著者

魚住 洋一

出版者

Japanese Association for the Contemporary and Applied Philosophy (JACAP)

雑誌

Contemporary and Applied Philosophy (ISSN:18834329)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.13-30, 2009-11-10

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一九六〇年代後半から、英米においてセックスについての哲学的議論がはじまった。議論されたのは、売買春やレイプ、ポルノグラフィなどだが、それらを問題にするには、「性的」とは一体どういうことかが明らかにされねばならなかった。私はこの論文で、性的行為や性的欲望を巡る初期の議論、とりわけ、ネーゲルやソロモンが行なった「現象学的記述」とゴールドマンやソーブルが行なった「概念分析」の双方の議論を辿りながら、それらの有効性と限界性を見極めようとした。ネーゲルは、サルトルを手掛かりに、二人が互いに相手の興奮を感じて自分もさらに興奮を昂ぶらせていくという「相互人格的認知」を性的行為の規範的なありかたと考え、そうした相互性を欠いた行為を性的倒錯と見做そうとした。しかし、特定の性的行為のありかたの現象学的記述から性的行為の「規範」を短絡的に導き出してしまうところに、彼の問題点があったと思われる。性的行為を感情を伝達する一種のボディ・ランゲージと見做すコミュニケーション・モデルを提唱したソロモンも、彼の立場を受け継ぐ哲学者だが、彼の主張にも、感情を伝達する手段は他にもあるではないかといった多くの問題点がある。ところで、ゴールドマンは、性的欲望を他者との身体接触の快楽を求める欲望と定義する。彼がこうした定義を行なったのは、生殖、愛の表現、コミュニケーション、相互人格的認知などの目的を設定し、セックスをそれらの目的のための手段とする考えを批判するためである。他方ソーブルは、ゴールドマンの定義では、他者との身体接触を求めないマスターベーションが性的行為ではなくなってしまうと指摘し、性的欲望とは一定の快感を求める欲望であると一層単純化して定義するが、今度は性的と見做しうる感覚を特定することが困難になる。彼はそのことを認めつつ、哲学はそれを解明できずその問題を経験的諸学科に委ねなければならないと語る。しかも彼によれば、諸個人が性的な快感をどのように求めるようになるかは、彼/彼女の社会的条件によって異なるのである。これらのことから考えると、現象学的記述も概念分析もともに問題点を含み、性的欲望とは何かとの問いに答えることができるのは、結局は、社会構築主義ではないかというのが私の結論である。

著者

石塚 正英

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 頸城野郷土資料室

雑誌

頸城野郷土資料室学術研究部研究紀要 (ISSN:24321087)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.22, pp.1-14, 2021 (Released:2021-10-09)

著者

溝口 元

出版者

公益財団法人 日本学術協力財団

雑誌

学術の動向 (ISSN:13423363)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.3_48-3_57, 2010-03-01 (Released:2010-10-25)

参考文献数

13

著者

原 亨吉

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.4, pp.146-156, 1968-03-30 (Released:2010-01-22)

参考文献数

65

被引用文献数

1

著者

佐々木 史郎 Shiro Sasaki

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.683-763, 1998-03-31

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the trade activity of theancestors of the indigenous peoples of the Lower Amur Basin in the 18thand 19th centuries and to reexamine the discourse of their society andculture in classical ethnography. They have usually been described ashunters, fishermen, or collectors of wild plants in much ethnographysince the late 19th century, and the primitiveness of their foraging lifestyle, fishing and hunting techniques, and social structure has often beenunderlined by anthropologists, ethnologists, and historians. Thepolicies of the former Soviet Union to rescue them from the poverty causedby their primitive level of production was based on such discourse ofthe scholars.However, were they really poor? Were their life style, culture, andsociety really primitive? Historical documents written by Japanese explorersand investigators in the 18th and 19th centuries, MogamiTokunai, Mamiya Rinzo, Nakamura Koichiro, and so on, indicate thatthey had a highly sophisticated culture and a complex society. For example,modern ethnologists often underline the fact that the peoples of theLower Amur were ichthyophagi, and that a piece of dried fish occupiedthe same position as a piece of bread in European meals. On the contrary,Japanese investigators said that their staple food was a cup of boiledmillet, usually put in a small bowl of china or lacquer ware. Thoughethnologists often described fish skin coats in detail, most of theirclothes were made of cotton, and their ritual costumes were even madeof silk. It is a fact that millet, cotton, silk, china, and lacquer ware werenot their original products, but Chinese or Japanese ones which theyobtained through trade with Chinese and Japanese. It is also a fact,however, that these things occupied an important position in theircultural complex. It is an injustice for researchers not to properlyevaluate them and not to pay any attention to the trade activity.The trade activity of the ancestors of the peoples of the Lower Amurin the 18th and 19th centuries was called "Santan trade" by Japanese investigatorsof the same centuries. "Santan" was an ethnonym of the peopleof the Lower Amur, which had often been used as a name of theancestors of the indigenous people of this region as a whole. It wasMamiya Rinzo who clarified who the Santan people were. In his investigationin 1809 and 1810 he found out that the Santan lived betweenthe villages of "Uruge" (bIppH, later Russian village "MaxcrMTojm cHA") and "Poru" Mon, later Ul'chi village "LlepxbIti Ap") , thatthey called themselves "Mango" (this is the same self denotation as"Mangguni") , and that their neighbors upstream along the river werecalled "Korudekke" (Goldok) and those downstream were called"Sumerenkuru". The range of habitation, the self denotation "Mango",and the linguistic materials indicate that the Santan people wereancestors of the Tungus-speaking peoples of the Lower Amur today,especially the Ul'chi (Olcha) and a part of the lower Nanai (Goldi) .The Santan trade has long been studied as a theme of historicalstudies of Northern Japan. However, though many facts have beenclarified from the historical point of view, historians have long overlookedan important one namely that it was trade that kept the levels of lifeand culture of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin in the 18thand 19th centuries higher than those described in ethnography. This isbecause the historians could not evaluate the function and role of tradeactivity in the society and culture of the indigenous peoples, becausetheir point of view was usually set not on the side of the indigenoustraders, but on that of authors or editors of literary sources, who wereoften government bureaucrats.This paper is one of my experiments, in which I try to describe thehistorical events of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin such asthe Santan trade from the point of view of those who were described inthe literary sources. The final end of the experiments is a diachronicreview of the society and culture of the peoples of this region, and Iwould like to sweep away such images as "primitive", "uncivilized" or"natural people", created by anthropologists and ethnologists since theend of the 19th century.As a result of an examination of the historical literature of Japaneseinvestigators, regional government archives of the Qing dynasty (the lastdynasty of China) , reports of ethnological researches by Russianethnologists, and my own field data, I can point out the followingcharacteristics of the trade activity of the peoples of the Lower Amurand Sakhalin:1) The main peoples who were enthusiastically engaged in the Santantrade were the Santan and the Sumerenkuru (the ancestors of the AmurNivkh) , and some differences were apparent in their trading styles. Forexample, the Santan people did their business on the main traffic route ofthis region, which went from Lower Sungari to the southern end ofSakhalin through Amur and the western coast of Sakhalin, they played arole of mediator between Japanese and Chinese, and obtained a largeprofit from this business. On the contrary, the Sumerenkuru traders extendedtheir business area to the tributaries of the Lower Amur, the coastof the sea of Okhotsk and the eastern coast of Sakhalin, and played arole of distributor of Chinese and Japanese commodities among thepeoples of these areas.2) Usually the Santan and Sumerenkuru traders did not fix a businessplace but often went round their customers, being engaged in sable hunting.However, the temporary branch office of the Qing dynasty, whichwas constructed at Kiji or Deren and opened every summer, often playedthe role of a periodical market, in which the Santan and Sumerenkurutraders did their business not only with Manchu officials and merchantsbut also with other indigenous traders.3) The trading crew of Santan or Sumerenkuru traders consisted ofseveral persons from a village led by a hala i da (chief of a clan) orgashan da (head of village) nominated by the Qing dynasty.4) The conceptual classification of trade and tribute was recognized bythe Santan and Sumerenkuru peoples.5) Credit sale was the main custom of the Santan and Sumerenkurutraders in the 18th and 19th centuries. They applied it to trade with allcustomers without exception. The business with the Ainu, who, it wassaid, suffered from their debt to the Santan traders, was not a special oneto cheat them of their property.6) The trade activity of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalinswung between trade and tribute (in other words, between economy andpolitics) , influenced by the change of political conditions of this regionand the location of each people.6-1) In the 18th century, when the administrative system of the Qingdynasty was under construction on the Lower Amur and Sakhalin,tribute was superior to trade, because the regional administration of thedynasty was enthusiastically intervening in the social life of the people toestablish the sovereignty of the dynasty among them. After the end ofthe 18th century, however, when the dynasty was losing its politicalpower over the people of this region, the position of trade and tributewas reversed.6-2) The relation between trade and tribute was different among the peopleaccording to their location. I can classify them into three groups.The first is the people who lived on the main route of the trade, comparativelyfar from the regional centers of the countries (China andJapan) , i.e. the Santan and Sumerenkuru (the ancestors of the Ul'chiand Amur Nivkh) . They could take advantage of their location to intensivelyconduct their trading business without administrative intervention.The second group is those who lived on the main route of thetrade, near to the regional center of the countries, i.e. the Korudekke(the ancestors of the Nanai) and the Ainu. Their location was too closeto the center to be free from the governmental power of the countries,though their status was higher than that of the people of the first group.It was more important for them to accomplish various obligations thanto be engaged in free trade. The third group is those who lived far fromboth the main trade route and the regional center of the countries, i.e.the ancestors of the Sakhalin Nivkh, Uilta (Oroks) , Orochi, Negidars,and Evenki hunters. They were providers of fur and consumers ofChinese and Japanese products for the Santan and Sumerenkuru traders.7) The prosperity of the Santan trade from the end of 18th century to themiddle of the 19th century was held by the political and economicbalance between China and Japan on Sakhalin, and the profits of theSantan and Sumerenkuru traders were much dependent on the differencein demand and prices between China and Japan. For example, therewas a great demand for sable fur in China, and the Chinese and Manchupeople paid much for it, while the Japanese were not interested in it at alland sold it to the Santan and Sumerenkuru traders much cheaper than inChina. Therefore, their trade activity was fatally damaged by thedestruction of this balance by the third power, imperial Russia.Though I could not completely carry out the second purpose of thispaper, i.e. a reexamination of the ethnographic discourse of the societyand culture of the people of the Lower Amur basin, I could make a firststep in accomplishing it by clarifying the characteristics of their trade activity.I would like to make further steps in other papers, in which I willexamine such problems as the political background of the Santan trade,the quality and quantity of the profit of the Santan and Sumerenkurutraders, methodological problems of historical studies of the indigenouspeople of this region, and so on.

著者

会田 大輔

出版者

明治大学東洋史談話会

雑誌

明大アジア史論集 (ISSN:21888140)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.(1)-(22), 2016-03-26

著者

竹内 啓一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地理学会

雑誌

地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.3, pp.145-164, 1996-03-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

50

被引用文献数

1 1

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ここで地域問題とは,近代国家において国内の特定の領域が提起する社会的,政治的,経済的問題のことである.それは当該国家の社会体制,すなわち広義の資源配分システムにかかわる問題であるので,国民社会のあり方の議論のかたちをとる.この意味で地域問題の提起は社会思想である.地域問題は国によってきわめて多様なかたちをとるし,現代世界においてその性格は急速に変容しつつある.しかし地域問題としてそれらの比較地誌,比較地理思想史の研究は必要であるので,ここでは地域問題のタイポロジーの基準の提示を,地域問題の内容,地域問題提起の主体,国家権力または体制の地域問題への対応という3っの視点から試みた.最後の視点,すなわち国家と地域の関係に関しては,第三世界諸国,旧ソ連・東欧のもと社会主義体制の諸国,そして西ヨーロッパ諸国の3つにわけて考察した.

著者

森 稔樹

出版者

公益財団法人 地方自治総合研究所

雑誌

研究所資料 (ISSN:24366277)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.130, no.1, pp.93-127, 2020 (Released:2023-03-01)

著者

高倉 伸幸

出版者

一般社団法人 日本血栓止血学会

雑誌

日本血栓止血学会誌 (ISSN:09157441)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.5, pp.603-608, 2014 (Released:2014-10-24)

参考文献数

14

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要約:従来より,既存の血管に存在する血管内皮細胞は,どれも単一な細胞集団であり,既存の血管から新しい血管が形成される際にも,既存血管から単調に細胞増殖と細胞移動が生じて,新規血管分枝が形成されると考えられてきた.しかし,実際にはそうではなく,血管新生の過程では血管分岐の方向を決定するガイド役の内皮細胞や,増殖活性が高く血管分枝の長さを決める内皮細胞,そして血管を成熟させる内皮細胞の少なくとも異なる3種の内皮細胞が存在することが判明してきた.さらに,既存の血管には未分化性を維持して,かつ内皮細胞の産生能の極めて高い幹細胞様の細胞も存在することが解明されてきている.

著者

島津 明

出版者

一般社団法人 電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会 基礎・境界ソサイエティ Fundamentals Review (ISSN:18820875)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.320-328, 2012-04-01 (Released:2012-04-01)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

4

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我々の社会は非常に多数の相互に関連した法令により規定されている.社会というシステムを考えたとき,法令がこのシステムの仕様書の役割を果たしていることを意味するが,法令の持つシステム的側面は従来十分な研究対象になっていない.今後本格化する電子社会においては,法令は一層重要な役割を持ち,安心な社会の実現には,法令の持つシステム的側面を捉える方法論が期待される.「法令工学」は,法令に情報科学的手法,ソフトウェア工学的手法を適用し,完全で矛盾のない法令の制定,法令が規定する社会基盤情報システムの開発などを計算機で支援するための方法論を研究する.本稿は,法令工学の目的やアプローチを紹介し,法令設計の支援,法令の文書化,法令の論理的検証,法令構造指向アーキテクチャなどの課題について示し,課題の解決に重要な役割を担う技術の一つとして,法令文書の言語解析について紹介する.

著者

Eiko Kawakami Tomohisa Uchida Naoki Iwamoto Kazusato Hara Kazuhiro Egashira Atsushi Kawakami

出版者

The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine

雑誌

Internal Medicine (ISSN:09182918)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1621-23, (Released:2023-05-17)

参考文献数

17

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We herein report a case of melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive dermatomyositis that developed in a patient with refractory gingivitis. The diagnosis of anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis was made based on a characteristic skin rash, weakness of proximal muscles, interstitial pneumonia, and positivity for anti-MDA5 antibody. The patient was started on triple therapy with high-dose prednisolone, tacrolimus, and intravenous cyclophosphamide. After treatment, the refractory gingivitis disappeared, and the other skin rash and interstitial lung disease also improved. In the diagnosis and treatment of anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis, it is necessary to pay attention to the intraoral findings, including the gingiva.

著者

Yuuya Nagai Toshihiko Hinobayashi Tadahiro Kanazawa

出版者

THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF SPECIAL EDUCATION

雑誌

Journal of Special Education Research (ISSN:21875014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.69-81, 2022-02-28 (Released:2022-08-31)

参考文献数

38

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The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a common training choice for non-verbal children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Thus, this study investigated whether Phases 1–3 of the PECS (which are relatively easy for children to master) promote the development of early social-communication behaviors among children with ASD. We assigned 43 children (mean chronological age=45.85 months) from the same child development support center into two groups: a PECS training group and a non-intervention (control) group. The training group received PECS (Phases 1–3) training once a week for 24 weeks at the university associated with the authors. Their early social-communication behaviors were evaluated by using behavioral observations and eye-tracking experiments during the pre- and post-training phases. Results showed that most of the early social-communication behaviors in the PECS training group were observed more frequently during the post-phase than the pre-phase, while the control group did not show any differences between the phases. These findings suggest that PECS training (Phases 1–3) can facilitate early social-communication behaviors in children with ASD.

著者

原 俊之

出版者

公益財団法人 産業医学振興財団

雑誌

産業医学レビュー (ISSN:13436805)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.105, 2020 (Released:2020-09-01)

著者

山崎 天 坂田 亘 川本 稔己 小林 滉河 Nguyen Tung 上村 卓史 中町 礼文 李 聖哲 佐藤 敏紀

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会研究会資料 言語・音声理解と対話処理研究会 93回 (2021/11) (ISSN:09185682)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.113-118, 2021 (Released:2021-11-20)

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本稿では、対話システムライブコンペティション4のオープントラックに提出した対話システムについて述べる。本システムはTransformerをベースとした言語モデルの「HyperCLOVA」を用い、ユーザの発話に応じて選択するFew-Shotプロンプトを利用して応答候補の生成を行う。プロンプトは4種類あり、一般的な応答生成、知識応答生成、ペルソナ一貫性を考慮した応答生成、短文抑制のための応答生成を目的としたものをそれぞれ用意し、組み合わせて利用する。後に、不適切な発話を除去するフィルタリングを行うことで、最終的な出力を得るシステムとなっている。予選の結果では1位を獲得し、大規模言語モデルが雑談応答生成に有効であることを示したが、攻撃的な応答生成をはじめとしたいくつかの課題が顕在化した。本稿では、大規模言語モデルを用いた雑談応用における現存の課題や今後の方向性を議論する。

著者

末松謙澄 著

出版者

末松春彦

巻号頁・発行日

vol.第6篇上(第10), 1921

著者

会田 大輔

出版者

東洋文庫

雑誌

東洋学報 = The Toyo Gakuho (ISSN:03869067)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.96, no.4, pp.31-65, 2015-03

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After the fall of the Northern Wei Dynasty in 534, the Western Wei and subsequent Northern Zhou Dynasties abolished the current bureaucratic system in favor of the six ministries system (Liuguan-Zhi 六官制) originally laid out in the Zhouli 周礼.However, even today there are many things we do not know about this system, although in recent years research comparing the Liuguan and Sui Dynasty bureaucracies has progressed. Unfortunately, our insufficient knowledge about the former has posed a hindrance to such comparative research.Moreover, in order to improve our understanding about the political history of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between the Liuguan system and the Bafu 覇府, the military headquarters from which Yuwen Tai, Yuwen Hu and Yang Jian (founder of the Sui Dynasty) wielded actual power.Although research is progressing on the institutions close to the emperor, like the Neishi 内史(governor of the capital) and Yuzheng 御正 (chancellors of the imperial household), during the first half of the Dynasty’s reign, these posts did not form the core of governance, due to the hegemony of Yuwen Hu. In order to contribute to the growing research, the present article takes up the Imperial Ministry’s (Tianguan天官) post of Sihui Zhongdaifu 司会中大夫, who during the era of Yuwen Hu acted as his assistant in coordinating the affairs of the Liuguan ministries.The research to date had understood Sihui as the minister of fiscal affairs and its control over the Liuguan System was thought to have been a temporaryone. On the other hand, Jiao Peimin 焦培民, identifies the Northern Zhou Sihui as performing the same duties as the head of the Executive Branch (Shangshu-Sheng 尚書省) of the Northern Wei’s three ministry system; however, since the Northern Zhou purposefully dismantled that ministry, it is difficult to conceive of the Sihui performing the same function.Instead, the purpose of this article is to analyze the functions of and appointees to the post of Sihui, in an attempt to clarify the relationship between the Northern Zhou’s Liuguan system and the Bafu.Based on the main text of the Zhouli and commentaries on it written by Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 during the last decades of the Later Han Dynasty, the author concludes that while the Northern Zhou Sihui was an appointment similar in function to the head of the former Shengshu Ministry, his authority was much diminished compared to his Northern Wei counterpart and consisted of coordinating proposals submitted by the Liuguan bureaus and reporting back the policy decisions made concerning them.Nevertheless, the post of Sihui was indispensable to the maintenance of the regime, ensuring the smooth functioning of government.For this reason, the Sihui was also appointed by the Yuwens and Yang Jian as a trusted member of the Bafu general staff and put in charge of administrative affairs, clearly showing an intimate relationship between the Liuguan system and the Bafu, as well as revealing one important characteristic of the Northern Zhou Dynasty’s bureaucratic structure.

著者

則武 海源

出版者

立正大学大学院文学研究科

雑誌

立正大学大学院紀要 = Bulletin of the Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology Rissho University (ISSN:09112960)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.1-13, 2021-03-25

著者

山本 裕 前田 廉孝

出版者

獨協大学

雑誌

基盤研究(C)

巻号頁・発行日

2021-04-01

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本研究は,戦後復興期日本の闇物資流通・取締とそれに対する民衆の認識を考察し,双方間の関連性を解明する。本研究は,甲府専売支局が闇煙草の摘発時に作成した『専売取締事件簿』と山梨の地方紙に掲載された関連記事を分析し、①闇物資の流通実態,②闇物資取締の実態と限界,③闇物資流通・取締に対する民衆の認識を解明する。これにより本研究は,(ⅰ)闇物資流通の解明から経済史研究,(ⅱ)闇物資流通と取締に対する民衆の認識の解明から社会史研究にそれぞれ貢献し得る。近年は海外でも闇市場(black market)の考察が進展しつつある研究動向を踏まえれば,本研究は闇市場の国際比較へ向けた端緒を開く意義も有する。

著者

羽仁礼著

出版者

成甲書房

巻号頁・発行日

2001

著者

長谷部 恵理 ハセベ エリ

雑誌

危機と文化 : 札幌大学文化学部文化学会紀要

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.24-50, 2006-04