著者
三浦 國雄
出版者
大阪市立大学
雑誌
人文研究 (ISSN:04913329)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.47, no.3, pp.183-226, 1995
著者
石井 健一
出版者
数理社会学会
雑誌
理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2, no.1, pp.15-28, 1987-10-01 (Released:2009-03-01)
参考文献数
8
被引用文献数
7

Noelle-Neumannは、世論過程について「沈黙の螺旋状過程」として知られている仮説を提出している。この仮説は、各個人は世論の分布を考慮しながら、自分の意見を表明するかどうか決めるというものである。本論文では、この仮説に対して、M. Granovetterが集合行動のモデルとして提出した「閾値モデル」を基礎とし、これを世論過程に適合した形に変形してフォーマライゼーションを試みる。分析の主な目的は、世論の均衡分布についての吟味である。その結果、世論の潜在的分布の連続的な変化によって、顕在的な表明される意見分布がカタストロフィー的に変化することがあることを示す。また、対立する二つの意見集団について、それぞれの(1)順応性、(2)ハード・コアの存在の有無という点から世論の均衡点に及ぼす効果を分析する。
著者
汪 発武 王 功輝
出版者
京都大学
雑誌
基盤研究(B)
巻号頁・発行日
2006

中国三峡ダム貯水池において、千将坪地すべりのような再活動地すべりが高速運動した原因に着目し、現地調査及び詳細な土質試験・分析により、すべり面がその付近領域に拡張していくことより、再活動地すべりでも高速運動できる運動機構を解明した.また、樹坪地すべりにおいて、長期観測システムを設立し、水位低下及び降雨による斜面変動への影響を明らかにした.これにより、より計画的に貯水池の水位管理を行わない限り、地すべりが必ず発生する危険性を指摘した.
著者
秋山 浩
出版者
文芸春秋
雑誌
文芸春秋
巻号頁・発行日
vol.33, no.15, pp.250-260, 1955-08
著者
大原 嶺 松澤 智史 武田 正之
雑誌
第81回全国大会講演論文集
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2019, no.1, pp.115-116, 2019-02-28

ユーモアの理解は人間の高度な知的活動である.近年のAI技術の発展は著しいが,ユーモア関連での成果は比較的少ない.本研究では,ユーモア分野の中でもパターンが定型化されているなぞかけに着目する.なぞかけを生成するためにはお題に対する音韻類似語と関連語を抽出する必要があるが,音韻類似後の抽出部分には同音異義語辞書を,関連後の抽出部分にはWord2Vecの学習モデルを用いた.その結果,従来のシステムに比べてより豊富な語彙を持ち,幅広いお題に対応することのできるなぞかけ支援システムを構築した.
著者
平山 良孝 茅切 浩
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬理学会
雑誌
日本薬理学雑誌 (ISSN:00155691)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.119, no.1, pp.45-53, 2002 (Released:2002-12-10)
参考文献数
73
被引用文献数
1 1

カリクレイン-キニン系は循環調節,炎症·アレルギー,痛み,ショック等において多くの生理的,病態生理的役割を果たしていると考えられている.キニンの受容体にはこれまでにB1およびB2の2種類が知られており,ブラジキニン(BK)をはじめとしたキニンはそれらの受容体を介して作用を示す.B2受容体は多くの組織において恒常的に発現されており,キニンの大部分の生理学的活性を媒介していると考えられている.一方,B1受容体は炎症反応や組織傷害等により発現が誘導され,炎症反応の維持やそれに伴う痛みに関与していることが示唆されている.B2受容体に対する拮抗薬の研究はBKのペプチドアナログから始まり,最近では非ペプチド性拮抗薬に主流は移っているが,臨床試験結果が開示されているのはペプチド性拮抗薬NPC567,CP-0127とHOE-140の3剤である.これらの薬剤は,鼻炎,気管支喘息,全身性炎症反応症候群(systemic inflammatory response syndrome: SIRS)·敗血症,外傷性脳傷害等で評価され,ある程度BKの関与について示唆する役割を果たしたが,いずれも治療薬として期待されたほどの作用を示したとは言えなかった.また,いずれの試験についても,拮抗薬としての効力や試験時の投与用量·用法に関してB2受容体拮抗薬の力量を充分に判断できる試験であったかどうか,疑問が残されている.今後は新しく見出された拮抗薬を中心に,これら既存の適応症に対する有効性に関して結論が出されるとともに,これまでに試されてこなかった適応症に対しても可能性を確かめられることが望まれる.B1受容体拮抗薬については未だに臨床評価されたものはないが,ペプチドタイプ拮抗薬やB1受容体遺伝子KOマウスでの検討によりその役割が明らかにされつつあり,今後のさらなる研究の進展が期待される.
著者
堀田 あゆみ
出版者
総合研究大学院大学文化科学研究科
雑誌
総研大文化科学研究 (ISSN:1883096X)
巻号頁・発行日
no.8, pp.117-135, 2012-03

本稿では、必要最低限のモノだけで暮らしモノに執着しないといったモンゴルの遊牧民に対する言説によらず、現地調査によって得られた知見をもとに、彼らのモノをめぐる世界を明らかにする。遊牧が盛んなアルハンガイ県において、遊牧民の生活世界にあるモノの悉皆調査を行った結果、一世帯に373品目1539点のモノが存在していることがわかった。特徴的なのは、譲渡や貸借によってモノが生活圏を越え頻繁に移動することである。 とりわけ貸借は広く行われておりその対象も多様である。所有者から得た利用権によって借り手は自由に使用できる。廃棄や第三者への譲渡は許されないが、利用が終了しても所有者が取りにくるまで手元に留め置いてもかまわない。なぜなら遊牧民にとって、モノの所有とは占有を意味しないからである。切迫した必要がなければ手元に無くてもよく、入用の際に返却を求めるか、別の家から拝借すればよいと考えるのである。 しかし、常に気前よく要求に応じるわけではなく、譲渡や貸借をめぐって熾烈な駆け引きが展開される。所有者も要求者も様々な交渉を用いて自己主張を行う。所有者による要求の拒否はいずれ我が身に跳ね返るというリスクを伴うため、交渉で妥協点を探りあうことが重視される。また、社会関係を損なわずに交渉を有利にすすめるための戦略として情報管理が行われる。その一つが隠蔽工作であり、生活世界に存在するモノの三分の二を隠すことで、モノに関する情報の漏洩と物理的なアクセスを阻んでいる。他方で、見せることを前提に情報操作を行うこともある。あえて目に付く場所にモノを置き、アクセスさせることでケチではないという実績を作りながら、隠蔽しておいた残りを家族だけで利用するのである。 モノに執着する一方で必ずしも占有を意図しないという事実から、遊牧民はモノの所有には執着しないと言える。彼らにとって重要なのは、入用の際にモノが利用できるということであり、必要なモノが誰の所にあるかという情報である。モノは交渉によって入手できるため、全てを自らの所有にしておく必然性がないのである。つまり、本当に執着しているのはモノの情報であると言える。This article aims to clarify the place of material things in the Mongolian nomad's world. It does not rely on the discourse about nomadic values, which has held that nomads make do with the bare minimum and are not attached to things, but rather it is based on findings acquired in field work. In an exhaustive survey conducted in Arkhangai Province, I found that a nomadic household possesses a considerable number of material things—1,539 items of 373 different kinds of things. Further, I found that things have an existence that goes beyond the sphere of everyday life, and they change hands frequently by means of transfers and loans. Possession of things does not always mean continuous custody. Nomads may keep at hand an item that they have borrowed even after they have finished using it, until the owner comes to take it back. Nomads usually think that they do not have to be surrounded by their things all the time. It is only when they need a particular thing that they think they should either ask for its return or go to borrow the item from another house.However, nomads occasionally resort to fierce tactics when they demand or request transfers or loans. Both the owner and the requester assert themselves in various types of negotiation. If the owner refuses the request, there could be a risk of causing a future refusal of their own demand. Thus it is extremely important to try to seek and reach a compromise by negotiation. As a strategy to push negotiations forward to one's own benefit, efforts at concealment and information control are often part of the process. We can say that nomads are not deeply attached to possession of things, from the fact that their strong attachment to things does not always mean having concrete custody of them. The most important thing for Mongolian nomads is information about where things are. It is this information that allows them to negotiate with others and brings a chance to obtain the things that they need. That is to say, they do not have to keep things around them at all times. In conclusion, it can be said that it is information about things, not things themselves, that nomads are deeply attached to.
著者
伊藤 慎一郎
出版者
一般社団法人日本機械学会
雑誌
ジョイント・シンポジウム講演論文集 : スポーツ工学シンポジウム : シンポジウム:ヒューマン・ダイナミックス : symposium on sports engineering : symposium on human dynamics
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2008, pp.181-184, 2008-11-05
被引用文献数
2

25 world records were born in the swimming races of the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. The swimmer's wear rate of Lazer Racer, a drag reduction swim suit, among the gold medalists was 94%. The effectiveness of the swimsuit was quite apparent The reason of the drag reduction was to reduce the surface viscous friction drag and to reduce the projection cross-sectional area due to its compression effectiveness. Before Beijing Olympic started, expecting new records by these gold medalists with LZR Racer were calculated by dividing a race into two phases, a start & turn phase and a steady propulsive phase, on the assumption that theses gold medalists had the same swimming techniques of the previous world record holders. Although the drag reduction rate used in this calculation was modified according to one of the manufacturer announcement, each expecting new records was an approximate value of the new world records in Beijing Olympics. It was found that the speed increase effect by the swimsuit
著者
原口 サトミ
出版者
日本生活体験学習学会
雑誌
生活体験学習研究 (ISSN:13461796)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.4, pp.99-106, 2004-01

『自然と遊ぼう「ありんこクラブ」』は活動を始めて4年目を迎えました。保育士、学童保育指導員の経験の中から ①多くの子ども達に自然の中で体を存分に使って遊ぶ楽しさを知って欲しい②大人たちに子どもの遊びの大切さを思い出してほしい③遊び文化を絶やしたくない④地域で遊ぶことによりやがては地域の環境保全につながってほしい⑤大人たちに現在の生活や生き方を見つめなおしてほしい このような願いから夫や仲間達とつくったクラブです。月一回の活動ですが、毎月発行している「ありんこ新聞」を読んで、都合のつく人が参加するというゆるやかな活動です。野外活動が主な為、保険の関係で会員制度にしていますが、一般の方への参加を呼びかけて環境教育学習や、上映会などにも取り組んでいます。本稿はクラブを始めた経緯から現在までの実践報告と、活動の広がりなどをまとめてみました。

2 0 0 0 OA 紀州本万葉集

出版者
後藤安報恩会
巻号頁・発行日
vol.第1, 1941
著者
KODERA Kunihiko EGUCHI Nawo UEYAMA Rei FUNATSU Beatriz M. GAETANI Marco TAYLOR Christopher M.
出版者
Meteorological Society of Japan
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.2021-055, (Released:2021-05-14)
被引用文献数
1

Previous studies have suggested that the recent increase in tropical extreme deep convection, in particular over Asia and Africa during the boreal summer, has occurred in association with a cooling in the tropical lower stratosphere. The present study is focused on the Sahel region of West Africa, where an increased occurrence of extreme precipitation events has been reported over recent decades. The results show that the changes over West Africa since the 1980s involve a cooling trend in the tropical lower stratosphere and tropopause layer, combined with a warming in the troposphere. This feature is similar to that which might result from increased greenhouse gas levels, but is distinct from the interannual variation of precipitation associated with the transport of water vapor from the Atlantic Ocean. It is suggested that the decrease in the vertical temperature gradient in the tropical tropopause region enhances extreme deep convection over the Sahel, where penetrating convection is frequent, whereas tropospheric warming suppresses the shallower convection over the Guinea Coast. The essential feature of the recent changes over West Africa is therefore the depth of convection, rather than the total amount of surface precipitation.
著者
SONG Jinjie KLOTZBACH Philip J. DUAN Yihong
出版者
Meteorological Society of Japan
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.2021-051, (Released:2021-04-27)
被引用文献数
3

This study shows that the impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Modoki on boreal summer tropical cyclone (TC) formation over the western North Pacific (WNP) has experienced decadal changes during the past few decades. The correlation between the ENSO Modoki index (EMI) and TC frequency over the WNP is weak between 1975-1989, becomes strong and significant between 1990-2004, and becomes weak again between 2005-2019. Over the eastern part of the WNP, ENSO Modoki enhanced TC formation during 1990-2004 but did not significantly impact on the TC formation during 1975-1989 and 2005-2019. The difference in correlation strength primarily results from changes in large-scale features related to ENSO Modoki among the three sub-periods (1975-1989, 1990-2004 and 2005-2019). El Niño Modoki from 1990-2004 was characterized by a tripole SST pattern with maximum SST anomalies in the equatorial central Pacific, while from 1975-1989 and 2005-2019, the maximum SST anomalies were located over the subtropical northeastern Pacific. The two primary environmental variables likely leading to these observed relationships between ENSO Modoki and TCs were mid-level moisture (RH600) and low-level vorticity (VOR850). From 1990-2004, TC formation was enhanced both south of 20°N and north of 20°N. The increase in TC activity during El Niño Modoki south of 20°N was likely tied to greater RH600 and north of 20°N to larger cyclonic VOR850. In contrast, ENSO Modoki's impacts on both VOR850 and RH600 were weak from 1975-1989 and 2005-2019.
著者
SHIBUYA Ryosuke NAKANO Masuo KODAMA Chihiro NASUNO Tomoe KIKUCHI Kazuyoshi SATOH Masaki MIURA Hiroaki MIYAKAWA Tomoki
出版者
Meteorological Society of Japan
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.2021-046, (Released:2021-04-08)
被引用文献数
5

In this study, we assessed the prediction skill of the Boreal Summer Intra-Seasonal Oscillation (BSISO) mode of one-month simulations using a global non-hydrostatic atmospheric model (NICAM) with explicit cloud microphysics and with a grid spacing of 14 km. The simulations were run as a series of hindcast experiments every day of August during 2000-2014; a total of 465 simulations were run with a 13950-day integration. On using forecast skill scores for statistical measurements, it was found that the model showed an overall BSISO prediction skill of approximately 24 days. The prediction skill tended to be slightly higher (∼ 2 days) when BSISO events began in the initial phases 7 to 1, which corresponded to the re-initiation phase of the BSISO, where a major convective center over the Philippine Sea decayed and a new convective envelope began aggregating over the western Indian Ocean. The phase speed and the evolution of the amplitude of the BSISO were well simulated by the model with a clear northwestward-southeastward tilted outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) structure over the Maritime continent and the western Pacific. However, the propagation speed was slower during phases 6-7, and the amplitude of the BSISO largely decayed during phases 8-1, which was likely to have been associated with the stagnant behavior of the convective cells over the Philippines. This stagnation of the propagation over the Philippines may be largely attributed to the small background southerlies bias in the model over the Philippines based on regression coefficient analysis using the moist static energy. The bias in the large-scale circulation was likely to have been associated with the bias in the moisture field and the associated background monsoonal circulation. We concluded that the model physics controlling the background fields are important factors for improving the BSISO prediction skill.
著者
KIKUCHI Kazuyoshi
出版者
Meteorological Society of Japan
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.2021-045, (Released:2021-03-30)
被引用文献数
44

The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) is among the most pronounced subseasonal variability in the tropics during boreal summer. Compared to its wintertime counterpart, the so-called Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), the BSISO convection displays more complicated spatio-temporal evolution, characterized by northward propagation over the northern Indian Ocean and western North Pacific as well as eastward propagation along the equator. It exerts a strong influence on a broad range of tropical weather and climate phenomena such as tropical cyclogenesis, monsoon onset and active/break cycles, among others. Our fundamental understanding of the BSISO has steadily advanced: so far various aspects of the BSISO have been described and several theories aiming to explain its northward propagation have been proposed. Yet, our skill to simulate the BSISO by general circulation models remains unsatisfactory, though it has been improved. This paper reviews some fundamental aspects of the BSISO from the viewpoint of observation, theory, and modeling.
著者
松井 道昭
出版者
政治経済学・経済史学会
雑誌
歴史と経済 (ISSN:13479660)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.46, no.3, pp.1-9, 2004-04-30 (Released:2017-08-30)

Although Paris has developed fairly consistently because it has remained the capital of France, its heavy dependence on royal authority has deprived it of autonomy, and thus the relationship between the central government and Paris has always been strained. Moreover, Paris is not only a political city, but also a religious and industrial city, as well as a center of production and consumption, and this diversity makes Paris peculiar. Although it was the Industrial Revolution, and the subsequent dramatic increase in population in the 1830's and 1850's which ultimately forced Paris to shed the framework of the medieval city, the original plans for reconstruction had been laid as early as the French Revolution. The initial stages of the plan entailed improving the roads, which the revolutionary government attempted to do when it confiscated the ecclesiastical properties in Paris City and disposed of them. The road improvements, however, were not carried out because of the civil war and the Napoleonic War. It was not until the Monarchy of July that improvements began, and the plan was ultimately executed in earnest under the reign of the Second Empire. Thus, the reconstruction of Paris, through improving the roads and building a modern city suitable to industrialization, was entrusted to Napoleon III and Baron Haussmann, the chief administrator of the department of Seine. Based on the theory of public utilities, this project restricted the right of ownership to the government established by the French Revolution, but opposition from the land proprietors was less than expected. This is because the project generated a speculation boom benefiting the bourgeois class. On the other hand, craftsmen and laborers who were forced to move or suffer from increased rents were opposed to the project, yet had no form of redress. Ultimately, these poor people left the city center, and formed a new slum in the northeast zone of Paris. Although the reconstruction achieved impressive results in the areas of public hygiene, beautification and safety, its effect was like sprinkling water over thirsty soil with regards to the goal of providing transportation and housing. The reconstruction of Paris, however, provided a model for the redevelopment of other cities and had a strong effect on both French and foreign cities suffering from the same problems.