著者
坪郷 賓
出版者
日本公共政策学会
雑誌
公共政策研究 (ISSN:21865868)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, pp.21-32, 2019-05-20 (Released:2021-10-02)
参考文献数
48

本稿は,日本における市民社会の形成と課題について述べ,市民自治と市民参加の原像と理論を確認し,1990年代以後の市民参加と自治体再構築の課題について述べる。第1に,市民自治の営みに関して,1970年代から2010年代に至るまで,それぞれの時期の特徴的な市民活動を挙げながら,日本における市民社会の形成を概観する。さらに,市民活動を6類型に類型化することにより,市民社会の強化の課題について述べる。特に,市民活動のための資金の循環の仕組みを作ることと,市民活動団体によるアドボカシー活動が重要である。第2に,1970年代の市民自治と市民参加の原像と理論について述べる。この時期の市民参加の理論は,市民参加が自治体改革と政策革新を必要とすること,市民参加が運動の制度化と制度の運動化によりダイナミズムを獲得することを述べている。第3に,1970年代と比較して,1990年代以降は市民参加の環境が変化するとともに,市民参加の手法が多様化している。しかし,2000年の分権改革以後,市民自治体など自治体の再構築が試みられているが,自治体議会改革はまだ始動したところであり,自治体議会における決算・事業評価・予算のサイクルを確立し,市民参加を試みる段階である。
著者
金森 達之 桑山 健次 辻川 健治 宮口 一 岩田 祐子 井上 博之 岸 徹
出版者
日本法科学技術学会
雑誌
日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.12, no.2, pp.237-245, 2007 (Released:2007-10-06)
参考文献数
7
被引用文献数
3 5

A urine sample obtained from a phenothiazine user was examined to identify metabolites which caused false-positive result on a screening test for methamphetamine in urine based on the Simon's color test. The urine sample was processed by liquid-liquid extraction under mild alkaline condition, and the extract was analyzed by TLC using Simon's reagent as a visualization reagent. Two blue or violet spots were appeared on the TLC plate by this reagent, and were identified as norchlorpromazine sulfoxide and norpromethazine sulfoxide by mass spectrometry after purification of the spots. Both of these two compounds possess an aliphatic secondary amine moiety, and are known as the metabolites of chlorpromazine and promethazine. These metabolites in the above urine sample were also confirmed by HPLC and LC/MS analysis. A control urine sample spiked with these metabolites gave positive result on the above screening test, indicating that these metabolites were the substances which caused false-positive on the test.
著者
正宗 鈴香
出版者
筑波大学留学生センター
雑誌
筑波大学留学生センター日本語教育論集 (ISSN:13481363)
巻号頁・発行日
no.14, pp.95-108, 1999-02-20

近年、大学に在籍する初級日本語学習者の学習目的が多様化している。その中で、大学生活や研究する際のコミュニケーション能力を必要とする学習者が増加しており、コミュニケーション能力を目的とした日本語教育にも焦点があてられてきている。コミュニケーション能力を養成するには、言語的知識を与えるだけではなく、対象文化での適応面、言語運用面といった社会活動面も包括した総合的な学習が重要になってくると思われる。そのアプローチの一つとして異文化理解教育を応用することが考えられる。本稿では、筑波大学留学生センターの予備教育に導入されている異文化理解プログラムを取り上げ、その目的の一つである「言語運用能力のための支援」を中心に考察する。また、カリキュラムの中で大きな役割を果たす教科書、当センターで使用しているSituational Functional Japaneseの特性と異文化理解学習との関係も重ねて考察する。プログラムでは、いくつかの言語表現を取り上げ、それらの意味的ニュアンス、コミュニケーション上の効果やそれを使用する際の発想、それを支える心理の在り方などをディスカッションを通して理解を推進し、言語学習の効率化を図った。
著者
佐藤 丙午
出版者
一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会
雑誌
国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2022, no.205, pp.205_14-205_28, 2022-02-04 (Released:2022-03-31)
参考文献数
35

An economic statecraft is a policy measures utilizing an economic incentives and disincentives to force targeting county to comply with political demand of the sender. It is not a single definable policy measure but multiple measures to attain policy objectives through reflection of the degree and level of economic interaction among states.Economic statecraft is a policy measures by choice. Its political utilities are wide and politically manipulable since it is flexible in imposing and lifting the measures. It is often used to show senders political discontent without harming the formal political relations. It can also be utilized to execute political and tactical pressure by banning the export of the strategic goods and technologies thus deprive access to those items and control the degree of military development of the target. The UN has imposed various forms of economic sanctions under the UN Charter provisions.Despite the multiple utilities of these policy measures, a casual mechanism of the economic statecraft in changing the political decision of target is unknown. It may cause economic pain to the economy of the target and the mounting domestic pressure to concede to the demand of the sender could be a political driver. In opposite, it may harden the reaction of the target since it may unite the country to resist to the external pressure. As for the positive economic incentive, the domestic audience of the target may not induce by the reward given, thus may blur the mechanism of causal relationships.In many cases, economic statecraft is imposed without setting the specific goal or lifted without tangible result and fulfilling the concrete demand of the target. It is a symbolic policy tools to persuade domestic audience of the sender by showing that their government is executing tangible policy measures to exercise power on the target over contested political agenda. At the same token, a defensive economic measure, most notably export controls, may frame economic interaction corresponding to the strategic relationship. The aim of this measure is to shape the political relationship rather than punish or deter specific action.The assessment of utility of the economic statecraft differs when considering short term and long-term effect of the measures. Additionally, the economic statecraft has positive record when an instant reaction to the developing events is necessary to spare time for further consideration of policy appropriate.

2 0 0 0 映画情報

出版者
国際情報社
巻号頁・発行日
vol.45(1)(復刊329), 1980-01
著者
門村 浩
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.61, no.2, pp.205-228, 1988-02-01 (Released:2008-12-25)
参考文献数
179
被引用文献数
1 1

This paper reviews geographical studies of desertification, one of major global environmental issues in this century, in a historical perspective. Mention is made of the present status and future tasks of Japanese studies on this topic. Studies of desertification can date back to the early 20th century when a debate on the question of “progressive desiccation” and “desert encroachment” on the southern margin of the Sahara was of major concern among French and English geographers. Among others, following two scientists must be noted as the founders of desertification.studies: E. P. Stebbing (1935), English forestry professor who first stressed the spreading of desert conditions and the role of man in environmental deterioration, and A. Aubreville (1949), French ecologist and plant geographer who first used the term “desertification” in his book and persisted in his opinion of the creation of desert-like conditions due to human activities. Since the early 1970s, when the “Drought in Africa” reached its first culmination, studies on desertification issue, including those by geographers, have been accelerated. The U. N. Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) held in Nairobi in 1977, with the “Drought in Africa” in the backdrop, had drawn the widespread attention of the public and scientists. The activities of world geographers, in particular those organized in the IGU Working Group on Desertification in and around Arid Lands (1972-80), had served great deal in the preparation of the UNCOD and the Plan of the Action to Combat Desertification (PACD), the major product of the UNCOD, by presenting background documents and case studies. Since 1980, international cooperative research on arid lands within the IGU has been succeeded by the Working Group on Resources Management in Drylands. Recent activities of geographers in and outside of the Working Group have contributed to the implementation of and the assessment of the progress of the PACD. One of the recent trends in the desertification studies is the prevalent attention to the geopolitical approach to the problems of poverty and famine, and the transfer of strategies to combat desertification applied in one region to other regions. In Japan, overseas research in and and semi-arid lands began as early as the mid-1960s, but the attention to the desertification issue by geographers did not grow until the early 1980s. However, a number of studies in the and to humid regions of the world by Japanese geographers have been more or less related to the desertification phenomenon in a broad sense, i, e. soil erosion, vegetation degradation, water logging and salinization of irrigated lands, etc. With the “Crisis of Africa” resulting from the second culmination of persistent drought and desertification in the early 1980s in the background, the above studies were brought together into the Symposium on the Geography of Desertification held in September 1986. The papers presented at the symposium and published in this special issue have revealed rapid progress in the desertification studies in Japan in the last years. However, Japanese studies are still young, and following should be reinforced for further development of desertification studies. 1) Clima.tological and meteorological studies on the causes and effects of drought at various scales. 2) Comparative studies between regions under different climatic conditions as well as under different political and socioeconomic conditions. 3) Studies of human aspects in relation to the problems of poverty, population growth, famine, energy supply, etc.
著者
相良 陽一郎 相良 麻里 サガラ ヨウイチロウ サガラ マリ Yoichiro SAGARA Mari SAGARA
雑誌
千葉商大紀要
巻号頁・発行日
vol.43, no.4, pp.37-59, 2006-03-31

本研究では,青年期前および青年期全般における自己愛と攻撃性の関係について横断的に検討するため,572名の小学生・中学生・高校生・大学生を対象に,NPI-SとBAQにより自己愛傾向と攻撃性を測定し,下位尺度を含めた両尺度間の相関を年齢群ごとに検討した。その結果,自己愛が高いと攻撃性も高くなるという,先行研究と一致した結果が得られたほか,これまであまり検討されていない発達的な側面についての知見も得ることができた。しかし新たな問題も見出されたため,今後検討すべき課題についても指摘した。
著者
栃原 義人 岩本 一人
出版者
Japanese Society for Oral Health
雑誌
口腔衛生学会雑誌 (ISSN:00232831)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.16, no.3, pp.125-128, 1966 (Released:2010-10-27)
参考文献数
5

Relation between commencement of menstruation and tooth development in ninety-one girls in a primary school in Kumamoto City who were in the 6th Grade in 1965 was studied, with resultsas follows:1. In early cases, menstruation begins at 9 years and 11 months of age; menarche increases from about 11 years and occurs in large numbers during 11 years and 10 months and 12 years and 3 months. That is, 34.07% of the girls had the menses before they finish primary school.2. Dental condition at the time of menarche was as follows:a) In general three or more second molars had erupted before menarche. Its percentage was 77.41%. At least the bilateral second molars on the lower jaw had erupted before the first visit of the menses in all the case.b) Presence of remaining deciduous teeth was investigated, with the result that 80.65% of the subjects had no deciduous teeth in their jaws. Even if there was any, it was supposed to be not more than one.It was considered that, along with the growth in stature, degree of tooth development may be used as an indication of the time of menarche.

2 0 0 0 OA 凍豆腐

著者
田村 正紀
出版者
一般社団法人 日本調理科学会
雑誌
日本調理科学会誌 (ISSN:13411535)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, no.2, pp.114-122, 1995-05-20 (Released:2013-04-26)
参考文献数
16
著者
奈良 綾
出版者
東北福祉大学
雑誌
東北福祉大学芹沢銈介美術工芸館年報 = Tohoku Fukushi University Serizawa Keisuke Art and Craft Museum annual report (ISSN:21862699)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2, pp.75-86, 2011-06-23

東北福祉大学芹沢銈介美術工芸館には、型絵染の人間国宝・芹沢銈介の作品と、芹沢が収集した世界各国の工芸品が所蔵されている。芹沢は、様々な国々の民族が生活の中で用いていた工芸品のコレクターでもあり、その内容はアフリカの仮面・扉等の木工品や土器・土偶、中南米・東南アジア・インドの染織品や装身具など多岐にわたる。中には、絞り・型染・筒描・絣などの技法を用いた衣裳や裂など、日本の藍染織品も含まれており、「被衣」と呼ばれる着物形態の被りものが存在する。この資料に関して詳細があまり知られていないことが契機となり、調査を開始し現在に至っている。 平安末期、都で用いられ始めた被衣は、後に風習として日本各地へと広がっていく。その長く続く系譜の中で、他地域への影響を及ぼしたという点で注目されるべきは、江戸・京都における慣習といえるだろう。当館の被衣資料の蒐集地・山形県における被衣を調査するにあたり、関わりの深い2都市の慣習を知る事がまず前提となる。そこで、今回は地域を江戸・京都に限り、文献史料と現存資料を提示して探る。 There are thousands of works by Serizawa Keisuke and a thousand of his collections of folk crafts from around the world in Serizawa Keisuke Art and Craft Museum at Tohoku Fukushi University. He was designated as a Holder of an Important Intangible Cultural Property, or Living National Treasure, for his stencil dyeing technique in 1956. He was also a great collector of crafts that people from various ethnic groups or countries actually had used in their real life, ranging from African primitive arts such as wooden masks and doors and earthen vessels and figures to Incan and Asian textiles, ornaments, and folk arts and crafts.Japanese indigo-dyeing textiles are included in those collections. I've been doing research into kimono-shaped veil known as Katsugi (literally, lady's veils), which belongs to this group of Japanese costumes and cloth made by using indigo dyeing, techniques like tie-dyeing, stencil dyeing, tsutsugaki (paste resist indigo dyeing) and ikat. I started doing research on Katsugi because it has not been generally known or examined in details. Katsugi began to be used in ancient cities at the end of the Heian Period and gradually spread across Japan as a clothing custom. In its long-running development, we may say that the Katsugi customs were well-established especially at Edo and Kyoto.Our museum has collected Katsugi found in Yamagata Prefecture. But first of all, I would like to present the literete data of Edo and Kyoto, and analyze them in this article. In next paper, I am going to present the data of Katsugi in Yamagata and compare them to the customs in Edo and Kyoto.
著者
川名 好裕
出版者
立正大学心理学部
雑誌
立正大学心理学研究年報 (ISSN:21851069)
巻号頁・発行日
no.9, pp.1-14, 2018-03-31

インターネット調査(調査参加者は、日本全国からのサンプルで968名の男性と967名の女性。年齢20歳~49歳)で集積したデータをもとに、精神的恋人関係、性的恋人関係、結婚関係について男女別々にクラスタ分析を行なった。分析の結果、以下のような知見が得られた。精神的恋人関係のクラスタは、男性では、相思相愛型、平均型、嫉妬型、冷めた関係型であった。女性では、情熱型、平均型、浮気型、友達型であった。性的恋人関係のクラスタは、男性では相思相愛型、平均型、嫉妬型、冷めた関係型であった。女性では、相思相愛型、性的満足型、友達型、冷めた関係型であった。結婚関係のクラスタは、男性では、相思相愛型夫婦、平均型夫婦、嫉妬浮気型夫婦、冷めた夫婦であった。女性では、相思相愛夫婦、平均型夫婦、セックスレス夫婦、冷めた夫婦であった。全般的に男女の愛情関係は、「相思相愛カップル」、「仲が良いのに喧嘩するカップル」、「冷えているが関係が続いているカップル」、「別れが予感されるカップル」の4種類におおよそ分類されるようである。男女関係は、性的関係やコミットメントという意見態度の類似性以外の要因でも結びついているので関係は非性的な通常の関係より複雑である。