著者

Satoru Kodama Kazumi Saito Shiro Tanaka Chika Horikawa Kazuya Fujiwara Reiko Hirasawa Yoko Yachi Yasuko Sone Kaoruko Tada Iida Hitoshi Shimano Yasuo Ohashi Nobuhiro Yamada Hirohito Sone

出版者

一般社団法人 日本動脈硬化学会

雑誌

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (ISSN:13403478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.4, pp.385-396, 2012 (Released:2012-04-26)

参考文献数

50

被引用文献数

3 17 4

---

Aim: The post-challenge glucose (PCG) level has been suggested to be superior to the fasting blood glucose (FG) level for predicting the risk of future cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, the extent of its superiority has not been consistently shown among previous cohort studies. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the quantitative association of FG and PCG with CVD risk and compared the strengths of the two associations.Method: Electronic literature searches using MEDLINE and EMBASE with an additional manual search were conducted for prospective observational studies of the association of FG and PCG with CVD risk. Studies were included if they were prospective studies in which the relative risk (RR) of CVD per 1 standard deviation increase in both FG and PCG could be estimated. Pooled relative risks for the incremental increase were calculated as RRFG and RRPCG using a bivariate random-effects model.Result: Data were obtained from 14 eligible studies that included 70,889 participants and 2,927 cases. The pooled RRFG and RRPCG (95% confidence interval) were, respectively, 1.15 (1.06 to 1.26) and 1.24 (1.12 to 1.36); the difference was significant (P =0.001). The association of PCG with CVD risk was stronger in studies that targeted participants with a baseline mean FG < 100 mg/dl (P < 0.001) or mean age ≥ 55 years (P =0.004).Conclusions: Overall, the association of PCG with CVD risk was stronger than that of FG by approximately 50% on a log scale. Measuring PCG is especially important in populations with relatively low FG levels or in the elderly, although it is often burdensome in routine clinical practice.

著者

中野 寛 末岡 淳男 劉 孝宏 家藤 英世 折居 利昭 中江 貴志

出版者

一般社団法人 日本機械学会

雑誌

日本機械学会論文集 C編 (ISSN:03875024)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.720, pp.2373-2381, 2006-08-25 (Released:2011-03-04)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

2 4

---

This paper deals with the occurrence mechanism of the squeal phenomena generated in a new type of bicycle disk brake unit and its countermeasure experimentally and analytically. It was made clear that squeal was in-plane vibration in the direction of disk surface with frequency 650 Hz caused by frictional characteristics with negative slope with respect to the relative velocity, and was generated in the vibration system including brake unit and spokes, in the same manner of old type of disk brake unit. The countermeasure against squeal by using a dynamic absorber was conducted. The simple analytical model of the bicycle disk brake system was set up. Some features of squeal phenomena and the optimal design of dynamic absorber for quenching squeal were made clear analytically and it was confirmed that the analytical results agreed well with the experimental ones.

著者

Yoshiaki Nakao

出版者

(社)日本化学会

雑誌

Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan (ISSN:00092673)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.20120081, (Released:2012-06-28)

参考文献数

166

被引用文献数

72

---

Addition reactions of the organic and cyano groups of nitriles through cleavage of the C–CN bonds, namely carbocyanation, have been developed using nickel/Lewis acid (LA) cooperative catalysis. Originally, the reaction was performed with a nickel catalyst alone and was limited to the use of aryl and allyl cyanides as the nitrile substrates. By employing LA cocatalysts, the rate of the arylcyanation was accelerated significantly and the scope of nitriles used in the reaction across alkynes was expanded to include alkenyl, alkynyl, and alkyl cyanides. The high chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivities of the alkyne–carbocyanation reactions were highlighted by the syntheses of biologically active compounds including the synthetic precursor of P-3622 and plaunotol, which possess defined tri- or tetrasubstituted ethene structures. Intramolecular arylcyanation of alkenes was also achieved by cooperative catalysis. Mechanistic studies on this particular transformation allowed us to identify several reaction intermediates, which revealed the modes of the cooperative catalysis derived from nickel- and aluminum-based LA. Intramolecular arylcyanation was achieved in an enantioselective manner using optically active bidentate phosphorus ligands, affording a protocol to introduce both a quaternary stereocenter and a cyano functionality without by-product generation.

著者

門馬 久美子 吉田 操 榊 信廣

出版者

一般社団法人 日本内科学会

雑誌

日本内科学会雑誌 (ISSN:00215384)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.1, pp.28-35, 2000-01-10 (Released:2008-06-12)

参考文献数

10

---

胃・食道逆流症(gastroesophageal reflux diseases: GERD)とは,食道内酸逆流により引き起こされる病態すべての総称であり,自覚症状あるいは,他覚所見を有するものである.食道粘膜への過剰な刺激は,食道粘膜の炎症性変化を起こすが,有症状者でも内視鏡有所見者は半数程度であり,自覚症状と粘膜所見の間には乖離がある.内視鏡にて観察される食道炎の大半は,上皮の欠損によるびらん・潰瘍性の変化であり,食道・胃接合部から口側へ,連続的あるいは非連続的に広がり,食道・胃接合部に近い下部食道に最も変化が強い.内視鏡所見を分類するには,ロサンゼルス分類,あるいは,食道疾患研究会の新分類案が使用されている.

著者

Kiyohisa Sekizawa

出版者

東北ジャーナル刊行会

雑誌

The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine (ISSN:00408727)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.184, no.2, pp.73-84, 1998 (Released:2005-12-13)

参考文献数

75

被引用文献数

4 4

---

Pneumonia is not only a major cause of death for elderly persons, but also imposes substantial personal morbidity and burdens on the health care system. An understanding of the pathogenesis of this serious illness could allow us to devise methods for curbing the incidence and severity of the disease. Pathophysiological issues and preventative measures are the subject of this review.

著者

古川 千絵

出版者

日本教育社会学会

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, pp.27-46, 2005-11-15 (Released:2011-03-18)

参考文献数

14

---

Many people living in advanced countries have sympathy for the desire for self-realization or self-discovery. However, particularly in Japan, society does not provide any support for the process of jibun-sagashi (finding oneself) or the negative consequences of the process. Given this situation, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility of institutional support for jibun-sagashi. For this purpose, the gapyear in the U. K. is chosen as a subject of a case study, since it is an institutionalized support system that allows mainly young people to take time off for a process of self-discovery, with a time limit. The contents of newspaper articles during the past fifteen years are used to examine the social awareness that is said to be the basis for the popularity of the gapyear.From an analysis of the contents of newspapers, it is clear that positive expectations have long been placed on the gapyear, although many problems, which in some cases threatened its viability, have also been revealed during these fifteen years. These problems have included a deterioration of the financial situation of students led by the introduction of university tuition, and the excessive institutionalization and commercialization of the gapyear. There are two aspects of the expectations toward the gapyear: it is seen as a period for finding oneself, and as a period for learning new skills and gaining new experiences. The two are not separate, but rather are related to each other.These findings confirm the fact that it is important for society to support people in taking a gapyear or similar period in response to these expectations. Yet, on the other hand, it seems that expectations are thrown at the gapyear in an uncritical manner, and there is a need to accurately grasp this situation. How do people experience the gapyear or other similar self-discovery, what needs do they feel that makes such a period necessary, and how do these experiences bring actual benefits in their future careers? It is critical to find answers to these questions. In addition, it is possible that the gapyear has resolved the problems resulting from the distortions of the educational system or employment situation, rather than rectifying these systems themselves. These points are essential when thinking about the possibility of institutional support for jibun-sagashi in Japan as well.

著者

丸田 俊久 向山 朝之

出版者

公益社団法人 日本分析化学会

雑誌

分析化学 (ISSN:05251931)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.11, pp.1312-1316, 1969-11-05 (Released:2010-02-16)

参考文献数

17

---

油脂中の微量の鉄と銅を迅速で精度よく定量する方法について研究した.油脂に濃硫酸を添加し,60%の過酸化水素水を徐々に加えて油脂を分解する方法を確立した.この方法の特長は操作が簡易で分解時間が短く,過酸化水素の分解生成物は水と酸素のみで,から試験値が小さいことである.試料を分解して得た硫酸酸性溶液中の鉄と銅の吸光光度法による定量には,酸性溶液で鋭敏に作用する試薬を用いた.鉄はチオシアン酸第二鉄としてメチルイソブチルケトンで抽出し,銅はジベンジルジチオカルパミン酸銅として四塩化炭素で抽出し,それぞれ495,438mμの吸光度を測定して定量した.本法によれば,分析所要時間は約60分で,鉄は0.1ppm,銅は0.02ppm程度まで定量できた.

著者

Elizabeth L. HOMMEL Gang MA Heather C. ALLE

出版者

(社)日本分析化学会

雑誌

Analytical Sciences (ISSN:09106340)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.11, pp.1325-1329, 2001 (Released:2005-04-20)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

22 45

---

An important advance in surface science has been the evolution of sum frequency generation to the application of studying surface structure and chemistry of liquid surfaces at the molecular-level by probing the vibrational signatures of surface molecules. Recently, broad-bandwidth sum frequency generation (BBSFG) spectroscopy has become an important tool for investigating gas-solid interfaces. BBSFG spectroscopy allows, theoretically, a surface sum frequency spectrum to be acquired within one pulse of the laser. In this paper, the viability of BBSFG to study inherently small nonlinear response interfaces and the time-resolving capability of this surface-selective technology are demonstrated. Presented here are the first published accounts of spectra from a liquid surface utilizing the broad-bandwidth sum frequency technology with acquisition times as low as 500 milliseconds.

著者

尾嶋 史章

出版者

数理社会学会

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.179-181, 2010 (Released:2011-03-12)

参考文献数

3

著者

石田 哲也

出版者

公益社団法人 日本コンクリート工学会

雑誌

コンクリート工学 (ISSN:03871061)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.5, pp.5_128-5_131, 2010 (Released:2012-03-27)

参考文献数

23

著者

古谷 宏一 横田 弘 橋本 勝文 花田 祥一

出版者

公益社団法人 土木学会

雑誌

土木学会論文集F4(建設マネジメント) (ISSN:21856605)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.4, pp.I_159-I_168, 2011 (Released:2012-03-30)

参考文献数

6

---

社会基盤施設の維持管理において,事後保全型から予防保全型へとその枠組みを転換することにより,施設の有効活用やライフサイクルコストの低減を図る試みが進められている.この場合,劣化進行予測の信頼性を向上させることが重要になる.本論文では,係留施設の劣化に対する対策の実施推奨年をマルコフ連鎖モデルにより予測する場合の,予測結果の信頼性を議論する.つまり,係留施設の劣化度調査データを用いて次の検討を行う.1) 構造物ごとの劣化速度を算出し,K.S.検定により劣化速度の分布系を決定する.また,2) 分布に従う劣化速度乱数を発生させ,モンテカルロシミュレーションにより構造物の対策推奨年の分布を求める.さらに,3) 施設全体の代表劣化度の相違が対策推奨年の予測結果に与える影響を把握する.その結果,1) 係留施設の構造形式ごとに推定される対策推奨年の分布系が確認できた.2) 構造物に期待される対策推奨年の最頻値と最小値との差を定量的に示すことができた.また,3) 代表劣化度の相違に起因する対策推奨年の予測結果の差異を定量化する算定式を提案した.

著者

今村 明恒

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地震学会

雑誌

地震 第1輯 (ISSN:00371114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.6, pp.236-249, 1938-06-15 (Released:2010-03-09)

著者

大石 高典

出版者

日本文化人類学会

雑誌

日本文化人類学会研究大会発表要旨集 日本文化人類学会第46回研究大会 (ISSN:21897964)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.158, 2012 (Released:2012-03-28)

---

アフリカ熱帯林の狩猟採集民の社会は、徹底した分配により、平等主義を規範とする社会として描かれてきた。本発表では、換金作物栽培を開始したカメルーン東南部の狩猟採集民バカが、集団内部の経済的不平等や貨幣経済の流入にともなう社会変化をどのように認識し、対応しているのかについて、最近変化が見られるようになった呪術・邪術に関わる言説や行動に着目して検討する。

著者

杉浦 真弓

出版者

日本血栓止血学会

雑誌

日本血栓止血学会誌 (ISSN:09157441)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.5, pp.501-505, 2009 (Released:2009-10-30)

著者

福島 圓

出版者

社団法人 日本リモートセンシング学会

雑誌

日本リモートセンシング学会誌 (ISSN:02897911)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.123-134, 1987-06-30 (Released:2009-05-22)

参考文献数

26

---

Development and research on Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) are reviewed. RASS technique is used to remotely measure the atmosphereic temperature profiles. Principles of two methods of temperature mesurements, i.e., Doppler determination and Bragg resonance determination of temperature are outlined. Merit and demerit of both methods are discussed. The state of the art of development of RASS theories based on radio wave scattering by radio refractive-index inhomogeneities produced by an acoustic wave is reviewed in brief.

著者

田中 啓一 野上 暁一 園田 義人

出版者

一般社団法人 電気学会

雑誌

電気学会論文誌E(センサ・マイクロマシン部門誌) (ISSN:13418939)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.122, no.7, pp.362-368, 2002 (Released:2003-03-28)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

2

---

The experiment to detect the acoustic wave of an audible frequency region in air by a visible laser beam was carried out, showing that the audible waves with relatively long wavelength from 34 mm to 1700 mm could be directly detected by using a diode laser light of 670 nm and 6 mW. The frequency property was measured for each sound pressure from 75 dB to 100 dB and it is shown that the amplitude of output signal is linearly proportional to the sound frequency, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction. Furthermore, property of directivities in the planes vertical and parallel to the optical axis of laser beam propagation and the spatial profiles of the laser diffraction pattern for each incident angle of a sound wave were measured. The directivity property in the vertical plane for each frequency (200Hz to 10kHz) is very similar to each other and the full angle of half-maximum of directivity is about 120°. On the other hand, the directivity in the parallel plane for each frequency is different from each other. The directivity for low frequency is relatively broad. The full angle of half-maximum of directivity for 10 kHz is smallest and about 90°.

著者

宮崎 保光

出版者

一般社団法人 電気学会

雑誌

電気学会論文誌C(電子・情報・システム部門誌) (ISSN:03854221)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.1, pp.99-104, 1997-12-20 (Released:2008-12-19)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1 2

---

High bit rate and high speed mobile radio communications using microwaves and millimeter waves are very attractive for wireless mega and giga bits LAN and video transmissions. Radio interferences due to multi-propagation paths and multiple scattering by street buildings and natural structures of hills and trees are very important problems for high bit rate mobile radio communications. Real time high speed signal processing for delayed fading noises may be required. Optical signal processing using optical and radio interactions are most useful method to accomplish real time high speed signal processing. Fundamental properties and applications of optical signal processors using optical active waveguide devices are shown for high bit-rate mobile communications.

著者

進藤 裕英 小堀 智之 堀口 勝三 山田 英一 中嶋 秀夫 辻 博史

出版者

公益社団法人 日本金属学会

雑誌

日本金属学会誌 (ISSN:00214876)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.8, pp.793-798, 1995 (Released:2008-04-04)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

2

---

This paper discusses fracture toughness and temperature rise for JJ1 austenitic stainless steel forged plate at liquid helium temperature for fusion reactor magnets of next generation. Elastic-plastic fracture toughness (JIC) testing was conducted in general accordance with ASTM standards E813-81 and E813-87, and unloading-compliance technique was applied using compact specimens 25.0 mm and 12.5 mm thick. Thermocouples were used to measure the temperature rise near the crack tip. The effects of specimen size and side-groove on the cryogenic fracture properties of this alloy are examined. Examination of the fracture surface of CT specimens by scanning electron microscopy showed ductile failure by microvoid coalescence. The effect of inclusion on fracture mechanics parameters (JQ, JIC) is also discussed using energy dispersive X-ray analyser.

著者

鈴木 基史

出版者

財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2009, no.155, pp.155_1-17, 2009-03-20 (Released:2011-07-10)

参考文献数

55

---

The Westphalian norms of state sovereignty, sovereign equality, and noninterfbrence are under great pressure for change. To improve the normativity of the international system, significant empowerment has taken place within international human rights law, humanitarian law, and liberal economic law, each of which seeks to remedy moral and distributive injustice associated with the Westphalian system. However, the transformation to a post-Westphalian liberal norm system is incomplete at best: many states still give priority to state sovereignty over human rights, cultural relativism over universalism, and protectionism over liberalism to justify their nationalistic behavior. As a consequence, the current system remains confusingly complex and pluralistic, containing both Westphalian and post-Westphalian elements.In general, norm change is explainable by three principles of human behavior: the logic of appropriateness holds that norm change emerges along with change of social facts defined intersubjectively by states' political elites; the logic of consequences focuses on the coordinating function of norms in promoting states' joint interests; and the logic of coercion emphasizes the endogeneity of norms to international power structures. These principles constitute analytical cores of major international relations theories, including social constructivism, rational institutionalism, and political realism, respectively.Yet, scholars disagree on the current status of international norms and hold varying opinions on causes and consequences of norm change. Having outlined basic concepts and theoretical frameworks for analysis, this essay suggests that, unless carefully executed, analyses of norm change may suffer from methodological problems of underdetermination, selection bias, and fallacious attribution. Given the imperfect nature of theory and human society, researchers need to focus on the relative rather than absolute validity of competing theories, by finding the conditions under which theories are descriptively superior to their alternatives. The essay concludes by stressing the imperative to bridge theoretical divides to improve our understanding of contemporary global politics that has been undergoing major normative transformations.

著者

丸山 茂徳 磯崎 行雄 柳井 修一 下司 信夫 佐野 修 笠原 順三

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.119, no.6, pp.959-962, 2010-12-25 (Released:2011-03-17)

参考文献数

28