著者
野矢 茂樹
出版者
日本科学哲学会
雑誌
科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.37, no.2, pp.47-58, 2004-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

Fatalism or logical determinism says that the future is determined on a very logical ground. In this paper, examining the fatalist argument critically, I am going to show how we can avoid the fatalist thesis. Aristotle discussed this problem and came to the conclusion that some statements about the future are neither true nor false. Following his suggestion, I farther claim that the future does not exist. That is the reason why any proper name included in a statement about the future has no referent. Therefore, as Aristotle said, statements about the future have no truth value. In the latter half of this paper, I will consider some problems with my claim what does a statement about the future mean and how is the past related to the present?
著者
安倍 里美
出版者
日本イギリス哲学会
雑誌
イギリス哲学研究 (ISSN:03877450)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.42, pp.15-32, 2019-03-20 (Released:2020-04-28)
参考文献数
17

This looks to examine how the relationship between obligation and reasons should be understood, on the assumption that normativity should be understood in terms of reasons. Though the analysis of obligation in terms of exclusionary reasons given by Joseph Raz fails as a reductive definition of duty in terms of reasons, it provides a significant suggestion. I argue that Raz's analysis can be modified by distinguishing between normativity and the framework of justification; and by doing this we can gain an outline of a non-reductive explanation of the concept of duty.
著者
山本 和人
出版者
宗教哲学会
雑誌
宗教哲学研究 (ISSN:02897105)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.10, pp.50-67, 1993 (Released:2018-03-29)

“Millenarianism” is a term originally employed by medieval and early modern European historians, but has been referred to in various studies of many cultural, religious and nativistic movement outside the western world, such as the Prophetism in Africa, the Ghost Dance in North America, and the Cargo Cults in Melanesia. There is no consistent use of terminology among historians and cultural anthropologists, and the aim of this thesis is to offer some prospect for the integration of these studies. Some fundamental standpoints are discerned among them. Critical examination of these standpoints —psychological, sociological— of science of religion, would make two opposite tendencies clear. One is the view that millenarianism is something absurd or eccentric, and that the absurdity is to be reduced to psychological or sociological deficiencies. This is nothing but “labelling”. The other makes efforts to understand millenarianism which is essentially alien to our secular world view. It must be the process of understanding to endeavor to explain what seems alien to us, and we call this kind of attitude “proper appreciation”. Most studies are situated between these two polaritic tendencies. How can we avoid the labelling? There is something to learn in the standpoint of science of religion. As the science of religion is concerned with the integrated understanding of various religious phenomena which seem, at a glance, so hardly to be identifiable that we have difficulties in comprehending them under one word “religion”,so we must make much of our identification of many millenarian movements, for we have the tacit understanding that we also have an element in our experience which causes millenarianism. That is why we can recognize millenarianism. Thus, the preliminary lines for the study are laid down. First, the proper appreciation should be pursued as far as possible, not only to avoid labelling, but to carry our tacit understanding of millenarianism into direct statements. Second, the proper appreciation results in extending the application of millenarianism, because any of its limitation might presume the prejudiced labelling. This is only an immediate plan for the study, but we must start from it.
著者
畝部 俊也 UNEBE Toshiya
出版者
名古屋大学文学部
雑誌
名古屋大学文学部研究論集. 哲学 (ISSN:04694716)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.57, pp.19-39, 2011-03-31

Śivatāṇḍava-stotra is a Sanskrit hymn of praise to the Lord Śiva in the Hindu religious tradition. It has beenvery popular in India and is famous for its high literary grace. And it is traditionally ascribed to Rāvaṇa, the rivalof Rāma who is the hero of one of the two cerebrated Indian epics, Rāmāyaṇa.This article presents a Japanese translation of this hymn with annotation. The Rāmāyaṇa (chapter 7, section16) narrates the account of how Rāvaṇa became a devotee (bhakta) of Śiva and how he came to sing the hymn tohim. This episode is also translated in this article.The hymn describes many mūrti (forms) of Śiva related to his various mythological episodes. The annotationexplains these related episodes and the visual representations as well.
著者
大谷 卓史
出版者
国立研究開発法人 科学技術振興機構
雑誌
情報管理 (ISSN:00217298)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, no.5, pp.335-338, 2017-08-01 (Released:2017-08-01)
参考文献数
11

インターネットという情報の巨大な伝送装置を得,おびただしい量の情報に囲まれることになった現代。実体をもつものの価値や実在するもの同士の交流のありようにも,これまで世界が経験したことのない変化が訪れている。本連載では哲学,デジタル・デバイド,サイバーフィジカルなどの諸観点からこのテーマをとらえることを試みたい。「情報」の本質を再定義し,情報を送ることや受けることの意味,情報を伝える「言葉」の役割や受け手としてのリテラシーについて再考する。第3回は,伝承の匿名空間とでも呼ぶべきインターネット上に流布される「虚偽情報」にだまされないための方法はあるのか,を考える。
著者
臼井 二尚
出版者
京都哲学会
雑誌
哲学研究 (ISSN:03869563)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.47, no.8, pp.p1609-1617, 1984-10
著者
佐藤 康邦 川本 隆史 越智 貢 大庭 健 池上 哲司 安彦 一恵 星野 勉 水谷 雅彦 中岡 成文 溝口 宏平
出版者
東洋大学
雑誌
総合研究(A)
巻号頁・発行日
1994

本プロジェクトは、医療や環境といった各問題領域ごとバラバラの輸入・紹介から始められた「応用倫理学」を現代日本の文脈に埋め込む作業を通じて、「倫理学におけるマクロ的視点とミクロ的視点の総合」をめざそうとするものであった。初年度開始と同時に総合研究の準備態勢を整え、交付決定後の7月に全体研究打ち合せ会議を開催した。本会議では代表者によって研究目的の詳細な説明がなされた上、二つの報告と活発な意見交換がなされた。12月の全体研究打ち合せ会では、生命倫理、環境倫理、情報倫理の三分野に関する個別報告がなされ、方法論については応用倫理学を「臨床哲学」へと深化・徹底させようとする動向とシステム理論の最前線の議論が紹介された。2月の研究合宿では、生命倫理の難問に即しながら応用倫理学の学問的姿勢を吟味する報告に続いて、研究代表者および分担者が編者を務めた論文集『システムと共同性』の合評会を行なった。最終年度は3会の会議を開催し、全部で11の個別報告と総括がなされた。その大半は別途提出する研究成果報告書や公刊物に掲載されるので、要点のみ列記する。(1)C.テイラー『自我の諸源泉』の検討(星野報告)。(2)公教育における多元文化主義の論争(若松報告)。(3)生命倫理と「公共政策」との連携(平石報告)。(4)〈内在的価値〉の解明(渡辺報告)。(5)環境倫理の再構成(安彦報告)。(6)C・マ-チャント『ラディカル・エコロジー』の吟味(須藤報告)。(7)環境や自然に対する現象学的接近(溝口報告)。(8)阪神大震災後のボランティア・ネットワークの調査(水谷報告)。(9)教育という文化的再生産の機制(壽報告)。(10)討議倫理学の生命倫理への応用(霜田報告)。(11)ビジネス・エシックスのサ-ヴェイ(田中報告)。以上の経過をもって、所期の研究目標はほぼ達成されたものと自己評価を下している。
著者
鹿野 祐嗣
出版者
早稲田大学演劇博物館
雑誌
演劇映像学
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2012, pp.73-83, 2013-03-22

7 0 0 0 OA 論証と原因

著者
酒井 健太朗
出版者
日本哲学会
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:03873358)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2019, no.70, pp.205-219, 2019-04-01 (Released:2019-04-18)
参考文献数
11

Aristotle’s APo. claims that scientific knowledge requires a cause serving as the middle term in the demonstration. APo. II 11 considers how the well-known “four causes” should be understood in the theory of demonstration. What is key is the relation of the final cause to the other three causes. This paper discusses how the theory of demonstration handles these causes by considering their status and interrelation. Aristotle examines the four causes from the perspective of the major and minor terms in a demonstration. The grounding cause states the essence of the minor term, and the essential and efficient causes state the essence of the major term. However, there are difficulties in considering the final cause. For, in the example of being healthy, illustrating the final cause involves two demonstrations. In the first demonstration, the middle term (food not staying on the surface) explains the essence of the major term (being healthy). In the second demonstration, however, the middle term (being healthy) does not explain the essence of the major term (food not staying on the surface) or the minor term (walking after dinner). In order to answer this problem, we have to mention two points: First, the final cause appears last in generation but arises first as the initial point of the explanation; secondly, the final cause explains the processes to the end as for the end. By considering these facts, I show that the second demonstration explains the major term and the minor term by the middle term from the viewpoint of temporal order that the first demonstration establishes. This paper argues that APo. II 11 divides the four causes into the final cause and the other three causes and claims that the second demonstration includes “hypothetical necessity”. Consequently, this paper shows that Aristotle aims to exclude chance from a demonstration having the final cause as the middle term by introducing hypothetical necessity.
著者
Gergely Mohacsi 森田 敦郎
出版者
三田哲學會
雑誌
哲学 (ISSN:05632099)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.125, pp.263-284, 2011-03

特集 : 人間科学投稿論文科学技術が日常生活にますます浸透しつつある現代世界において, 多様な見方を同時に生きることは, 当たり前だといえる. その結果民族学の基本的な手法とされてきた. 「比較」は, 客観性を思考する人類学者が俯瞰的に対象を眺める視点に属するのではなく, 移動し, 差異を認め, そこから知識を生み出そうとする人々が行う実践の中の一要素となってきた. 本稿が焦点を当てるのは, こうしたグローバル化する科学技術に従う比較の氾濫である. 一方, 日常的に生きられる比較のあり方を, 多様な事例研究を踏まえて描き出すことで, いわゆるポストプルーラルの世界を把握しようとする. さらにこれを, エンジニアリングと医療という「日々の通約」の二つの事例をとおして, 人類学者のフィ ルドワークにおける比較と併置し 存在論的な展開を図るための方法論を提案する. Anthropologists, in the field, work to recognize differences through continuously contrasting their findings with the cultural and other kinds of knowledge they bring from home or elsewhere. They keep comparing in order to make sense of the links between the particular and the general. On the other hand and this has been studied less thoroughly so far , such comparative work is also part and parcel of the very practices under study in anthropology. It is this implicit interplay between different scales of comparison that we want to reflect upon in this article. Through two short case studies of engineering in Thai and medical technologies in general we argue that the increasing mobility of scientific ideas and technological innovations is generated by practices that accumulate comparisons and contrasts on many levels. This will lead us to challenge ethnographic methodology from the vantage point of a post-plural understanding of the world.
著者
足立 広明
出版者
奈良大学史学会
雑誌
奈良史学 (ISSN:02894874)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.30号, pp.163-194, 2013-01

アレクサンドリアにヒュパティアという名の女性がいた。彼女は哲学者テオンの娘であった。彼女は高い教養を修め、とくにプロティノスによって引き出されたプラトンの研究を成功裏に継承し、意欲を持って集まった人々にあらゆる哲学的学芸を開示した。