著者
山田 浩
出版者
公益社団法人 日本薬学会
雑誌
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.142, no.12, pp.1371-1377, 2022-12-01 (Released:2022-12-01)
参考文献数
30

Green tea components, such as catechins have been reported to provide several benefits including anti-oxidative, anti-viral/bacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Catechins effectively inhibited the adsorption and replication of the influenza virus. Additionally, green tea contains theanine and vitamin C, which enhance the immunity against viral/bacterial infections. Based on these, green tea is hypothesized to have potential benefits in the prevention of influenza and other respiratory tract infections in the clinical setting. However, its specific effects in patients remain unclear. To determine the clinical significance of green tea in the prevention of respiratory tract infections, we conducted an observational study and eight interventional studies. Based on the results of three studies, consuming or gargling green tea or its components significantly aided in the prevention of influenza. Meanwhile, one study showed that green tea successfully prevented common colds. Catechin inhalation was also reported to decrease the bacterial load of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the sputum. Although the anti-viral/anti-bacterial effects of green tea components have been demonstrated in experimental studies, the clinical evidence remains limited. Further studies are required to confirm the clinical efficacy of green tea and its components in preventing respiratory tract infections.
著者
SIDDIQA Ayesha
出版者
一般財団法人 アジア政経学会
雑誌
アジア研究 (ISSN:00449237)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.68, no.4, pp.32-46, 2022-10-31 (Released:2022-11-25)
参考文献数
19

The post-Cold War had appeared to Frances Fukayama as an age for ascendency of liberal democracy. Indeed, one could observe a change of mood around the world marked by lesser tolerance for military authoritarianism which is why military regimes were seen on a decline. In Pakistan, known for a politically powerful military, it took the generals a bit more than a decade after the end of the Cold War to realize that direct intervention was not welcomed. October 1999 was the last that a general took charge of the state. General Pervez Musharraf’s rule ended in 2008 dovetailing into return of democracy the same year. The change was far more significant—Pakistan’s electoral democracy got anchored as governments were removed through elections rather than use of non-Parliamentary methods. This shift cannot be termed as a transformation but a variation since non-Parliamentary institutional methods were used to not allow prime ministers from completing their terms. Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gillani was removed from office by the higher judiciary in June 2012 followed by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in July 2017, and later Prime Minister Imran Khan in March 2022.The army, which in 1997 lost its power to sack governments through constitutional means in the form of article 58(2)(b) of the 1973 Constitution that was revoked by the then civilian government, used the higher judiciary to keep governments unstable. It was not that after 2008 the army had learned a lesson and was willing to surrender power but that it found a new way to maximize control of state power and resources without undertaking direct intervention. The military shifted from control of government to managing governance. Stability in electoral democracy is a new benchmark. The status-quo will remain and political players will not gain more ground until and unless they build institutional capacity. So, while Fukayama could imagine that all players in Pakistan have accepted liberal democracy as a norm, such acceptance is primarily superficial. The military remains dominant in power politics and civilian forces still subservient. Pakistan, in fact, offers a model of hybrid military rule in which political governments provide cover to military’s de facto control of the state.

1 0 0 0 OA 聖喩記

著者
元田永孚 [著]
出版者
大東文化協会
巻号頁・発行日
1934
著者
山口 哲生 内田 佳介 江石 義信
出版者
日本サルコイドーシス/肉芽腫性疾患学会
雑誌
日本サルコイドーシス/肉芽腫性疾患学会雑誌 (ISSN:18831273)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.40, no.1_2, pp.17-26, 2020-10-01 (Released:2021-01-11)
参考文献数
69

サルコイドーシス(サ症)は原因不明の全身性肉芽腫性疾患であり,何らかの外来性原因物質に感受性のある宿主が発病 すると考えられている.肉芽腫は本来,外来性異物を封じ込めるために形成される自己防衛反応であり,肉芽腫性疾患の原 因究明には「肉芽腫内」に存在する異物を明らかにする必要がある.しかし「肉芽腫内」だけに限定して原因物質を探究す ることは技術的に困難で,多くの研究ではリンパ節など「肉芽腫外」組織も含めた「病巣内」において探索する方法がとら れている.病因論に関する研究は,今なお世界中で行われ情報が発信されているが,その多くが抗酸菌とアクネ菌に関する ものであり,本稿では抗酸菌病因論とアクネ菌病因論に焦点を当てこれを比較する形で解説を行った. 「病巣内」に存在する原因微生物を探索するためには定性的PCRが用いられることが多い.これまでの多くの報告をまと めると,抗酸菌もアクネ菌もサ症の病巣内に存在している確率は高い.抗酸菌もアクネ菌も潜伏感染する菌であるため,こ れが病巣内で肉芽腫形成の真の原因物質になっているのか,単なる潜伏感染をみているだけなのか鑑別する必要がある.こ の鑑別のためには定量的PCRで候補菌のゲノムコピー数を比較することが有用であろう.サ症病巣内の候補菌ゲノム数を 定量的に測定した結果では,アクネ菌が他の抗酸菌よりもはるかに多量に検出されている. 「肉芽腫内」に存在する原因物質に関しては,欧米から,結核菌KatG,結核菌heat-shock protein,結核菌gyrase Aが検 出されたとする報告がある.しかし各々 1施設の報告にとどまっており,今後は他の研究者や実臨床のサ症患者で再現性を もって検出されるか否かの検証が必要であろう.他方「肉芽腫内」のアクネ菌検出に関しては,本邦からの一貫した研究が ある.研究初期には,サ症肉芽腫の病巣組織を免疫原として肉芽腫内の異物抗原に反応する単クローン抗体が作製された. これが結核菌ではなくアクネ菌と特異的に反応したことから,次に免疫原をアクネ菌に変更して同様の抗体作製が行われ, 肉芽腫内アクネ菌を検出できるPAB抗体(標的抗原はアクネ菌リポテイコ酸)が完成した.現時点で再現性をもってサ症肉 芽腫内に検出される外来性抗原物質はアクネ菌のみであり,近年では肉芽腫内にPAB抗体陽性像を認める症例がPropionibacterium acnes-associated sarcoidosisとして数多く報告されている.
著者
金井延著
出版者
金港堂
巻号頁・発行日
1902
著者
西田 康太郎 高田 徹 由留部 崇 角谷 賢一朗 前野 耕一郎
出版者
神戸大学
雑誌
基盤研究(B)
巻号頁・発行日
2015-04-01

椎間板研究にとって欠かせない、3種類の椎間板変性モデルを確立した。緩やかな変性を生じるモデルを用いて圧迫期間に伴い特に脊索由来細胞が早期に消失して非脊索由来細胞(軟骨様細胞を示唆)が相対的に増大していた。動的負荷培養装置を用いた実験では, 圧負荷により代表的なメカノレセプターであるintegrinの関与が椎間板変性に関与していることが明らかとなった。脊椎後方に小皮切から挿入可能なスペーサーを作成し、周辺機器も含めて改良を行い、有効性に関して大型動物実験を行い確認した。
著者
三冨 正隆
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.66, no.8, pp.439-459, 1993-08-01 (Released:2008-12-25)
参考文献数
42
被引用文献数
6 6

台湾の蘭嶼に居住するヤミ族は,天上神を中心とした世界観と空間認識の体系を発達させており,人の霊魂は天界から蘭嶼に来りて誕生し,死ぬと死霊となり彼方の死霊の島に去ってここに永久に留まるという不可逆的な時間・空間の観念が卓越していて,他のオーストロネシア諸文化とは逆に外洋方向を良い方向,山岳方向を悪い方向として象徴化している. しかし蘭嶼がバタン諸島と渡洋交易を営んでいたはるか過去の時代には,祖霊を中心とした体系が発達しており,霊魂は山岳方向から来りて誕生し,死とともに外洋方向より死霊の島に去り,いつかまた再生するという循環的な時間・空間の観念が卓越していて,山岳方向が良い方向,外洋方向が悪い方向となっていた.この変容は,バタン諸島がスペイン人に征服されて蘭嶼が孤立した小世界となり,父系的血縁集団が衰退し,個人主義と威信競争が卓越するようになった社会秩序の変化と大きくかかわっている.
著者
時田 真美乃
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.3, pp.415-420, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-15)
参考文献数
18

Reasoning what someone else is thinking constitutes intentionality, as expressed by “I think that you think that I am mistaken.” Studies involving adults have found that this understanding of the beliefs of others is limited until reaching the fifth order intentionality. However, is a higher order reasoning, such as the divining fifth order beliefs, likely to be used in everyday life? The current study devised a reasoning task in which both third order and fourth order beliefs could be used in a single task, and it identified the beliefs that are more likely to be used. A task that only used the fourth order beliefs indicated that reasoning about the fourth order beliefs was used correctly. In task where both third and fourth order beliefs could be used, however, most of the participants used the third order beliefs. These results suggest that there is some rationale for why many people use beliefs up to the third order. Reasoning about the third order beliefs impose less of a cognitive load than that about higher order beliefs. These results also suggested that the reasoning which people routinely make is related to the fact that it is not engaging with the fourth order reasoning.
著者
石川 悟
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.2, pp.256-265, 2022-06-01 (Released:2022-06-15)
参考文献数
10

In conventional face-to-face conferences, the three activities, “research presentation,” “discovery and exchange of information,” and “friendship among researchers,” have been regarded as valuable opportunities. In promoting the DX (digital transformation) toward online conferences, while still emphasizing these three activities, it will be necessary to understand the relationship among the “body,” the “usual,” and the “conference venue,” and then design an online environment considering in “body” and “device” constrains imposed on the participants. In this report, we introduce three perspectives on the design of online conferences: “deliberate,” “excitingly,” and “lively,” which have been considered by the Organizing Committee of the 38th Annual meeting of Japanese Cognitive Science Society. We tried to successfully “deliberate” over the procedure used for conference participation, to be “exciting” in meeting the expectations and surprises of the conference, and to support a “lively” venue for communication among participants. We will continue to develop strengths and possibilities of the DX conference until we can say that it has truly become generic.
著者
野村 亮太
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.2, pp.207-221, 2022-06-01 (Released:2022-06-15)
参考文献数
14

We conducted an undergraduate course that incorporates “transaction between questioning by students and answering by teachers (TQA).” The question levels were scored by evaluating whether they were based on the course content and whether the students added their own hypotheses or predictions. Final papers were also scored by considering how the students could formulate a logical, consistent research plan based on the course content. Latent curve analyses revealed that the slope of the cumulative question scores predicted the report scores (B = 1:38 and 1.78, non-standardized solution) in both 2020 (178 students) and 2021 (160 students). By contrast, the ability to think and express high-level questions at the beginning of the course (i.e., intercept) had no predictive power. The results suggest that repeated high-level questioning during class can predict critical thinking at the end of class. Qualitative analyses of students' reflections on the impact of class participation showed that they found questioning effective in that they experienced a more in-depth understanding of the course content. At the same time, asking questions was not always easy for them. Students also recognized that TQA provided exciting opportunities, opening up new ways of thinking about the same content, even when studying independently. The findings of this study are discussed in terms of factors that inhibit questioning during class. Introducing video-streaming lectures would relax time constraints and the psychological burden.
著者
西村 秀雄
出版者
日本物理教育学会
雑誌
物理教育 (ISSN:03856992)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.37, no.3, pp.194-197, 1989-09-05 (Released:2017-02-10)

プトレマイオスの地球中心体系(いわゆる天動説)は,精度の良い,すぐれた宇宙体系であった。これには,今日から見て次の二つの理由があると考えられる。第一に,プトレマイオスの地球中心体系は,地球を座標の基準として実は太陽中心体系を書き換えたものとなっていること,第二に,プトレマイオスが採用した「エクァント」というメカニズムは,諸惑星の運動に関するケプラーの第二法則を近似するものとなっていること,である。本稿では,これらの点を明らかにし,あわせて,先に足立武氏が本誌第36巻第3号において提唱された「Ωポイント」がこのエクァントにあたることを示す。
著者
馬田 一郎 伊集院 幸輝 加藤 恒夫 山本 誠一
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.2, pp.163-173, 2022-06-01 (Released:2022-06-15)
参考文献数
40
被引用文献数
1

This paper examines the characteristics of face-to-face communication and online communication from the viewpoint of group co-creation. First, we review the previous studies of face-to-face communication and that of online communication to discuss the merits and demerits of each communication style. Then we present observational results of our pilot face-to-face co-creation conversation data that shows the collage nature of such interaction: the ideation process often consisted of step-by-step accumulations of fragmentary pieces of information that were incomplete and vague per se, fully utilizing the abundant nonverbal cues and a shared collaboration environment. These findings are expected to contribute to designing matching strategies of communication styles and the characteristics of collaborative tasks.