泌療法の適応となる。ER陽性の転移再発乳癌の治療には,一般に副作用の少ない内分泌療法が優先的に使用されるが,多くは治療中に耐性を生じる。近年,耐性機序の一つとして,エストロゲン受容体(ER)をコードするESR1遺伝子の変異が報告され,長期のアロマターゼ阻害剤(AI)治療後に高頻度で生じることがわかった。これらの変異はエストロゲン非依存的なER活性をもたらすことにより,種々の内分泌療法にも抵抗性を示し,全生存期間にも影響を与える。変異の検索には,血中循環腫瘍DNAが利用可能であり,ESR1を対象としたリキッドバイオプシーが治療効果予測や予後予測に有用と考えられる。以下,乳癌におけるESR1変異の臨床的意義や特徴について概説する。
著者
鈴木 京子
出版者
異文化間教育学会
雑誌
異文化間教育 (ISSN:09146970)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.42, pp.59-74, 2015-08-31 (Released:2020-05-19)
参考文献数
16

This paper is an attempt to describe the process of personal growth caused by intercultural contacts experienced by Japanese teachers who were sent to overseas schools on the REX Program. Further, it refines the definition of the term ‘intercultural adaptation’. Twenty-six incumbent teachers who had taught Japanese at local schools in 8 different countries were interviewed. The Interpretive Approach was adopted because, in such a study, it is important to know how the interviewees understand and interpret their experiences. By using the Modified Grounded Theory Approach, the appraisals and emotions the interviewees had when they encountered cultural differences while abroad were analyzed and category analyses were done of how such appraisals and emotions contributed to their personal growth.As a result of their overseas experiences, the guest teachers showed two kinds of changes: “guests’ changes”, which are based on their positive appraisals and emotions towards their hosts’ cultural norms and practices, and “guests’ enforced changes”, which are based on their negative ones. It was also found that when the “guests’ changes” were coupled with “self-reflection”, these often led, first to the “deepening of human understanding”, then to a “sign of biculturalism”, and finally to a “setting of new goals”, which was a route to their “personal growth”. On the other hand, “guests’ enforced changes” did not lead to their “personal growth” unless the guests took their emotionally hard experiences as a “negative model” and changed it to a positive model. From the above, it was concluded that if guests expect to attain a “personal growth” from their overseas experiences, “guests’ changes” are the most important, and one consequently needs to be aware that there are two kinds of intercultural adaptations based on the guests’ appraisals and emotions.
著者
丸山 篤志 大場 和彦 黒瀬 義孝
出版者
The Society of Agricultural Meteorology of Japan
雑誌
農業気象 (ISSN:00218588)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.56, no.4, pp.275-282, 2000-12-10 (Released:2010-02-25)
参考文献数
9
被引用文献数
2 1

Effects of wind and salt water exposure on yield of paddy rice were investigated by using a wind tunnel and sprinkler. Rice plants were exposed to seventy-two different treatment combinations of salt concentration, wind duration, cultivar (Hinohikari and Yumehikari) and growth stage. Photosynthesis on the day after treatment was decreased by wind and salt water exposure. Percentage and weight of filled grain at harvesting, and consequently yield were also decreased by wind and salt water exposure. Yield reduction in Hinohikari was more than Yumehikari due to a difference in wind tolerance between the two cultivars. The amount of adhered salt on the rice plants grown outdoors decreased after treatment due to rainfall, but the yield reduction was the same as cropping under cover (no rainfall) after treatment.The amount of adhered salt on the panicle after treatment was directly proportional to salt concentration in the sprayed water. Using the proportional coefficient, relationships between the amount of adhered salt on the panicle and relative yield of paddy rice were determined. Relative yield of paddy rice decreased from 1.0 to 0.2 when treated at heading time and 8-12 days after heading as the amount of adhered salt increased from 0 to 6mg per panicle. In the same way, relative yield decreased from 1.0 to 0.7 when treated at 21-25 days after heading. These relationships will be useful in predicting the yield of paddy rice affected by strong wind and salt from the sea caused by typhoons.
著者
出口 雅史
出版者
中央大学社会科学研究所
雑誌
中央大学社会科学研究所年報 (ISSN:13432125)
巻号頁・発行日
no.23, pp.287-305, 2019-09-30

The growing importance of cyber security has been accompanied by an increase in the threat of cyber attacks. The most remarkable reason for this is the superiority of cyber attacks. The cost of cyber attacks seems to be relatively lower than defense because they do not require expensive hardware; further, the possibility of facing retaliation is low. However, in recent years, the United States has examined new countermeasures, such as sanctions to deter cyber attacks. This paper will investigate how and why the Obama administration introduced sanctions against cyber attacks. The article focuses, especially, on the sanctions against China, North Korea, and Russia. There are two major reasons underlying the changes in the cyber strategy of the Obama administration and specific factors for each. The purpose of the paper is to explain how the two reasons are related to the sanctions against cyber attacks introduced by the Obama administration.
著者
柴田 寛 杉山 磨哉 鈴木 美穂 金 情浩 行場 次朗 小泉 政利
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.13, no.3, pp.301-315, 2006 (Released:2008-11-13)
参考文献数
34

According to a widely held view, the object-subject-verb word order in Japanese is derived from the subject-object-verb word order by shifting the object to the sentence-initial position. This movement of the object, called scrambling, is hypothesized to leave “a trace” in the original object position (Saito, 1985). With regard to this view, during online sentence processing, a fronted object must be associated with its trace (filler-driven parsing). If a human actually processes scrambled sentences by filler-driven parsing, it is assumed that an object is reactivated and the processing load increases at the trace position. Although many psycholinguistic studies have been conducted in order to investigate the processing of a trace at the trace position, few studies have focused on processing around the trace positions. In the present study, by using a cross-modal lexical priming (CMLP) task that is capable of measuring the processing load and the activation level of an object at arbitrary positions, we investigated the processing around the trace positions in Japanese clause-internal scrambled sentences. In this study, in order to correct the problem encountered in the preceding study (Nakano et al., 2002) using the CMLP task, we did not measure the direct priming effect; however, we measured the indirect priming effect as a method of investigating the activation level of an object. When the data of all the participants were analyzed together, the increases in the processing load and the reactivation of an object around the trace position were not revealed. However, because of the difficulty of the CMLP task, the previous study (Nakano et al., 2002) presented the reactivation of an object at the trace position for participants who responded to lexical decisions quickly and possessed a high working memory capacity. Therefore, the participants in this study were divided into fast and slow groups based on their lexical decision latencies during the task. The results that reflect the filler-driven parsing were revealed only for the fast group. In the fast group, the processing load at the trace position was found to exceed the load at the position preceding and following the trace position. Further analyses of the results showed that the activation level of an object increased only at the trace position.
著者
神山 眞一
雑誌
オイコノミカ (ISSN:03891364)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.51, no.1, pp.5-23, 2015-01-07

1 0 0 0 OA 毎日年鑑

著者
毎日新聞社 編
出版者
毎日新聞社
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1948(昭和23年版), 1948