著者
西本 豊弘
出版者
国立歴史民俗博物館
雑誌
国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)
巻号頁・発行日
no.50, pp.p49-70, 1993-02

弥生時代のブタの形質について,家畜化現象を見るポイントを説明した後,第1頚椎と上顎第3後臼歯の計測値を中心に検討した。まず,第1頚椎の形態では,朝日遺跡の資料によって,イノシシとブタを区別できることを示した。第1頚椎の上部は,イノシシでは高くなるのに対してブタでは低くなる。縄文時代や現代のイノシシの計測値を参考にすると,高さが長さの58%よりも高いものはイノシシで,それよりも低いものはブタと推定された。これは,ブタが餌を与えられるために,イノシシよりも首の筋肉を使う程度が低く,そのため首の筋肉の発達が弱くなり,それにしたがって骨の発達も悪くなるのではないかと思われる。この基準に従えば,朝日遺跡ではイノシシ類の15%がイノシシで85%がブタということになった。次に上顎第3後臼歯では,縄文時代のイノシシに比べて弥生時代のイノシシ類では小さくなっていることが明らかとなった。この縮小の程度は,縄文時代以降のイノシシの縮小の程度と比べてみても大きい。気候変化や人口増加・狩猟圧などを含む島嶼化現象だけではなく,家畜化の影響が歯を小さくした大きな要因ではないかと推測された。その他の部位では,これまでにも述べているように,ブタでは頭蓋骨が高くなることを,下郡桑苗遺跡出土の資料で説明した。また,下顎骨では連合部と下顎骨底部の延長線の成す角度が,ブタではイノシシに比べて大きくなることを説明した。The author first explains the points to note in the phenomena of the domestication of the pig in the Yayoi period, then examines their physical character, centering on the measurements of the first cervical vertebrae and of the third molar of the upper jaw. With the shape of the first cervical vertebrae, the author show that the wild boar and the pig can be distinguished according to the materials excavated from the Asahi Site. The upper part of the first cervical vertebrae is high in the wild boar, and low in the pig. Referring to the measurements of wild boars of the Jōmon period and of the present, it was deduced that those in which the height of the first cervical vertebrae was more than 58% of the length were wild boars, and those in which the height was less than 58% of the length were pigs. The reason for this may be as follows: Since pigs were given their food, their neck muscles developed less than wild boars, and thus their neck bones also developed less well. According to this standard, among the genus of Sus at the Asahi Site, 15% were boars and 85% pigs.Next, an examination of the third molar of the upper jaw made it clear that the tooth of the sus in the Yayoi period was smaller than that of the Jōmon period. The degree of reduction was great even in comparison with the degree of reduction in wild boars seen after the Jōmon period. Not only the islanding phenomena, including climatic change, increase in human population and pressure from hunting, but also the influence of domestication, is thought to have been a large factor in the reduction in size of the tooth. As for other parts of the body, the author uses the materials of Shimogoori-Kuwanae to explain that the cranium of the pig became higher. The author further explains that the angle made by the extension of the copula and the bottom part of the mandible was larger in pigs than in wild boars.
著者
高橋 春成
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.62, no.7, pp.513-537, 1989
被引用文献数
3

The feralization of livestock is one of the themes of geography, but few studies have been done aside from those of T. L. McKnight. The author studied feral pigs, with particularr emphasis on distribution, time of the feralization, background of feralization, and attitudes toward feral pigs, through analysis of reference works in geography and other academic fields and investigation in Australia and the Ogasawara Islands in Japan.<br> The author examined the distribution of feral pigs in comparison with that of Eurasian wild boars (from which pigs are domesticated). The distinction between feral pigs and Eurasian wild boars is not always clear, however. Domestic pigs roamed and had opportunities to become wild under traditional husbandry practices such as free ranging and mast feeding in Europe and Asia, and they are mostly regarded to have merged with Eurasian wild boars. Further, introduced Eurasian wild boars interbred with feral pigs in the United States, the Republic of South Africa, and parts of South America. Almost everywhere there is evidence of human modification of the indigenous fauna.<br> Regarding the time of feralization, the author examined data from North and South America, Australia, and some islands where the time was comparatively clear. According to this analysis, pigs were introduced to some islands in the Pacific Ocean by Melanesians and Polynesians, and feralization occurred even though their distribution was limited. From the 15th century to the 19th century, explorers, colonists, sealers, and whalers introduced or released pigs on many oceanic islands and new continents. In this period, pig feralization occurred frequently, and the main feral pig's areas were established. Deliberate release by landholders and hunters continues in some areas even today.<br> Extensive husbandry, deliberate release, and accidental escape are important factors in feralization. The spread of practices such as free ranging and mast, feeding contributed to pig feralization. Deliberate release by explorers, fishermen, landholders, and hunters is also a major factor. In these cases, we can point out the influence of humans who recognize the value of feral pigs as sources of food or game.<br> Regarding attitudes toward feral pigs, the author examined data from Australia and the United States. In general, feral livestock including feral pigs were useful to pioneers and early settlers as supplementary animals. But as time passed, feral pigs came to be legally classified as noxious or verminous in Australia because of the damage they caused wheat farmers and raisers of sheep and cattle. In the United States, where such severe damage did not occur, feral pigs are legally classified as game. However, in both countries there are conflicts of interest among farmers, hunters, and landholders who collect hunting fees; all these groups have different attitudes toward feral pigs, which make it difficult to control feral pigs effectively.<br> In the Ogasawara Islands, feral pigs were recorded as early as Commodore Perry's expedition in 1853. But it is difficult to collect clear evidence of these feral pigs today. In the period in which the islands under occupation by the U. S. Navy after World War II, pigs were brought from Tinian Island by the Navy, and a number of them were released. It is said that pigs were released for food supply and game on Ototo Island and Chichi Island, as a future source of food of fishermen on Muko Island and Nakodo Island. Their descendants are thought to have survived on Ototo Island.
著者
楢岡 清威
出版者
公益社団法人 応用物理学会
雑誌
応用物理 (ISSN:03698009)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.53, no.10, pp.877-883, 1984-10-10 (Released:2009-02-09)
参考文献数
15

半導体プロセスではエッチングのドライ化が進み,また工業的な結晶研磨にはメカノケミカル・ポーリッシュが使われてきた.しかし半導体などのリソグラフィーでアンダーカットによる線編誤差を補正できる場合,ウエットエッチングがなお適用されている.さらにウエットエッチング速度は材料の種類,結晶方位,あるいは不純物濃度による選択性をもつ.この特徴を欠陥現出,材料の評価,および各種加工に活用している.このような転換後のウエットエッチングの状況を概観する.この他,酸化物結晶材料の欠陥評価および研磨のためのエッチ液を探索する選択基準につき解説する.
著者
相川 進
出版者
一般社団法人 情報科学技術協会
雑誌
情報の科学と技術 (ISSN:09133801)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.6, pp.302-306, 2009
参考文献数
10

日本で1970年代半ばから始まったオンライン情報検索(JOIS,DIALOGなど)は,端末機,通信機器,回線利用料金,オンライン検索システムの機能とその利用料金,搭載されているデータベースとその蓄積量のいずれも,利用者から見れば,ハイコストかつローパフォーマンスであった。しかし,サーチャーに夢と期待を与えてくれた。80年代に進化を見せ,その後のハードウエア,ソフトウエア,インターネットなどの進化と低価格化により,30年後の現在,ローコストかつハイパフォーマンスな収穫(検索結果)を得られるようになった。オンライン情報検索は,利用者にさらなる夢と期待をもたせてくれる。
著者
包 賀喜格図
出版者
九州共立大学
雑誌
九州共立大学研究紀要 = Study journal of Kyushu Kyoritsu University (ISSN:21860483)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.3, no.2, pp.53-63, 2013-03-25

Kawahara Misako is the first Japanese woman teacher who went to China for educational supportin the late Qing Dynasty from 1901 to 1911. Under her father’s influence, she made up her mind to beengaged in the education of Chinese women. She taught in the Daido School of Yokohama of Japan, theWuben Female School of Shanghai, and the Yuzheng Female School of Inner Mongolia successively.There are more than fifty articles and chronicles on Kawahara Misako, which mainly make negativecomments on her identity as a spy. In recent years, the positive comments on her contributions to thedevelopment of modern female education in Inner Mongolia are increasing gradually, which meanscertain change in comparison with the former overwhelmingly negative comments on her identity as aspy.After carefully observing the two recognitions of her identity as a spy and her contribution toeducation, it can be easily seen that the former emphasizes on the political background and her supportfor the war at that time while the latter focuses on her educational contents, educational contributionand her positive influence upon the later generations. It is hard to conclude that she is a spy accordingto the present historical data. However, it is necessary to have a further ponder and probe into thefollowing problems: Why was she engaged in the female education of China? Why was she determined toaccept the task of going to Inner Mongolia? Why did she do the work for supporting the war? Why didshe have the seemingly conflicting features: to support the war and to teacher for peace? By researchingin the educational environment and family background which she experienced in the special MeijiPeriod and her words and deeds in different periods, a relatively real Kawahara Misako can be seen.This paper starts from the background that the educational ideology of nationalism waspredominated by the continental policy of Japan in Meiji period. Then it investigates and analyzes theeducational activities of Toadobunkai in China, particularly its function in establishing the YuzhengFemale School, the nationalistic educational ideology of Kawahara Misako and her recognition of theeducation of China. Eventually, it attempts to explain the reasons for her two ideologies of differentnatures.
著者
吉野 孝介
出版者
学校法人 京都外国語大学国際言語文化学会
雑誌
国際言語文化学会日本学研究 (ISSN:2424046X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.4, pp.77-96, 2019 (Released:2022-01-14)

This study investigates how the original meaning of words changes by adding the J Chinese Quantifier by “one”. First of all, there are three cases where this change of meaning occurs: ①Quantity representation with “one” used when expressing first appearance (person / thing) ②Quantity expression with “one” used in expressing evaluation of speaker ③Quantity expression with “one” used when expressing degree and quantity. In Chinese, when expressing the quantity of things, actions, acts, etc., the quantifier indicating a unit can be used alone, but number which counts numbers is not used alone but accompanied by That is normal. In the case of I am a student , individual is quantifier, which corresponds to Japanese. When counting the quantity, use “number + auxiliary number” in Japanese, use “number + total word” in Chinese. In this respect, it can be said that Japanese and Chinese are the same. However, the quantity expression in Chinese often appears in places where it is not necessary to use it, as seen from the usage of Japanese . This study shows the effects for the original words by adding quantifier by “one”. In addition it also investigates the features of its original word meanings.
著者
山崎 正俊 宇根崎 博信
出版者
Atomic Energy Society of Japan
雑誌
日本原子力学会和文論文誌 (ISSN:13472879)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.9, no.3, pp.243-251, 2010 (Released:2012-02-08)
参考文献数
8
被引用文献数
1 1

For the sake of more efficient operation of nuclear power plants and to reduce the number of spent nuclear fuel assemblies, increasing uranium enrichment is one of the rational options. However, current uranium enrichment for the whole fuel cycle infrastructure is limited to no greater than 5 wt% from the view point of criticality safety. In this review, three main topics are discussed: 1) the necessity of increasing the uranium enrichment above 5 wt%; 2) current status and challenges to go over 5 wt% enrichment; and 3) proposal of the “Erbia Credit Super High Burnup Fuel” as a measure to break the “5 wt% enrichment barrier.” The third topic is further elaborated on by discussing the introduction scenarios before concluding with a mention of the necessity of a best-mix analysis for this concept in the fuel cycle supply chain.
著者
土肥 浩 石塚 満
雑誌
全国大会講演論文集
巻号頁・発行日
vol.45, pp.243-244, 1992-09-28

キーボードやマウスに換わる高次ヒューマンインタフェースとして、我々は計算機とのより自然なコミュニケーションのためのビジュアル・ソフトウェア・エージェント(VSA:Visual Software Agent)を提案している。VSAは計算機により合成された人工エージェントであり、様々な入力に対して応答する。現実感を出すためにディフォーマブルなワイヤフレームモデルにテクスチャマッピングを施しており、これまでに人の顔を持つVSA、尻尾を振りながを泳ぐ金魚のVSAのプロトタイプが作られている。本論文では、並列汎用マイクロプロセッサを用いて、入力に対してほぼ自然な速度で応答するビジュアル・ソフトウェア・エージェントを実現した。ダブルハイトの標準VMEボード1/2枚に実装されている。
著者
降旗 信一 石坂 孝喜 畠山 芽生 櫃本 真美代 伊東 静一
出版者
日本環境教育学会
雑誌
環境教育 (ISSN:09172866)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.2, pp.2-13, 2006-02-28
参考文献数
19
被引用文献数
3
出版者
日経BP社
雑誌
日経ビジネス (ISSN:00290491)
巻号頁・発行日
no.1332, pp.150-153, 2006-03-13

最新作「TAKESHIS,」の封切りで、北野武は舞台挨拶に立った。拍手の中、姿を見せた北野は、舞台に上がる時、いつものようにわざと転(こ)けてみせた。 だが、いくら滑稽な姿を演じても、前列にいた観客は、気づいたに違いない。彼の青白い、憔悴しきった表情からは、疲労と不安が入り交じった胸中が透けて見えた。そして、挨拶が始まると、その直感は確信に変わる。
著者
久井 亨
雑誌
第47回プログラミング・シンポジウム予稿集
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2006, pp.189-192, 2006-01-10

プロジェクトMEPHISTOは、チェコ式のマリオネットの構造から着想を得て、制約システムと無限ストリームを使った新しい3次元モデルのアニメーションの表現を提案する。モデルを階層を持たないフラットな構造で表現し、環境や内部状態の時間変化をストリームを使ってアクセスすることにより、モデルと環境の相互作用をより簡単で自然に表現できる。これにより、テレビゲーム等の開発がより効率的になることが期待できる。
著者
相馬 貴代 小山直樹
出版者
日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 Supplement
巻号頁・発行日
vol.23, pp.13, 2007

メス優位のワオキツネザルの社会では、群れ内メスが一定頭数を超えると、Targetting aggressionと呼ばれる、特定個体に対する執拗な攻撃行動が起こり、追い出しにいたることが知られている。何家系を含む群れの場合、優位家系グループから劣位家系グループの個体への攻撃がおこり、結果として群れが分裂することが多い。<br> 2004年8月から2005年11月、2006年4月、2006年9月から11月の間に、すべてのメスが1頭のメスの子孫からなる観察群(オトナメス個体数およそ10頭、総個体数およそ22頭)を観察した。この群れにおける「追い出し」から「追い出され個体の群れ復帰」までの経過を報告する。<br> _丸1_アルファメスであったME89(メス全員の母および祖母)の消失、_丸2_ME89の娘ME8998のアルファメス化と姪グループ(ME8998の死亡した姉ME8994の娘・ME899499とその妹2頭)の追い出し、_丸3_追い出された姪グループのノマド(放浪)群化、_丸4_姪グループの群れ再加入とME8998の追い出し、_丸5_追い出されたME8998グループのノマド群化、_丸6_姪グループの長女ME899499のアルファメス化、というプロセスが観察された。新しくアルファメスになったME89の娘ME8998は、自身の妹たちとグループを作り、姪グループを追い出した。1年半後、姪グループが群れに復帰し、かつて彼女達に最も攻撃を加えた、アルファメスME8998とその妹を反対に追い出した。また、姪グループに攻撃的であったME8998グループのメスはすべて劣位となった。<br> 単一家系からなる群れの場合、 共通の祖先メス個体の消失後にアルファメスとなった個体が、血縁度が低い姪グループを選択的に追い出すことは妥当なのかもしれない。また、自分を攻撃した個体を追い出したり、攻撃を加えたりすることは、ワオキツネザルにおける「復讐」という意識とそれを確実にする記憶の存在を示唆することにならないだろうか。
著者
大嶋 新太郎 伊達 政宗 三和 安次郎
出版者
公益社団法人日本磁気学会
雑誌
日本応用磁気学会誌 (ISSN:18804004)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, no.4, pp.A1-A2, 2004-04-01

All manuscripts except Guest Comments must include an abstract in English. The abstract must be a single paragraph containing no more than 200 words for Regular Papers, 150 for Letters, and 100 for Short Notes. The manuscripts should also include a list of key words in English. Key words appear after the English abstract under the heading of "Key words:" and should be separated by commas. Five to ten key words conveying the content of the manuscript should be selected from the main body of the manuscript and written in English. Key words should be entirely in lowercase characters except when they are typically written in uppercase characters or in abbreviated form.