著者
木下 冨雄
出版者
日本行動計量学会
雑誌
行動計量学 (ISSN:03855481)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.43, no.1, pp.5-12, 2016 (Released:2016-09-09)
参考文献数
39
被引用文献数
1

Although the mathematical bases of risk are not entirely derived from the probability theory, the two have a delicate and unique relationship. At the origin of the science of risk, insurance companies flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries, where the calculation of insurance premium was based on probabilistic concepts, especially those developed by Pascal. Distinguished mathematicians such as Huygens, Bernoulli, and Bayes all belonged to this era. The probability theory was often used for risk analysis with relatively simple structures such as chemicals and toxicology, and this tendency is still dominant today. However, as risk targets expanded to include complex and non-linear phenomena such as environmental and social risks, the conventional, simple probability theory proved inadequate. In particular, probabilistic tools cannot be used to assess the complex mechanisms of low-level radiation risk. Moreover, huge earthquakes and nuclear power plant meltdown incidents that have a low frequency of occurrence but devastating repercussions cannot be approached with the probability theory. The appropriate mathematical model for such risks has not yet been developed.
著者
永井 聖剛
出版者
日本文学協会
雑誌
日本文学 (ISSN:03869903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.46, no.12, pp.42-53, 1997

明治四〇年三月に『文章世界』は「写生と写生文」という特集を組んだ。「写生と写生文とは、今の文壇を動かしつゝある一問題である」と特集の序文は敬意と親近感を表明しているが、その内実は「写生文」と「今の文壇」との間に横たわる断絶を強調するものであった。また同時に、その時期は、高浜虚子が「写生」に限界を感じ、それを「小説」において克服しようとしていたときでもあった。本稿は、同時代の虚子の試行を考慮に入れながら、自然主義の牙城ともいわれた『文章世界』が「写生と写生文」について物語ることの意味を探ろうとするものである。

3 0 0 0 OA 群書類従

出版者
巻号頁・発行日
vol.第47-48,
著者
大井 逸輝 河﨑 亮一 田中 健太郎 御影 雅幸
出版者
一般社団法人 日本東洋医学会
雑誌
日本東洋医学雑誌 (ISSN:02874857)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, no.5, pp.305-312, 2012 (Released:2013-02-14)
参考文献数
8

漢方生薬「附子」は強毒性のブシジエステルアルカロイド(BDA)を含むが,生薬原料には BDA 含量の高いものがよいと考えられてきた。一方,第十六改正日本薬局方では減毒処理方法および BDA 含量の上限値が規定された。本研究では,古文献の附子の良品に関する記載内容を検討し,附子の形状と BDA 含量の関係について調査した。その結果,大型で角(細根基部肥大部)がある附子が尊ばれていたこと,また使用時は,原材料(子根)から細根基部肥大部(節・角)および根頭部(臍)を切り取る修治が行われていたことが明らかとなった。大型の附子は BDA 含量が低値に安定し,根頭部(臍)および細根基部肥大部(角)は子根本体に比べて BDA 含量が高いことが明らかになったことから,選品においても修治法においても BDA 含量を低くする目的があった可能性が示唆された。したがって,古来の良質品附子は毒性が低くかつ安定したものであったと考証した。
著者
森 裕城
出版者
日本選挙学会
雑誌
選挙研究 (ISSN:09123512)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.34, no.2, pp.18-32, 2018 (Released:2021-07-16)

本稿の目的は,小選挙区比例代表並立制における政党競合の展開を,共時的・通時的の両面からトータルに叙述することである。本稿における主な発見は次の3点にまとめられる。①中選挙区制時代の政党競合のあり方が,新しい選挙制度のあり方を規定しており,それが自民党に有利に働いたこと,②小選挙区比例代表並立制導入後の巨大政党の誕生は,予言の自己成就としての性格を有しており,それが非自民勢力に多大な負荷を与えたこと,③異なる原理を有する小選挙区制と比例代表制を足し合わせた制度である小選挙区比例代表並立制は,政治過程に複雑な力学をもたらしており,それが現在の野党分断現象を生んでいること。同じ小選挙区比例代表並立制であっても,小選挙区の数(比率ではない)がいくつになるかで,政党競合のあり方が大きく変わることを,本稿の内容は示唆している。

3 0 0 0 群馬県史

著者
群馬県史編さん委員会 編
出版者
群馬県
巻号頁・発行日
vol.通史編 3 (中世), 1989
著者
Kenta Shirasawa Daijiro Harada Hideki Hirakawa Sachiko Isobe Chittaranjan Kole
出版者
Japanese Society of Breeding
雑誌
Breeding Science (ISSN:13447610)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.71, no.2, pp.117-124, 2021 (Released:2021-05-20)
参考文献数
44
被引用文献数
20

Genome sequence analysis in higher plants began with the whole-genome sequencing of Arabidopsis thaliana. Owing to the great advances in sequencing technologies, also known as next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, genomes of more than 400 plant species have been sequenced to date. Long-read sequencing technologies, together with sequence scaffolding methods, have enabled the synthesis of chromosome-level de novo genome sequence assemblies, which has further allowed comparative analysis of the structural features of multiple plant genomes, thus elucidating the evolutionary history of plants. However, the quality of the assembled chromosome-level sequences varies among plant species. In this review, we summarize the status of chromosome-level assemblies of 114 plant species, with genome sizes ranging from 125 Mb to 16.9 Gb. While the average genome coverage of the assembled sequences reached up to 89.1%, the average coverage of chromosome-level pseudomolecules was 73.3%. Thus, further improvements in sequencing technologies and scaffolding, and data analysis methods, are required to establish gap-free telomere-to-telomere genome sequence assemblies. With the forthcoming new technologies, we are going to enter into a new genomics era where pan-genomics and the >1,000 or >1 million genomes’ project will be routine in higher plants.
著者
森岡 清志
出版者
The Japan Sociological Society
雑誌
社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.30, no.1, pp.19-35,113, 1979-06-30 (Released:2009-11-11)
参考文献数
6
被引用文献数
2

本稿はネットワークを、自己が他者ととり結ぶ関係性の総体ととらえ、この関係性理解によって諸個人の行動を把握する理論仮説の提示をめざしている。社会的ネットワークに関する諸業績の検討の後に、個人ネットワークにおける関係的資源活性化の効率上昇をめざして、ネットワークの構造化過程が進行する諸側面を分析する。この過程を関係核の設定と関係連合の形成として具体化し、その主体を「社会の事業家」と位置づける。ここに典型化されるネットワークに対比して、関係の固有性に依拠する諸個人のネットワークをコミットメントの連鎖ととらえ、その主体を対自的存在と定位する。この両ネットワークを両極として、さまざまな変異の様相を帯びる現実的実践的諸関係性を、実証科学の武器によって切開しうる方法の構築を志向して、次にネットワーク分析の規準群を設定する。本稿は、関係しあう諸個人がこの関係性のただ中で相互に固有の人間として所有されあうという認識、および、この関係創造のあり方に刻印づけられる歴史性こそ、当該社会の存立の形態そのものであるという理解を論理の基底に位置づけている。
著者
鈴木 明哲
出版者
体育史学会
雑誌
体育史研究 (ISSN:09144730)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.40, pp.29-40, 2023 (Released:2023-08-13)

This paper considers how the partner exercise has been retained in physical education practice and school sports festival from elementary school to senior high school in japan after deleted from the course of study. The partner exercise was deleted from the course of study were 1953 in elementary school, 1958 in junior high school and 1960 in senior high school. The Ministry of Education by the official daily gazette from 1958, in addition, strengthened the restriction of the course of study. The most important part of this argument is that the reason why the partner exercise has been retained in the physical education practice and the school sports festival under strengthened the restriction of the course of study.  The results of the considerations are summarized follows: In the course of study in elementary school (1949), the partner exercise belonged to the part of the calisthenics composed of three children without the pyramid building. Since the partner exercise deleted from the course of study in elementary school (1953), a lot of teachers through the discussion in physical education magazine recognized that the partner exercise is the same as the calisthenics. Therefore, the partner exercise has been exist in physical education practice in order to training physical fitness and mind.  In the course of study in junior high school and senior high school (1951), the partner exercise belonged to the part of the “Kohgi” (= apparatus gymnastics, pyramid building, stunts and tumbling). Since the “Kohgi” deleted from the course of study in junior high school (1958) and senior high school (1960), the partner exercise recognized the calisthenics as like elementary school has been retained in physical education practice.  A further important point is the relationship between the physical education practice and the school sports festival over the partner exercise. The partner exercise has been placed in the program of the school sports festival before practiced in physical education. Performing the partner exercise in the school sports festival needed a lot of time to prepare it, because many teachers and audience sought high performance for students. As a result, the partner exercise was practiced in physical education course in all year in order to complete it in the school sports festival.  Finally, the main reason why the partner exercise has been exist in the whole school after deleted from the course of study was that a lot of teachers gave it highly educational philosophy which the character building through the school life.
著者
中島 定彦 Sadahiko Nakajima
雑誌
人文論究 (ISSN:02866773)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, no.2, pp.55-74, 2013-09-20
著者
遠藤 邦彦 阿部 晶子 津野田 聡子 柳 治雄 井佐原 均
出版者
一般社団法人 日本高次脳機能障害学会
雑誌
高次脳機能研究 (旧 失語症研究) (ISSN:13484818)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.25, no.2, pp.165-178, 2005 (Released:2006-07-14)
参考文献数
25

音節を認知するときに, 子音と過渡部 (子音から母音への移行部, フォルマントの遷移部) が果たす役割を検討した。認知の手がかりが子音と過渡部, 子音のみ, 過渡部のみにある音を自然言語音から作成し, 失語症31例と健常者18名に語音認知検査を実施した。認知の手がかりとして, 子音は, 過渡部より強力であった。子音を削除した刺激では, 過渡部のフォルマントが手がかりとして有効であった。言語音の中には認知の手がかりが子音にある音と, 過渡部にもある音とがあった。構音点の解読には子音と過渡部の両方の情報が, 構音方法, および鼻音・非鼻音の解読には子音の情報が, 有声・無声の解読には子音または過渡部のどちらか一方の情報が必要であった。言語音の認知にもっとも大きな障害を生じたのは, 左縁上回下部の病巣であった。音声からの特徴抽出が, はじめに子音を, 次に過渡部をもとに二段階でなされると, 精密で高速な語音認知が可能と考えられた。
著者
畑 正世
出版者
社団法人 日本泌尿器科学会
雑誌
日本泌尿器科學會雑誌 (ISSN:00215287)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.27, no.9, pp.473-478, 1938 (Released:2010-07-23)
参考文献数
22

Ich habe über einen Fall von Fremdkörper im Harnwege (eine Haarzange und zwei Bambusstückchen, die als Essstäbchen gebraucht werden) beschrieben.Der Patient war ein 24 jähriger Kraftwagenführer.Nach I Woche bekam er plötzlich Tetanus-krampf. Über einen weiteren Fall von Tetanus nach Verbrennung habe ich mitgeteilt. Er war ein 18 jähriger Drechsler.Die Inkubationszeit war 3 Tage.Die Beiden wurden durch die Injektion des Tetanus-heilserums (früh, jede 10c.c. intradural, 30c.c. intramusculär) ausgeheilt.
著者
飯田 耕二郎
出版者
The Human Geographical Society of Japan
雑誌
人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.46, no.1, pp.85-102, 1994-02-28 (Released:2009-04-28)
参考文献数
33
被引用文献数
1 2

This paper is a study of the Japanese in Hawaii who emigrated to work since the early Meiji Era. The methods of study and the results of the analysis are as follows:1. The resident distribution of Japanese immigrants in Hawaii and the structure of the population, classified according to birthplace, in each residence are analyzed using The Hawaii-Japanese Annual. “THE NIPPU JIJI, THE HAWAII-JAPANESE ANNUAL & DIRECTORY 1929” was used as basic material, and the number of people from each prefecture in Japan was counted residence by residence. First, in the case of the resident distribution, the number of residents in each island and, in addition, the number of residents in each section of each island was determined. On the basis of these results, a resident distribution map was made and then it was compared with the distribution map of Japanese schools, organizations, churches, etc. Consequently, it became clear that the resident distribution was closely related to the position of sugarcane fields where many Japanese worked. Second, with respect to the number of people classified according to birthplace, for all of Hawaii the highest number came from Hiroshima Prefecture, followed by Yamaguchi, Kumamoto, Okinawa, and Fukuoka Prefectures, respectively. This emphasizes the fact that there were many people from the southwest prefectures of Japan. Analyzed by island, it is noticeable that the number of people from Okinawa Prefecture was the second highest on Maui and the number from Kumamoto Prefecture was the second highest on Hawaii (the Big Island). Then, in each section, a study was done of all the prefectures people came from to determine which prefecture had the highest number of people. As a result, it was discovered that people from Yamaguchi Prefecture tended to disperse evenly, while, on the other hand, people from Okinawa Prefecture were likely to live communally within a section.2. To find the reason why many people from each prefecture lived in their particular sections, the relationship between the birthplace of the Japanese workers and the fields where they worked during the time of Japanese government contract labor emigrants (when the first mass emigration into Hawaii occurred) was made clear with Japanese Foreign Ministry documents. Then this was compared with the distribution in 1929, mentioned in No. 1, and to what extent changes occurred became clear.3. To examine the population movement during the time between 1885 and 1929, the course which people took while moving was investigated on the basis of the records of personal life history. Although only ten people were examined, it was discovered that people changed their residences three times on the average, and they did not have a tendency to settle.