著者
杉村 健 多喜 裕美
出版者
奈良教育大学
雑誌
奈良教育大学紀要 人文・社会科学 (ISSN:05472393)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.39, no.1, pp.p123-136, 1990-11

The purpose of this study was to examine developmental changes in the hierarchical relations of natural concepts. A total of 24 questions such as "Is a X a kind of Ys? were provided for the higher-middle, the middle-lower, and the higher-lower relations in the two natural concepts: living thing/fish and bird/gold fish and pigeon, and food/fruit and vegetable/banana and cabbage. Half the questions represented correct inclusion relations such as "Is a bird a kind of living things?" and the remaining ones represented incorrect inclusion relations such as "Is a living thing a kind of birds?" Forty-seven kindergartners, 85 second-, 99 forth- and 123 sixth-graders were required to answer the 24 questions by "Yes" or "No". Correct scores. (1) The scores were about the same for the kindergartners and the second graders, and increased from the forth to sixth graders. (2) The scores of correct questions were high even in the kindergartners and did not change with grades by the forth graders, whereas those of incorrect questions were low in the kindergartners and increased with grades. (3) The scores of foods were higher than those of living things for the forth and the sixth graders but for the kindergartners and the second graders the two scores did not significantly differ. (4) The scores of correct questions were significantly higher than those of incorrect questions in the middle-lower relations, but the two scores were about the same in the higher-middle and the higher-lower relations. Response patterns. (1) For the correct questions the percentages of the subjects who showed the correct answers in the three relations (○○○ pattern) were larger for the foods than for the living things, whereas the reverse was true for the incorrect questions. (2) The percentages of the subjects who showed the ○○○ pattern both in the correct and incorrect questions were very small in the kindergartners and the lower graders. Even for the sixth garders the percentages were 44.7 for the foods and 35.0 for the living things.
著者
須田 一弘
出版者
北海学園大学
雑誌
北海学園大学人文論集 (ISSN:09199608)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1, pp.53-78, 1993-11-30

This paper quantitatively examines time allocation and food consumption in the Kiwai-speaking village of Mawata on the southwestern coast of Papua New Guinea. The male villagers allocate 19.6% of day-time to food-getting activities, such as horticulture, coconut harvesting, fishing and hunting, which had constituted their traditional subsistence activities, 9.4% to sea cucumber processing, which starting in 1990 as a novel cash-earning activity, and 6.3% to the other productive actvities such as tool making and household maintenance, with the older males spending more time in food-getting activities than the younger. The female villagers allocate 17.5% of day-time to food-getting activities, 6.3% to sea cucumber processing and 17.4% to the other productive activities, with married females spending more time in household maintenance than unmarried females and elderly females. The difference in time allocation between sexes is markedly shown in the other productive activities and food preparation, to which females allocate more time. Nutrient intake per adult male per day of the villagers is estimated at almost the optimal level set by the standards of FAO/WHO. Although purchased foods make up over 70% of the energy and protein intake, traditional foods such as banana, taro, coconut, sago starch, fish, wild pig and wallaby, slightly exceed imported foods, such as rice, wheat flour, biscuits and sugar, as energy and protein intake. This means that in the Mawata village, the change in food consumption, caused by permeating cash economy, is due not only to the change of food items available but also to the change in the way of obtaining foods; the villagers purchase not only imported foods but also traditional ones. Comparing the Mawata villagers to the Gidra and the Mountain Ok in Western Province of Papua New Guinea, it is inferred that the former allocate some of their food-getting time to cash-earning activies, with the permeation of a cash economy. As a result, total time spent in productive activities differs little between the societies, whether they are based on a subsistence economy or partly influenced by a cash economy. Although a decrease in time spent in food-getting activities leads to a decline in the production of locally available foods, purchased foods are substituted for them.
著者
伊藤 弘 埴岡 隆 王 宝禮 山本 龍生 両角 俊哉 藤井 健男 森田 学 稲垣 幸司 沼部 幸博
出版者
日本歯科大学
雑誌
基盤研究(C)
巻号頁・発行日
2013-04-01

歯周治療の一環として禁煙治療が歯科保険に導入されるためには、禁煙治療の介入による歯周治療の成果が極めて良好となることが重要である。そこで、禁煙外来受診による改善を、一般的に行われている臨床パラメータと歯肉溝滲出液と血漿成分の生化学的成分解析、さらには禁煙達成マーカーである血漿中コチニンと呼気CO濃度の変化を検索した。その結果、禁煙外来受診により、禁煙達成マーカーが減少し、さらには自己申告による禁煙の達成から、禁煙外来受診は禁煙に対し有効な戦略である。しかしながら、生化学的変化は認められなかった。今後長期的な追跡が必要であると考えている。
著者
大胡 修
出版者
国立民族学博物館
雑誌
国立民族学博物館研究報告 (ISSN:0385180X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.3, no.3, pp.486-519, 1979-01-23

This report describes the fishing activities of the Galelanpeople of North Halmahera. The data were collected from Septemberto November, 1976, when the author conducted fieldwork inLimau Village. Observations were made from two differentperspectives; (1) the relationship between fishing gear and techniques,and (2) utilization of traditional canoes in social activities.1) Fishing. In general, fishing is of secondary importancein the of subsistence economy, the people mainly depending onsago and several kinds of root crops, including banana and yam.Fishing activities shift seasonally according to the migration andassociated behavior of fish. Several fishing techniques are employed,including handline (pa hau), longline (pa lia), rod and line(pa totobe), scoop net (pa siu), gill net (pa soma bodo), fish trap(igi), and fish hedges (sero). Handline fishing is the most importantsubsistence pursuit. Fish traps and fish hedges seem tohave been introduced from Sulawesi by migrants. The othertechniques appear to be indigenous to Limau.2) Canoe. All canoes in Limau are of the double outriggertype. They are used now for fishing activities and formely also forlocal transportation. Thus can be classified into two types; smalldugouts (awa) and medium size dugouts (bolotu), and large, plankcanoes (pakata). A particular type of canoe is used with specificfishing techniques. The awa and bolotu are used for handline,longline, rod and line, gill net, and the pakata is used only with thescoop net.
著者
川端 晶子 澤山 茂 Palomar Lutgarda S.
出版者
The Japanese Society of Nutrition and Dietetics
雑誌
栄養学雑誌 (ISSN:00215147)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.43, no.6, pp.289-299, 1985

フィリピンのメニュー・カレンダー (Your Regional Menu Guide) を資料とし, 要素技術連関解析の手法を用いて, 献立における調理素材と調理法の相互関係の解析を行い, 以下のような結果を得た。<br>1) メニュー・カレンダーに記載されている料理数は3,414件であった。食品の出現頻度の合計は7,732回であったが, 大別して, エネルギー食品群29.1%, 身体構成食品群24.1%, 機能調整食品群41.1%, その他5.7%であった。出現頻度の最も高い食品は玉ねぎで, っづいて, トマト, 植物油, 生鮮魚, にんにく, うるち米の順であった。<br>2) 調理素材の共出現頻度は, 玉ねぎとトマトが470回であり, 連関度は0.6752が求められた。つづいて, 玉ねぎとにんにく, 玉ねぎと植物油, にんにくと植物油, トマトと植物油, トマトとにんにく, 砂糖とココナッツ, 玉ねぎと生鮮魚の組み合わせの順であった。<br>3) 調理法の出現頻度では"煮る"が最も高く, つづいて"生","炒める","揚げる","焼く","蒸す"の順であった。"煮る"と連関度の最も高い食品はうるち米で, つづいて, 玉ねぎ, 生鮮魚, トマト, 砂糖, ココナッツの順であった。"生"ではバナナ,"炒める"では植物油,"揚げる"では生鮮魚,"焼く"でも生鮮魚, "蒸す"ではもち米が最も高い連関度を示した。<br>4) 総括してみるならば, 食料栄養研究所 (FNRI) は, フィリピンの食生活の背景となっている自然, 社会, 文化の諸条件もふまえ, 国民栄養調査の結果をきめ細かく分析したうえで, おすすめメニュー集をカレンダーにまとめ, 誰にでも解りやすく, すぐ役立つ栄養改善の効果をねらったものであるということができる。
著者
YAMAMOTO Sota KAWANISHI Motohiro NISHIMURA Satoru
出版者
日本熱帯農業学会
雑誌
Tropical Agriculture and Development (ISSN:18828450)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.4, pp.170-178, 2015

It is considered that a "traditional" diet based on staple starchy crops and marine resources has been replaced by a "modern" diet in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). However, research on FSM dietary patterns has previously been short-term in nature; diet has not been surveyed over a full year. Therefore, a detailed study of household food consumption at every meal for 12 months was conducted to discover present dietary patterns on Piis-Paneu Island, Chuuk Atoll, in the FSM. We compared our data to those of previous studies in an effort to understand real food behavior in the FSM. People on Piis-Paneu Island often consumed imported food, especially rice, canned fish, and instant noodles. However, they also often consumed local resources, including breadfruit, banana, Cyrtosperma merkusii, fish, and other marine resources. Moreover, they still cooked Alocasia macrorrhizos in a traditional manner, to remove calcium oxalate. A. macrorrhizos is a form of famine food that is plentiful on the island. Dietary patterns on Piis-Paneu Island seem to be basically "traditional", but incorporate "modern" food, rather than being intermediate between "traditional" and "modern". Breadfruit is often emphasized as a very important crop in Chuuk State or Micronesia in general, but it is noteworthy that the fast growth and stable production of banana throughout the entire year supports subsistence on small islands of the FSM.
著者
岡 彦一
出版者
日本熱帯農業学会
雑誌
熱帯農業 (ISSN:00215260)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.9, no.1, pp.10-14, 1965-08-16 (Released:2010-03-19)
参考文献数
6
被引用文献数
1
著者
YAMAMOTO Sota
出版者
鹿児島大学
雑誌
南太平洋海域調査研究報告=Occasional papers (ISSN:13450441)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.54, pp.27-33,

In the 1950s, people in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) still ate a "traditional" diet based on starchy staple crops and marine resources, but this began to be replaced by imported food such as rice, flour, sugar, fatty foods, and other processed foods after the United States Department of Agriculture started its supplementary feeding program in the 1960s. This phenomenon accelerated after a Compact of Free Association was signed between the FSM and the United States in 1986. Since then, the FSM has faced serious public health problems due to this new diet and other lifestyle changes. On small islands and atolls, imported foods and medicines may not arrive for more than a month if a typhoon or an oil crisis occurs. In this study, a detailed study of household food consumption is shown to represent the present situation of food security on Piis-Paneu Island (Chuuk Atoll, Chuuk State) and Pingelap Island (Pohnpei State).
著者
陸軍航空本部, 海軍航空本部 [編]
出版者
陸軍航空本部
巻号頁・発行日
vol.アルミニウム及其ノ合金之部, 1939
著者
古川 雅史 梶川 泰 松代 直樹 北村 貴裕 大畠 和也 北原 糺 鎌倉 武史
出版者
The Society of Practical Otolaryngology
雑誌
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 (ISSN:00326313)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.105, no.10, pp.913-918, 2012 (Released:2012-10-01)
参考文献数
12
被引用文献数
2

We studied 804 patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) regarding the correlation between the duration from the onset to the start of treatment and hearing outcome. An analysis of the 804 yielded the following results: 1) The overall cure rate was 30.0%. 2) The cure rate was better in patients with a shorter duration (within about 10 days) between the onset and the start of treatment. 3) In patients with mild hearing loss (Grade 1, 2), the cure rate was better in patients with a shorter duration. 4) In patients with severe hearing loss (Grade 3, 4), the cure rate of over 8-10 days was clearly worse, and it is very important to start treatment within 8-10 days.
著者
YAMAMOTO Sota KAWANISHI Motohiro NISHIMURA Satoru
出版者
日本熱帯農業学会
雑誌
Tropical Agriculture and Development (ISSN:18828450)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.4, pp.161-169, 2015

Before the 1950s, the population of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) consumed a traditional diet based on starch staple crops and marine resources. This began to be replaced by a modern food in the 1960s and this phenomenon accelerated after a Compact of Free Association was signed between the FSM and the United States in 1986. Previous researches on dietary patterns in the FSM were undertaken only for a very short-period and they did not indicate the dietaries for the whole year. Therefore, a detailed study of household food consumption for every meal over a period of 18 months was conducted to understand the dietary patterns of the inhabitants of Pingelap Island, Pohnpei State, the FSM. Inhabitants of Pingelap Island were partially dependent on imported rice, but they all consumed banana, breadfruit, mweiang (Cyrtosperma merkusii; giant swamp taro), and fish obtained locally at a high frequency. Breadfruit was available seasonally, so the frequency of its consumption fluctuated, and consumption of banana and mweiang increased depending on the availability of breadfruit. The consumption frequencies of imported fresh meat, canned fish, and canned meat were very low. These observations suggest that the dietary patterns on Pingelap Island resemble traditional diets, with a reliance on food available locally and favorable for food security.
著者
Katzenberg Jeffrey
出版者
日経BP社
雑誌
日経コンピュータ (ISSN:02854619)
巻号頁・発行日
no.682, pp.90-92, 2007-07-09

今やITなしにエンターテインメントは語れない。6月30日から3次元CGを駆使した新作アニメ映画「シュレック3」が封切られた。同シリーズを制作しているドリームワークス・アニメーションSKGの責任者、ジェフリー・カッツェンバーグ氏は「技術あってこその作品づくり」を強調する。同氏が語る「技術と創作の関係」は、技術と経営のあり方を想起させる。

1 0 0 0 OA 源氏物語

著者
紫式部
出版者
巻号頁・発行日
vol.[3],
著者
植田 康孝
雑誌
江戸川大学紀要 = Bulletin of Edogawa University
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, 2018-03-31

「ナイト・エンタテインメント」は,「子供向けエンタテインメント」に対し,自律的にナイトタイムに楽しむ「大人向けエンタテインメント」を指す。「子供向けエンタテインメント」は,大人の世界への入口に位置付けられる。子供たちは,従来,大人たちの様々な行為を観察して遊びの世界に取り入れることで楽しんで来た。子供は,仲間が集まって行う「子供向けエンタテインメント」から,工夫することの面白さや社会のルールを学ぶ。子供の遊びで良く使われる「~ごっこ」という名称は,「~ごと」には,「真似る」「仮託する」という意味を内包する。 「ナイト・エンタテインメント」は,このような「子供向けエンタテインメント」から独立する。本稿は,「子供向けエンタテインメント」に対する教育的な「遊び」とは遊離した形態で,「遊び」の原点である「快楽」を求める「ナイト・エンタテインメント」の一つである「ギャンブル」を取り上げる。現代社会は,貧富の格差が固定化して社会の閉塞感に溢れ,「夢を持ち難い時代である」と言われる。そのため,ギャンブルで夢やファンタジー,非日常性を見たい人が増える背景が確実に存在する。確率から考えると明らかに非合理的行動に捉えられる「宝くじを購入する」人が現在も少なからず存在することが,それを示す。 商業カジノは依然として,世界的に成長が著しいエンタテインメント分野であり,世界の100カ国以上で開業されているが,日本においても解禁されることが議論されている。カジノには,負の側面があることも見逃すことが出来ない。これまで10年以上に亘って何度も導入が試みられながら挫折を重ねて来たのは,ギャンブルに対して国民の根強いアレルギーがあることを背景とする。お酒,エロスを含め嗜好的な色彩が強い「ナイト・エンタテインメント」は,倫理面から批判されることも多い。ここに,経済学で良く知られた「合成の誤謬」が発生する。ミクロ経済の個人行動として道徳的なことでも,みんなで行うとマクロ経済では困難な状況を招くことを指す。例えば,倹約や借金をなくす行為は,個人的な道徳観では良いこととされるが,みんなでやると消費が落ち込み,不況になり,結果,みんなの所得が少なくなり,失業が発生する。政府の借金である国債をゼロにしようとすると,超緊縮財政になり,国民経済は大きなダメージを受ける。「借金をしない方が良い」という個人の道徳心は,ビジネス面においてはマイナス面が大きい。個人や企業の借金を増やしたこと自体を道徳的に批判することは,マクロ経済的観点からすれば筋違いとなる。同様に「ナイト・エンタテインメント」を消費することは,個人的な道徳心に反しても,厳しく批判したり否定したりすることは「合成の誤謬」につながる。 カジノは概して,他のエンタテインメントと同様にビジネス面で機能することが実証されている。映画館,プロスポーツチーム,遊園地と同様,消費者が進んで支出するサービスを提供する娯楽に過ぎないが,カジノなどギャンブル全般を不道徳であると見做し,偏見を持っている人は多い。このような主張は,良く言えば極めて単純,悪く言えば短絡的に捉えられる。日本は,「サッカーくじ」導入の際も,子供への悪影響など机上の空論を議論して,時間を費やした苦い過去を持つ。カジノも同様の側面があり,イメージではなく,正確にメリットとデメリットの両面を,学術的に把握する段階に来ている。
著者
ヴォルフガング・ミヒェル W・ミヒェル
雑誌
Sudhoffs Archiv für die Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften
巻号頁・発行日
vol.77, no.2, pp.194-222, 1993
被引用文献数
1

Early research has maintained that the earliest passage of written information about acupuncture and moxibustion to Western Europe took place around the middle of the 17th century. But an investigation into the letters, 'historias', dictionaries, grammars, etc. of the Jesuit mission in Japan, which started in 1549, shows that the missionaries there already enjoyed a considerable knowledge of both methods of treatment. These sources also reveal indications of the use of needles and moxa on horses as well as the use of 'hammer-needles', a Japanese invention which was later described in detail by Willem ten Rhijne and Engelbert Kaempfer. Furthermore some central Sinojapanese terms of anatomy, physiology and pulse diagnosis in the light of their European interpretations, and a hitherto unknown outline of Japanese medicine found in an early French book on Chinese sphygmology are presented.ヨーロッパ人が初めて鍼灸を観察、報告したのは17世紀半ば頃であったと、この分野で最も権威あるJ。ニードハムと魯桂珍は主張しているが、16世紀に来日したイェズス会士の書簡、辞書、文法書などの著書を調査してみると、鍼灸関係の各種の記述が数多く明るみにでてくる。また、1620年代中国へ渡ったドイツ人宣教師ヨハネス・シュレックのある書簡も中国からの最初の資料として大いに注目に値する。