著者

Takuya MARUO Nobuyuki KANEMAKI Ken ONDA Reiichiro SATO Nobuteru ICHIHARA Hideharu OCHIAI

出版者

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13-0170, (Released:2013-12-20)

被引用文献数

1 2

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The cystine transport activity of a lens epithelial cell line originated from a canine mature cataract was investigated. The distinct cystine transport activity was observed, which was inhibited to 28% by extracellular 1mM glutamate. The cDNA sequences of canine cysteine/glutamate exchanger (xCT) and 4F2hc were determined. The predicted amino acid sequences were 527 and 533 amino acid polypeptides, respectively. The amino acid sequences of canine xCT and 4F2hc showed high similarities (>80%) to those of humans. The expression of xCT in lens epithelial cell line was confirmed by western blot analysis. RT-PCR analysis revealed high level expression only in the brain, and it was below the detectable level in other tissues.

著者

Yoshiki YAMAYA Kazuyuki SUZUKI Toshihiro WATARI Ryuji ASANO

出版者

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13-0428, (Released:2013-12-20)

被引用文献数

1 1

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We measured bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum canine surfactant protein (cSP)-A concentrations in dogs with chronic cough. There were no significant differences between bronchial and interstitial lung diseases in BALF cSP-A concentrations. However, serum cSP-A concentrations in dogs with the interstitial lung disease as diffuse panbronchiolitis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were significantly higher than those in dogs with the bronchial disease as chronic bronchitis. These results suggest that serum cSP-A concentrations may be a useful and noninvasive biomarker to understand the existence of interstitial lung damage in dogs with chronic cough.

著者

Mayumi NAKAJIMA Koichi OHNO Yuko GOTO-KOSHINO Yasuhito FUJINO Hajime TSUJIMOTO

出版者

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13-0583, (Released:2013-12-20)

被引用文献数

3 9

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Rapid turnover proteins such as transferrin (Tf) are used as dynamic nutritional assessment proteins in human medicine. However, nutritional status in veterinary medicine is mostly assessed on the basis of classical static factors such as body weight, body condition score and plasma albumin level. This study evaluated the clinical usefulness of Tf as nutritional assessment marker by measuring plasma Tf concentrations in malnourished dogs before and after nutritional treatment. Post plasma Tf concentrations were significantly higher than those of pre treatment, although albumin concentration did not change significantly. Numbers of dogs that exhibited increases in plasma Tf concentrations are significantly related to weight gain. Furthermore, the survival rates at day 60 after the treatment initiation were significantly higher in dogs with plasma Tf concentrations above the reference value (180 mg/dl) after the nutritional treatment than those with a plasma Tf concentration<180 mg/dl. In conclusion, plasma Tf concentration is related to nutritional condition and would be a candidate for novel nutritional assessment marker in dogs.

著者

雪野 繼代 田中 邦明 丸山 功 小西 史子 熊谷 多妙子 羽田 尚彦 林 雅弘

出版者

公益社団法人 日本栄養・食糧学会

雑誌

日本栄養・食糧学会誌 (ISSN:02873516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.6, pp.331-337, 2002-12-10 (Released:2009-12-10)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1 3

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工業パイロットスケールで大量培養したドコサヘキサエン酸 (DHA) 富化 Chlorella vulgais CK22株の脂質特性を分析した。純度92.9%のDHAを培養液に添加・培養し, DHA富化 C. vulgaris CK22の細胞成分を調べたところ, DHA添加量と関係し, クロロフィル含量は減少傾向を示したが, 総脂肪酸およびDHA含量はいずれも増加した。しかもDHAの取り込み増加による脂質過酸化の進行はなかった。また, 細胞内に取り込まれたDHAは中性脂質 (NL) のみならず, 糖脂質 (GL) およびリン脂質 (PL) においても認められた。さらにDHA富化 C. vulgaris CK22株の6カ月間にわたる脂質安定性をみたところ, 保存中DHAの若干の減少はあったものの, 過酸化物価の上昇はなかった。

著者

日野 瑛太 森口 昇 杉谷 勇二 井上 博文 山田 健治

出版者

西日本整形・災害外科学会

雑誌

整形外科と災害外科 (ISSN:00371033)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.4, pp.707-709, 2013-09-25 (Released:2013-11-26)

参考文献数

6

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Crowned Dens Syndromeとは,1985年にBouvetらによって報告された,急性の後頸部痛をきたす軸椎歯突起周囲の結晶誘発性関節炎である.今回,我々はCrowned Dens Syndromeの3症例を経験したので報告する.症例は男性1例,女性2例で,いずれも70代で急性発症の頸部回旋時痛で発症した.うち2例はCRPの上昇が見られ,3例とも軸椎歯突起周囲の石灰化像は単純X線像では見出せなかったが,単純CT像で確認することができた.いずれもNSAIDsで数日以内に症状は改善した.高齢者の,急性に発症する強い頸部痛の原因としてCrowned Dens Syndromeを念頭に置く必要がある.

著者

加藤 彰彦

出版者

日本家族社会学会

雑誌

家族社会学研究 (ISSN:0916328X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.10-2, pp.111-127, 1998-07-31 (Released:2009-08-04)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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定位家族構造と夫婦形成タイミングとの関連は、これまで次の2つの仮説によって説明されてきた。社会化仮説は、幼児期において父親不在の家族で生活した者は、伝統的な性役割や規範の内面化が不十分なために結婚のタイミングを遅らせると主張する。ストレス仮説は、ひとり親家族への移行や再婚家族への移行が、子どもや青年を定位家族から離脱させて、未熟な成人役割へと駆りたてると主張する。本研究は、全米家族世帯調査データとコックス回帰モデルを用いて、これらの仮説を検討した。分析結果は、全体として2つの仮説を支持した。しかしながら、定位家族構造変数と出生コーホートとの間に交互作用があるために、これらの仮説の妥当性はコーホートによって異なる。社会化仮説は、ベビープーム期のコーホートの結婚タイミングとベビーバスト期のコーホートの同棲タイミングを説明する。一方、ストレス仮説は、ベビーブーム期のコーホートの結婚タイミングと、ベビーブームおよびベビーバスト期のコーホートの同棲タイミングを説明する。こうした交互作用の実質的な源泉は、コーホート規模と離婚率というマクロ変数と、定位家族構造変数との交互作用にあることが示された。

著者

福島 英雄

出版者

Japanese Society of Tropical Medicine

雑誌

日本熱帯医学会雑誌 (ISSN:21861781)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.2, pp.80-103, 1968-02-10 (Released:2011-05-20)

参考文献数

96

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At the present time, diethylcarbamazine and arsenical-oxophenarsine hydrochloride-are frequently used for the chemotherapy of bancroftian filariasis. The author succeeded in the treatment of microfilaria carriers who were administered with more than 70 mg/kg diethylcarbamazine, showing no microfilaria among them for 5 years, a long period. For this reason, it was estimated by the author that the administration with more than 70 mg/kg of this drug was necessary to eradicate bancroftian filariasis.Venous injection of oxophenarsine hydrochloride were effected continuously for a long time.Based on this result, the above mentioned dose was considered satisfactory for eradication of microfilaria.Microfilariae usually disappear from the peripheral blood quickly on administration with diethylcarbamazine. On the other hand, they disappear slowly on treatment with oxophenarsine hydrochloride.For this reason the author considered that diethylcarbamazine acted first on microfilariae and thereafter on adult worms, and that oxophenarsine hydrochloride acted first on adult worms and then on microfilariae. Simultaneous administration of these two drugs to patients with bancroftian filariasis was tried with great success.There are two methods for the treatment of filariasis. The first is the active treatment for filarial worms. The second, the conservative treatment of patients with chronic symptoms.Diethylcarbamazine shows remarkable effect against filarial fever and hemato-chyluria. Oxophenarsine hydrochloride shows a satisfactory effect on filarial fever. Microfilaria carriers without symptoms are responsive to the administration of diethylcarbamazine and oxophenarsine hydrochloride, and patients with filarial fever are responsive to diethylcarbamazine, oxophenarsine hydrochloride, adrenocorticotropic hormone, anti-histaminics and antibioctics. The administration of diethylcarbamazine, trichomycin and chloroquine diphosphate, intrapelvic infusion with the drugs, and the operative blockage of perirenal lymphatics are tried on the patients with hematochyluria.Radical treatment is given for filarial hydrocele. Plastic surgery is done on elephantiasis cases.The continuous administration of diethylcarbamazine with gradual increasing doses shows remarkable effect in the mass treatment of filariasis. This method is able to reduce gastro-intestinal and neurological disturbances.At the present time microfilaria carriers are treated exclusively without paying attention to the eradication of endemic areas. It is necessary to pay attention to the problems of eradication ; Blood survey by the present technicis incomplete. Because the detection rate of microfilariae from 0.03, 0.06, 0.3 and 2.0 ml periperal blood is 45. 1 %, 55.8 %, 67.4 % and 100.0 %, respectively, new microfilaria carriers usually appear year by year (The positive rate increases between 6.5 % and 10.5 % one year later, among the inhabitants which consist of 15 % to 30 % carriers). Further-more, patients with reinfection, patients within the incubation period, untreated or incompletely treated patients, and patients with a small number of microfilariae are playing important roles as reservoir hosts and disrupt the eradication of bancroftian filariasis.From this aspect, the author tried to administer 2 mg/kg diethylcarbamazine for 5 days to all the inhabitants, both microfilaria carriers and non-microfilaria carriers from a village in Amami Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture, (total dose was 10 mg/kg). Thereafter, an additional 60 mg/kg and 72 mg/kg diethylcarbamazine was administered to microfilaria carriers who were detected among them. Two years and 4 months later, the author obtained successful result in eradication. No microfilaria carriers were then found in this village.This result suggests that the administration of diethylcarbamazine to all the inhabitants in an endemic area effected treatment of reservoir carriers.

著者

東村 知子

出版者

公益財団法人 集団力学研究所

雑誌

ジャーナル「集団力学」 (ISSN:21854718)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.69-80, 2006-06-01 (Released:2013-04-16)

参考文献数

4

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本研究は、障害児の親のピアサポートグループにおける支援の意義を明らかにするものである。地域の障害児親の会の中で、学齢期の子どもの親が中心となっている「T会」においてフィールドワークを行い、定期的なピアカウンセリングと学習会の2つの活動について考察した。ピアカウンセリングでは、主に教師や周囲の保護者との関係について話し合われ、学習会は、親と学校が新しい障害児教育に共に取り組んでいくための関係づくりの場となっていた。T会の意義として、①親の多様な経験がグループとして蓄えられ、アドバイスに生かされていること、②親にとって必要な時に頼れる「基地」となっていること、③外部の親にも情報を発信し、親と関係者をつなぐ取り組みを行っていることの3点が見出された。

著者

松坂 晃太郎 隈元 昭

出版者

一般社団法人 電気学会

雑誌

電気学会論文誌C(電子・情報・システム部門誌) (ISSN:03854221)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.11, pp.1122-1127, 1994-10-20 (Released:2008-12-19)

参考文献数

16

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Any recent application of an expert system requires an effective way to build a very large-scale knowledge base. An on-line massive document, such as a corpus, has a potential possibility to be utilized in automatically preparing such knowledge base. Provided that a natural language interface is available, a user can inquire to the acquired knowledge for a specific topic he wants to know in an interactive way.This paper first makes investigation on semantic structures required in such a corpus oriented knowledge inquiry system focusing on plan-structure and LFG representation. It then proposes a new knowledge representation framework called a PFT-network. This network was introduced to effectively acquire knowledge from corpus with reduced domain knowledge for both the input corpus and user's utterance. Experimental results of extracting knowledge are given and it is demonstrated that the presented approach suggests the feasibility in knowledge acquisition in view of understanding input sentences so that inter-relationship of knowledge is reflected in the obtained knowledge.

著者

佐藤 哲哉 阪井 康友 福原 奈津子 上田 眞太郎

出版者

理学療法科学学会

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.23-28, 1997 (Released:2007-03-29)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

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パーキンソニズムの姿勢反応障害は日常生活(ADL)の障害をきたし,転倒の誘因ともなっている。そこで我々はパーキンソニズムの立位姿勢反応障害の推定とその特徴の検討を目的に,後方外乱によるPostural Stress Testを施行した。後方外乱刺激には,1.0%体重量による60cmの落下エネルギーを用い,刺激直後の前後重心動揺を経時的に測定を行った。加えて,20秒間の静止立位の重心動揺測定も行った。対象はパーキンソニズム10例および健常者10例で,結果はパーキンソニズムのADL障害の重度化に伴って,後方外乱刺激から平衡反応までの潜時時間は遅延し,この時の後方重心移動距離も延長した。パーキンソニズムの姿勢反応障害の特徴は,静止時のS.D-Areaでなく,後方外乱によるPostural Stress Testに対しての反応を示唆し,臨床評価にその有用性を明らかにした。

著者

武岡 健次 七堂 大学 山田 保隆 河村 廣幸 岡田 光郎 小柳 磨毅 澤田 甚一

出版者

理学療法科学学会

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.71-74, 1995-05-20 (Released:2007-03-29)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

4 2

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パーキンソン病患者が,姿勢保持障害により後方に転倒することはよく知られている。しかし,姿勢保持障害の定量的な評価は困難であり,転倒危険性の予測は医師・療法士などの経験により判断されていた。そこで我々はパーキンソン病患者の転倒危険性を定量的に評価するため,傾斜刺激に対する立位保持能力を測定した。対象はパーキンソン病患者14例(男性7例,女性7例)で,Yahrの重症度分類(stage)はIIが3例,IIIが8例,IVが3例であった。方法は,対象をTilt tableの足底面に起立させ,足底面を後方へ傾斜させた際,立位保持できた最大傾斜角度を測定した。測定時,側方よりビデオ撮影を行い,開始立位時および後方傾斜により後方に倒れた時の股関節の角度変化を算出した。 パーキンソン病患者の立位保持可能な最大傾斜角度は健常人に比べて,有意に小さかった。また,パーキンソン病患者内ではIV群が,II・III群より小さい傾斜角度で後方に倒れる傾向がみられた。最大傾斜角度が6°以下のものは,全例が転倒経験を有していた。パーキンソン病患者のIV群は開始立位時において大きく前屈姿勢をとっていたが,逆に後方転倒時までの股関節の角度変化は小さく,開始立位に近い状態で後方に転倒していた。 これらの結果から後方傾斜刺激による姿勢保持障害の測定が,転倒危険性を予測する定量的な評価方法として有効であると考えられる。

著者

鈴木 了 佐武 憲二

出版者

公益財団法人 日本醸造協会

雑誌

日本釀造協會雜誌 (ISSN:0369416X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.6, pp.551-554, 1969-06-15 (Released:2011-11-04)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

1 1

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ピール, サイダー, 水についての気温による最適飲用温度を調査した。Thurstone's case V型構造に基づく一対比較法による官能検査を実施し, 解析後, その好みの度合を尺度化した。その結果, 気温が高くなるにつれて最適飲用温度は逆に低下する傾向, および品温に対する好みの度合が強くなる (好き嫌いがはっきりしてくる) 傾向が認められた。湿度を極端に高くすると強い不快感のために判別能力を失い, うまさが判らなくなることも認められた。

著者

白石 斉聖 中川 弘毅

出版者

公益社団法人 日本農芸化学会

雑誌

化学と生物 (ISSN:0453073X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.4, pp.270-277, 2000-04-25 (Released:2009-05-25)

参考文献数

10

著者

黒田 長禮

出版者

The Ornithological Society of Japan

雑誌

鳥 (ISSN:00409480)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.83, pp.180-186, 1967-03-20 (Released:2009-02-26)

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These observations were made by myself in my residence in Tokyo, mostly from 1956 to 1958. I frequently observed a few species of wild ducks in a medium sized flying aviary with a small pond some 4 feet deep situated close to my room. The present paper contains some 14 items concerning the habits of several ducks in captivity as follows:1. Winter morning. 2. Bathing habits. 3. Methods and modes of eating diets (grains and animal foods). 4. Sleepings. 5. Quarrels. 6. Pressing chest each other. 7. Special caracteristics of Wigeons. 8. Speciality on habits of Mandarin Ducks. 9. A definite female for a male Mallard. 10. Habits of Gadwalls. 11. Formosan and Baikals. 12. Garganey. 13. A few other miscellaneous notes. 14. Special habits of a Merganser.

著者

高 娟淑 久野 覚 原田 昌幸 中山 和美 飯村 龍

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.638, pp.427-433, 2009-04-30 (Released:2009-11-24)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

2 1

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In this study we examined ventilation in summer and solar insolation in winter as elements of the indoor environment, with the objective of analyzing the seasonal characteristics of thermal environment evaluation as well as identifying how particular characteristics of space affect the evaluation of the thermal environment. The results were as follows. We found that in summer, feelings of discomfort disappeared even at the high indoor temperature of 33°C when a breeze of at least 0.6 m/s was present. In winter, some subjects expressed a desire for the temperature to be raised while others desired it to be lowered, with a neutral temperature of 23-25°C. We found that subjects' degree of satisfaction to exposure to sunlight was “just right” at temperatures over 25°C, with dissatisfaction at the amount of sunshine being eliminated. During winter, by moving into and out of sunlit areas, subjects created a transient thermal environment in which they actively enjoyed temporary pleasant sensations even in high temperatures.

著者

Kazunori HORIBE Ken-Ichi TAHARA

出版者

The Mathematical Society of Japan

雑誌

Japanese journal of mathematics. New series (ISSN:02892316)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.137-157, 1984 (Released:2008-12-16)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

6

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We list the stable structure of these six groups below.(1) G1=Zp׋x, y, z|xp=yp=zp=[x, z]=[y, z]=1, [x, y]=z›, n0=3p-2, π=2 Q3p-2(G1)=Zp(1/2)(p+1)(p2+p+1), Q3p-1(G1)=Zp(1/2)(p+1)(p2+p+1)+1(2) G2=‹u, x, y|up=xp=yp2=[u, y]=[x, y]=1, [u, x]=yp›, n0=3p-2, π=1, Q3p-2(G2)=Zp(2p2+p+1).(3) G3=Zp׋x, y|xp=yp2=1, [x, y]=yp›, n0=3p-2, π=1, Q3p-2(G3)=Zp(2p2+p+1).(4) G4=Zp(2)×Zp2 n0=3p-2, π=1, Q3p-2(G4)=Zp2×Zp(2p2+p-1).(5) G5=‹u, x, y|up=xp=yp2=[u, x]=[u, yp]=1, [u, y]=x, [x, y]=yp›, n0=4p-3, π=2, Q4p-3(G5)=Zp(1/2)(3p2+1)+p, Q4p-2(G5)=Zp(3/2)(p2+1)+p(6) G6=‹u, x, y|up=xp=yp2=[u, x]=[x, y]=1, [u, y]=x›, n0=4p-3, π=2, Q4p-3(G6)=Zp2×Zp(3/2)(p2-1)+p, Q4p-2(G6)=Zp2×Zp(1/2)(3p2-1)+p.

著者

Kazuya EDAMURA Rei NAKANO Kyohei FUJIMOTO Kenji TESHIMA Kazushi ASANO Shigeo TANAKA

出版者

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13-0296, (Released:2013-12-13)

被引用文献数

9

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We investigated the cell viability, proliferative capacity and neuronal differentiation potential of canine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) after cryopreservation. BMSCs were cryopreserved using cryoprotectant solutions with 10% DMSO and 10% FBS (DF group) or without DMSO and FBS (DF-free group); fresh BMSCs were used as a control. The cell viability and proliferative capacity of BMSCs were similar in the DF-free and control groups, while those in the DF group were lower. In all groups, BMSCs differentiated into neuron-like cells that stained positive against neuron markers, and the mRNA expression levels of neuron markers increased after neuronal induction. In conclusion, cryopreservation with DF-free cryoprotectant solution did not diminish the cell viability, proliferative capacity or neuronal differentiation potential of canine BMSCs.

著者

Shion WATANABE Anna KOIKE Rui KANO Masahiko NAGATA Charles CHEN Cheol-Yong HWANG Atsuhiko HASEGAWA Hiroshi KAMATA

出版者

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13-0433, (Released:2013-12-13)

被引用文献数

3 29

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Topical or oral azole antifungals are commonly used in canine atopic dermatitis (AD) as the lipophilic yeast Malassezia pachydermatis exacerbates canine AD. To examine whether canine AD lesions harbor azole-resistant M. pachydermatis isolates in East Asia, we investigated the in vitro susceptibility of M. pachydermatis isolates to ketoconazole (KTZ) and itraconazole (ITZ) obtained from AD lesions of canines in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of KTZ and ITZ were measured by the E-test using Sabouraud’s dextrose agar with 0.5% Tween 40. The MICs of KTZ and ITZ for isolates from canines with AD were significantly higher from the MICs for isolates from healthy canines. Our findings suggested that the clinical isolates from canine AD skin lesions were less susceptible to azoles than those from normal canine skin in East Asia.

著者

Tetsuya HASEGAWA Maho SUMITA Yusuke HORITANI Reo TAMAI Katsuhiro TANAKA Masayuki KOMORI Shigeo TAKENAKA

出版者

公益社団法人 日本獣医学会

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13-0520, (Released:2013-12-13)

被引用文献数

3 15

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Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder with seizures, but diagnostic approaches in veterinary clinics remain limited. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a body fluid used for diagnosis in veterinary medicine. In this study, we explored canine epilepsy diagnostic biomarkers using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolic profiling of CSF and multivariate data analysis. Profiles for subjects with idiopathic epilepsy differed significantly from those of healthy controls and subjects with symptomatic epilepsy. Among 60 identified metabolites, the levels of 20 differed significantly among the three groups. Glutamic acid was significantly increased in idiopathic epilepsy, and some metabolites including ascorbic acid were changed in both forms of epilepsy. These findings show that metabolic profiles of CSF differ between idiopathic and symptomatic epilepsy and that metabolites including glutamic acid and ascorbic acid in CSF may be useful for diagnosis of canine epilepsy.

著者

Heejin KIM

出版者

グローバルビジネスリサーチセンター・東京大学MERC

雑誌

Annals of Business Administrative Science (ISSN:13474464)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.6, pp.327-343, 2013-12-15 (Released:2013-12-17)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

4 8

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Much research has been conducted about transferring the headquarters (hereafter HQ) staff to subsidiaries (expatriation). On the contrary, this paper reviews existing researches on transferring subsidiary staff to the HQ (inpatriation). Inpatriate staff clearly form a heterogeneous group and differ from expatriate staff in terms of their positions, strengths, and roles. The overall stream of related researches can be summarized into three topics. (1) Empirical surveys on Japanese companies have been conducted since the late 1980s, in which inpatriation was considered as a tool for localization of human resources. (2) Growing business opportunities in emerging economies stimulated researches on inpatriation since the late 1990s, especially focusing on Western multinational corporations. A research group headed by Harvey discussed the need for inpatriation and management issues that inpatriate staff may encounter at the HQ; Collings and his colleagues discussed the importance of strategic global staffing and preconditions for inpatriation. (3) In the 2000s, Reiche and others discussed knowledge transfer by inpatriate staff and the factors that facilitate this process (i.e., inpatriation) as a means of knowledge transfer in multinational corporations. It is possible that inpatriation, which has been discussed within the context of localization of human resources since the 1980s, will now present a new solution for many Japanese companies that are struggling to gain or transfer market knowledge from emerging markets.