著者
池上 萬奈
出版者
一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会
雑誌
国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2014, no.177, pp.177_142-177_155, 2014-10-30 (Released:2015-11-13)
参考文献数
67

The First Oil Crisis started as a result of the six Persian Gulf members of OPEC announcing a raise in the posted price of crude oil on October 16, 1973 and OAPEC deciding to reduce oil production by 5% per month on the following day, touched off by the breakout of the Yom Kippur War. Japan was faced with an unprecedented dilemma between the Arab countries, who strongly demanded Japan to condemn Israel, and the United States who pressed Japan to align with their Middle East policy based on diplomatic relations with Israel. When the Arabs announced a 25% cut of oil supply on November 4, the European countries, similarly to Japan, who were scarce on resources, immediately criticized Israel, and declared support for the Arabs. However, the Japanese government was hesitant to criticize Israel. And the Arab countries pressed to intensify oil supply reduction unless Japan announced to break off diplomatic relations with Israel in the case Israel would not obey the UN Security Council Resolution 242. On the other hand, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger restrained Japan by stating that condemning Israel would hinder Middle East peace talks with the United States and that cooperative relations with the U.S. would be profitable for Japan from a long-term view. On November 18, the Arab countries announced that they would release the European countries, excluding Holland, from the weighted oil supply reduction measure of 5% from the benchmark set on December, because the European countries had criticized Israel. As a result, the criticism of the weakness of the Japanese diplomacy in attaining resources made the headlines of the Japanese newspapers. How was the Japanese government to escape such dilemma? The Japanese government finally criticized Israel by name and made its pro-Arab positioning clear in the statement made by Chief Cabinet Secretary Nikaido on November 22. Further on December 10, Deputy Prime Minister Takeo Miki, as special envoy, left for eight Middle Eastern countries to offer economic and technical aid. At first glance, the Japanese government took a pro-Arab policy without accepting the warning of the Unites States. This document, however, will empirically clarify that the U.S.-Japan friction related to Japanese Middle East policy was resolved before November 22 in the midst of the development of multilateral diplomacy for the “Kissinger Plan”, a unified framework among Japan, the U.S. and the European countries, and that the Japanese diplomacy during the First Oil Crisis achieved to broaden the permissible scope of the United States.
著者
吉子 裕二 楠原 征治 石田 一夫
出版者
公益社団法人 日本畜産学会
雑誌
日本畜産学会報 (ISSN:1346907X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.58, no.2, pp.123-130, 1987-02-25 (Released:2010-11-26)
参考文献数
21

軟卵産生鶏の大腿骨における骨髄骨の組織学的態度を卵が子宮部に存在する時期について調べ, 正常卵産生鶏の骨髄骨と比較検討した.軟卵産生鶏の骨髄骨は正常卵産生鶏に比べ, 骨髄腔内に過度に形成されていた. これらの骨髄骨は幅が厚く, 基質には不規則に轡曲した層板構造が観察され, 基質内部に埋没する骨小腔の一部は拡張し, 空胞化していた.軟卵産生鶏における骨髄骨の基質組成は, 組織化学的観察によると, 正常卵産生鶏とは逆にコラーゲン線維が多く, 酸性粘液多糖類は少なかった. また, コンタクトミクロラジオグラフィによると, これ骨髄骨は高度に石灰化していた.軟卵産生鶏の骨髄骨表面に出現する破骨細胞は正常卵産生鶏に比べ, 数が少なくまた萎縮したものが多かった. これらの破骨細胞は酸性ホスファターゼおよびコハク酸脱水素酵素活性が弱い傾向を示した.これらのことから, 軟卵産生鶏の骨髄骨では卵殻形成に必要なカルシウムの放出が不活発であることがうかがわれた.
著者
梅村 眞理 百田 義弘 松木 直人 小谷 順一郎
出版者
公益社団法人 日本口腔インプラント学会
雑誌
日本口腔インプラント学会誌 (ISSN:09146695)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.20, no.4, pp.651-658, 2007-12-31 (Released:2014-04-10)
参考文献数
12

Intravenous sedation under the supervision of dental anesthesiologists is an increasingly common procedure in private dental clinics performed to ensure the safety and comfort of patients undergoing oral implant surgery. A questionnaire survey of patients following dental implant surgery was conducted to assess the level of recognition/understanding of intravenous sedation,presence or absence of various types of uncomfortable events during the perioperative period, and requests/expectations of patients regarding this type of sedation. A questionnaire was administered to a total of 55 patients who underwent intravenous sedation in a private dental clinic during the period between November 2004 and February 2006. Only 32.7% of patients were familiar with the term “intravenous sedation”. Since a total of 90.9% of patients had no or very little memory of events during surgery, the amnestic effects of sedative agents used were considered sufficient. Only a small number of patients reported uncomfortable perioperative events such as maintenance of a posture for a long period of time and coughing due to irrigation. Almost all patients indicated that they were comfortable during the operation, though 7.3% were bothered by the absence of memory during surgery. In order to ensure that patients can fully benefit from the amnestic effects of intravenous sedation, cooperation among the dentist, patient, and dental anesthesiologist during surgery, as well as preoperative management, is necessary.
著者
唐澤 太輔
出版者
人体科学会
雑誌
人体科学 (ISSN:09182489)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.2, pp.47-55, 2006-10-30 (Released:2018-03-01)

The purpose of this paper is to make clear the relation between "Tacit Knowledge", "Tact" and "Endocept". We sometimes can't express these human potentials clearly, but they exist certainly. What is Non-verbal Knowledge, in other wards "Tacit Knowledge", which is called by Michael Polanyi (1891-1976 Republic of Hungary)? In this thesis, I'll try to compare "Tacit Knowledge" with "Tact" by Kumagusu Minakata (1867-1941 Japan) and "Endocept" by Kazuko Tsurumi (1918-2006 Japan). And I'll try to find a clue of overcoming the modern science and build a creative knowledge. The construction of this paper is as follows: 1. An explanation and a study of "Tacit Knowledge". 2. Looking into "Mysteries of Li" and "Tact" through a few examples of Minakata's Discovery of algae, in other words "Yariate". About an indwelling and an interiorization which are the most important elements of carrying out "Tacit Knowledge". 3. A study about a relation of "Endocept" and creativity.
著者
Takeshi Tsuda Abdul M. Bhat Bradley W. Robinson Jeanne M. Baffa Wolfgang Radtke
出版者
The Japanese Circulation Society
雑誌
Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.79, no.11, pp.2372-2379, 2015-10-23 (Released:2015-10-23)
参考文献数
36
被引用文献数
8 38

Background:The incidence of late coronary artery abnormalities after arterial switch operation (ASO) for d-loop transposition of the great arteries may be underestimated.Methods and Results:We retrospectively reviewed coronary artery morphology in 40 of 97 patients who survived the first year after ASO. Seven asymptomatic patients developed significant late coronary artery abnormalities. One patient died suddenly at home with severe left coronary artery (LCA) ostial stenosis at age 3.8 years. The second patient collapsed during exercise at age 9.6 years due to ventricular fibrillation and severe LCA ostial stenosis despite prior negative exercise stress test (EST) and myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). The third patient was found to have moderate ostial stenosis of the LCA with negative EST and MPI. The fourth patient with exercise-induced ST-T depression and myocardial perfusion defect was shown to have complete LCA occlusion with collateral vessel formation. Three other patients had complete proximal obliteration of either of the coronary arteries with collateral supply. An additional 4 asymptomatic patients had trivial-mild narrowing of the LCA on routine selective coronary angiogram.Conclusions:Incidence of late coronary stenosis or occlusion was not infrequent after ASO (11.3%) and presented usually without preceding symptoms and often after negative non-invasive screening. We advocate routine coronary imaging in all patients after ASO before they participate in competitive sports. (Circ J 2015; 79: 2372–2379)
著者
Masaki Tsuda Isamu Mizote Yasuhiro Ichibori Takashi Mukai Koichi Maeda Toshinari Onishi Toru Kuratani Yoshiki Sawa Yasushi Sakata
出版者
The Japanese Circulation Society
雑誌
Circulation Reports (ISSN:24340790)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1, no.3, pp.142-148, 2019-03-08 (Released:2019-03-08)
参考文献数
29
被引用文献数
3

Background: The outcome of redo transcatheter aortic valve (TAV) implantation (TAVI) is unknown for TAV structural valve degeneration (SVD). This paper reports the initial results of redo TAVI for TAV-SVD in Japanese patients. Methods and Results: Of 630 consecutive patients, 6 (1.0%) underwent redo TAVI for TAV-SVD (689–1,932 days after the first TAVI). The first TAV were 23-mm balloon-expandable valves (BEV, n=5) and a 26-mm self-expandable valve (SEV, n=1). All patients underwent multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) before redo TAVI, which showed first-TAV under-expansion (range, 19.1–21.0 mm) compared with the label size. Two BEV and 4 SEV were successfully implanted as second TAV, without moderate/severe regurgitation or 30-day mortality. One of 2 patients with a BEV-inside-BEV implantation had a high transvalvular mean pressure gradient post-procedurally (34 mmHg) and required surgical valve replacement 248 days after the redo TAVI. This, however, was unnoted in patients with SEV implantation during redo TAVI. Planned coronary artery bypass grafting was concomitantly performed in 1 patient with a small sino-tubular junction and SEV-inside-SEV implantation because of the risk of coronary malperfusion caused by the first TAV leaflets. Five of the 6 patients survived during the follow-up period (range, 285–1,503 days). Conclusions: Redo TAVI for TAV-SVD appears safe and feasible, while specific strategies based on MDCT and device selection seem important for better outcomes.
著者
藤倉 恵美 大内 雄太 宮崎 真理子 伊藤 貞嘉
出版者
一般社団法人 日本透析医学会
雑誌
日本透析医学会雑誌 (ISSN:13403451)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.48, no.12, pp.705-712, 2015 (Released:2015-12-22)
参考文献数
28
被引用文献数
1

わが国では終末期医療に関するガイドラインが次々と発表され, いずれも患者本人の意思決定を尊重する内容になっている. 透析患者も同様に自らの意思を尊重され穏やかな最期を過ごすことが望ましい. われわれは狭義の終末期とはいえない状況で患者本人が維持透析中止を決断した症例を想定し「維持血液透析の開始と継続に関する意思決定プロセスについての提言」に沿って意思決定を行う過程と結果を検証した. その結果, 患者がその病状や治療に関して十分に検討, 理解したうえで, ほかから強制されることなく意思決定しており, その判断に倫理的妥当性があれば, 治療中止は患者の自己決定権の行使として容認されるべきと考えた. ただし意思決定プロセスは慎重に検証されなければならず, 加えて緩和医療に関する教育やコンサルテーション体制, 事後のグリーフケアを総合的に整える必要がある. 医療者が法的に免責される保証がないことにも十分注意すべきである.
著者
井澤 修平 吉田 怜楠 大平 雅子 山口 歩 野村 収作
出版者
日本生理心理学会
雑誌
生理心理学と精神生理学 (ISSN:02892405)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.34, no.3, pp.245-249, 2016-12-30 (Released:2018-10-06)
参考文献数
8
被引用文献数
4

爪に含まれるコルチゾールは過去の比較的長期的なホルモンの動態を反映すると考えられているが,その標準的な定量方法についてはまだ確立されたものがない。本研究では爪試料の粉砕粒度や抽出時間が爪試料から抽出されるコルチゾール量に与える影響を検討した。健常な男性14名から手の爪を採取した。爪試料を1, 4, 16分間粉砕し,粉砕粒度の条件(粗い,中程度,細かい)を設定した。また,粉砕した検体はメタノールにより抽出処理を行うが,本研究では抽出時間を1, 6, 24, 48時間の4条件に設定した。上澄み液にろ過処理を施し,蒸発乾固させた後に,最終的にコルチゾールの抽出量を酵素免疫測定により評価した。粉砕粒度と抽出時間を要因とした分散分析を行った結果,粉砕粒度が細かいほど,また抽出時間が長いほど,コルチゾールの抽出量が多いことが示された。また,粉砕粒度と抽出時間の交互作用が有意であり,爪試料が中程度以上に粉砕されていて,かつ抽出時間が48時間の条件では,粉砕粒度の影響は小さいことも示された。本研究では粉砕粒度や抽出時間が爪からのコルチゾールの抽出量に影響を与えることを明確に示した。爪からコルチゾールを測定する際はこれらの要因にも留意する必要性が示された。
著者
上平 幸好
出版者
日本土壌動物学会
雑誌
Edaphologia (ISSN:03891445)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.99, pp.1-9, 2016 (Released:2018-04-27)

九州本島をほぼ網羅する255 地点で, 日本固有種である Metaphire sieboldi( シーボルトミミズ)の分布調査を行い,31 地点でその生息を確認した. 九州北東部と南部で出現頻度は低く,東部で高いことが判明した.出現頻度の違いから本種の分布は偏在しているように推察されたので,著者の結果に他の研究者による本種の出現報告と情報提供の結果を加え再度検討したが,分布状況に大きな違いは認められなかった.この偏在する分布の原因を解明するため土壌型との関連を調べた.地史的に古い土壌である黄褐色森林土と赤黄色土での本種の出現頻度は高く,新しい灰色低地土では低かった.この灰色低地土は河海成の若い土壌であるが,森林土への遷移が進みつつある地域では,隣接する土壌域から本種が進出しつつある例を観察した.阿蘇-4 大噴火を起因とする広い溶岩台地を覆う黒ボク土に本種は出現せず,また,姶良カルデラの生成に起因するシラス台地でも,その出現はごく稀であった.それぞれの台地を覆っている新しい火山灰性土壌は,その特徴的な性状で本種の台地への進出を妨げ分布の障壁になっていた.出現地点と植生図との照合により,最終氷河期以後の九州本島における本種の生息地は照葉樹林帯であると結論したが,2 万年前の最終氷期に,九州本島全域は冷温帯夏緑樹林に覆われていたとする研究報告を考慮すると,本種は照葉樹林内でなければ生息できないとはいえないことを,本州における観察例をあげて指摘した.
著者
青木 かおり 入野 智久 大場 忠道
出版者
日本第四紀学会
雑誌
第四紀研究 (ISSN:04182642)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.47, no.6, pp.391-407, 2008-12-01 (Released:2012-03-26)
参考文献数
45
被引用文献数
22 50

本研究は,鹿島沖から採取された長さ約46 mのMD01-2421コアに介在する23枚のテフラについて,岩石学的記載と火山ガラスの主元素組成分析を行い,既知のテフラとの対比を試みたものである.その結果,九州起源のATとAso-4,御岳山を給源とし中部~東北地方に広く分布するOn-Pm1,北関東に分布するAg-KP,南関東に分布するHk-TP,立山カルデラ起源のTt-D,福島県南部と茨城県北部で対比されているNm-Tgが同定された.また,本コアで得られている高分解能の底生有孔虫の酸素同位体層序を使用して,各テフラの噴出年代を算出し,SPECMAP年代に伴う誤差も合わせて示した.対比された7枚のテフラの噴出年代を,報告されている放射年代や花粉分析や海水準変動史から予想されていた噴出年代と比較して議論した.これらはMIS 6.3以降の中部から東北地方南部の標準となるテフラ層序を提供するものである.
著者
竹之内 耕
出版者
公益社団法人 東京地学協会
雑誌
地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.120, no.5, pp.819-833, 2011-10-25 (Released:2012-01-17)
参考文献数
20
被引用文献数
4 9

Geopark is a beneficial tool for regional development that makes use of characteristic natural and cultural resources, such as landform, rocks, animals, and plants, as well as human history, culture, and traditions in an area. Geopark as a system includes promoting regional development based on integrating three fundamental elements of geopark activity, i.e., conservation, education, and geotourism. Itoigawa Geopark was designated a member of the Global Geopark Network with assistance from UNESCO on 22 August 2009. Itoigawa is a small city with a population of about 48,000 located on the coast of the Japan Sea close to mountains. Following its recognition, the citizens of Itoigawa became aware of the international excellence of the nature and culture of the city and developed pride in their hometown. Consequently, work began to construct a new community by promoting the region based on the geopark system. The awareness of the citizens generated the spontaneous ideas and actions needed to construct a comfortable life with good health, education, and economy in the city. Local governments, such as those of cities, towns, and villages, especially in rural areas, have been looking for ways to promote their regions because of Japan's weak economy over the past twenty years. The geopark is expected to be a useful tool for achieving significant regional development in rural areas.
著者
Yuko Yamakage Hitomi Tsuiji Takao Kohno Himari Ogino Takashi Saito Takaomi C. Saido Mitsuharu Hattori
出版者
The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
雑誌
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:09186158)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.42, no.3, pp.354-356, 2019-03-01 (Released:2019-03-01)
参考文献数
16
被引用文献数
8

Reelin is a secreted protein that antagonizes the deposition and toxicity of amyloid β peptide (Aβ). Therefore, augmentation of Reelin activity may ameliorate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We have recently reported that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 3 (ADAMTS-3) cleaves and inactivates Reelin in the mouse brain. In the present study, we investigated the effect of reducing ADAMTS-3 on deposition of Aβ by crossbreeding drug-inducible ADAMTS-3 conditional knock-out (cKO) mice with “next-generation” AD model mice. We found that reducing ADAMTS-3 inhibited deposition of Aβ significantly in AppNL-F mice, which produce human wild-type Aβ. On the other hand, reducing ADAMTS-3 had no effect in AppNL-G-F mice, which produce the Arctic mutant Aβ (E22G) that forms protofibrils more efficiently than does wild-type Aβ. Thus, the findings suggest that the administration of an inhibitor against ADAMTS-3 will prevent the progression of AD pathology caused by deposition of wild-type Aβ.
著者
Turgut Yigit Akyol Rieko Niwa Hideki Hirakawa Hayato Maruyama Takumi Sato Takae Suzuki Ayako Fukunaga Takashi Sato Shigenobu Yoshida Keitaro Tawaraya Masanori Saito Tatsuhiro Ezawa Shusei Sato
出版者
Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology
雑誌
Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.ME18109, (Released:2018-12-22)
被引用文献数
31

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are important members of the root microbiome and may be used as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. To elucidate the impact of AM fungal inoculation on indigenous root microbial communities, we used high-throughput sequencing and an analytical pipeline providing fixed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) as an output to investigate the bacterial and fungal communities of roots treated with a commercial AM fungal inoculum in six agricultural fields. AM fungal inoculation significantly influenced the root microbial community structure in all fields. Inoculation changed the abundance of indigenous AM fungi and other fungal members in a field-dependent manner. Inoculation consistently enriched several bacterial OTUs by changing the abundance of indigenous bacteria and introducing new bacteria. Some inoculum-associated bacteria closely interacted with the introduced AM fungi, some of which belonged to the genera Burkholderia, Cellulomonas, Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, and Streptomyces and may be candidate mycorrhizospheric bacteria that contribute to the establishment and/or function of the introduced AM fungi. Inoculated AM fungi also co-occurred with several indigenous bacteria with putative beneficial traits, suggesting that inoculated AM fungi may recruit specific taxa to confer better plant performance. The bacterial families Methylobacteriaceae, Acetobacteraceae, Armatimonadaceae, and Alicyclobacillaceae were consistently reduced by the inoculation, possibly due to changes in the host plant status caused by the inoculum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study to investigate interactions between AM fungal inoculation and indigenous root microbial communities in agricultural fields.
著者
川上 泰彦 橋野 晶寛
出版者
日本教育社会学会
雑誌
教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.78, pp.235-255, 2006-05-31 (Released:2011-08-04)
参考文献数
25

The recent tendency toward diversification of the educational policy among local governments makes research about the policymaking process important. In particular, Special Zones for Structural Reform (Kozo Kaikaku Tokku) stimulate municipal governments through deregulation. This paper analyzes the factors that lead to differences in educational policy output via Special Zones for Structural Reform.The authors focus on two respects that have not been sufficiently analyzed in prior studies on the educational policymaking process. The first is the relationship among actors. All prior research has reduced the unit of analysis to individual actors, but it has not reached conclusions on the puzzle of “who is the most influential.” The authors of the current study strategically avoid this problem by looking not at the behavior and attributes of individual actors, but at the relationships among actors such as school principals, mayors and local assemblies. The second is the institutional context. Municipal organizations (governments and educational boards) are nested in the institutions of prefectures, and this study explicitly assumes that the differences between the exogenous institutions of educational administration set up by prefectural governments lead to the diversification of the municipal policymaking process and policy output.The study examines the above two factors quantitatively. Bayesian methodsare used to analyze the population data of municipalities. The dependent variables are the introduction of new educational policies via the admission of Special Zones, and proposals for new educational policies. The following results are obtained by fitting the Bayesian hierarchical heteroskedastic binary probit model.As the size of the network among principals grows, communication among them becomes diluted, so it becomes more difficult to suggest and adopt new educational policies.The relationship between the mayor and members of the local assembly has a major impact at the stage where new educational policies are suggested. The larger the distance between the preferences of the mayor and the assembly members is, the smaller the likelihood that new educational policies will be suggested. In other words, the educational board-the agent of political actorshas autonomy when educational policy does not change at the mercy of political actors, and greater distance between the mayor and assembly members brings about a loss in the consistency of agenda setting by political actors.The institutional factors-rules governing personnel changes and the allocation of educational administration staff-are influential in proposals for new educational policies. Major personnel changes amplify the effect of the network size among principals, and end up diluting the density of communication and preserving the status quo in municipalities.
著者
佐藤 威
出版者
日本応用動物昆虫学会
雑誌
日本応用動物昆虫学会誌 (ISSN:00214914)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.21, no.1, pp.6-14, 1977-03-25 (Released:2009-02-12)
参考文献数
17
被引用文献数
11 12

性的2型とともに,季節的2型をもつヒメシロモンドクガの生活史を明らかにするため,3地方における光温図表を作成し,雌成虫の翅型の分化とその生存上の意味について考察した。光周反応は長日型で,臨界日長は北方で長くなる傾向が認められた。臨界日長を境として,長日条件では長翅型雌が出現し,短日条件では短翅型雌が出現した。短翅型は休眠卵を産下した。光周感受期は幼虫後期であった。雄は常に長翅型であった。卵の休眠は母蛾によって決定され,休眠卵は大型で卵殼も厚く,非休眠卵とは形態的に区別された。幼虫の経過令数は雌雄で異なり,雌6令,雄5令であり,蛹体重は雌が重く,雄の約3倍に達した。非休眠世代の有効積算温量は624∼665日度,発育零点は10.1∼10.4°Cであった。光温図表から,2化地帯と3化地帯があることが示唆された。