著者
全 在紋 Jae-moon Chun 桃山学院大学経営学部
出版者
桃山学院大学総合研究所
雑誌
桃山学院大学経済経営論集 = ST. ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS REVIEW (ISSN:02869721)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.44, no.3, pp.77-125, 2002-12-20

The conclusions reached in this paper can be summarized as follows : (1) We should distinguish meta-language from object language. Our thoughts become confused and lost in a maze when the ranks of the language are confused, which is the problem that often arises when addressing linguistic significance in international accounting. In order to think clearly, the distinction between the meta-language for control (accounting standards) and that for description (language for standards and language for disclosure) must be made clear. All three meta-languages mentioned above can be designed as uniform language or as auxiliary language. (2) There is very little chance that each of the above three meta-languages will ever be transformed into a world-wide uniform language in accounting, as suggested by the failure of linguistic imperialism and the delay in the popularization of Esperanto. The meta-languages may become the international auxiliary language, at most, because language is not only a means of communication but is also at one with the culture (values) to which the language speakers belong. (3) Professor Ijiri points out that the effort to establish a world-wide uniform language should be much easier in accounting than in Esperanto because of the fundamental commonality of accounting as a language. According to him, this is because there is no difference in the fundamental structure of the recording in double-entry bookkeeping that has been adopted by most nations. However, an analysis of Ijiri's international accounting theory using Saussure's linguistics reveals that while his theory addresses the syntagmatic relation (double-entry bookkeeping) in accounting language, it does not give any consideration to the paradigmatic relation. (4) The significance of double-entry bookkeeping is overestimated not only by professor Ijiri but also by accountants in general. It is especially overestimated by many accounting researchers, both inside and outside Japan. Double-entry bookkeeping, without a doubt, is often considered one of the accounting postulates (the premises of accounting). Meanwhile, the significance of other accounting systems, such as single-entry bookkeeping, is seldom given any consideration. Both the double-entry and single-entry bookkeeping systems have merits and demerits. Nevertheless, a deep-rooted tendency to blindly advocate double-entry bookkeeping is prevalent among accountants. (5) Language is not merely a means of communication. More importantly, it determines human perception, thought, and behavior. According to Saussure's linguistics, accounting as the language of business holds not only a decisionmaking function but also an accountability function that strictly controls the perception, thought, and behavior of businessmen. However, the executive officers of the International Accounting Standards Board do not fully acknowledge this issue. (6) In recent years, accounting fraud has been severely punished in many developed countries. This fact can unmistakably be attributed to intercultural conflicts, or conflicts between the values of everyday language (benefit of the general public) and the values of accounting language (performance of the corporation). Such conflicts arise because the perception, thought, and behavior of the businessmen are strongly bound by the accounting language. In other words, corporate scandals will arise as long as there is an accounting system in the company, just as traffic accidents will occur as long as there are vehicles on the road. (7) Linguistic imperialism in International Accounting Standards (IAS) arises when companies try to seek comparability and at the same time reduce cost. We must resist such imperialism. We cannot expect IAS to be accepted as the only accounting system in all countries (IAS Only). Instead, IAS should be adopted as an additional accounting system (IAS Plus). In short, listed companies should make two kinds of financial statements, i.e., one for domestic and the other for international stakeholders, because additional costs are inevitable when companies compete in a borderless capital market. (8) Each country has its own accounting standards. The international consensus is that there needs to be common accounting standards that can be applied to companies worldwide. However, no company should be forced to adopt such common standards exclusively. After all, the effort to promote the harmonisation and convergence of various accounting standards could only benefit a selected few borderless companies. Furthermore, it is likely that such an effort would result in the diversification of accounting standards. In other words, the development of common standards may be equivalent to the creation of another new language (another new culture).
著者
広岡 隆
出版者
関西学院大学
雑誌
法と政治 (ISSN:02880709)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.35, no.3, pp.309-366, 1984-11-30

En France, le domaine public est considere comme englobant les biens affectes a l'usage du public (par exemple; le rivage de la mer, la route, le chemin public, le fleuve, l'eau publique, l'edifice du culte etc.) et les biens affectes aux services publics (par exemple; l'hopital, l'abattoir, la station de metro, le garage municipal etc.). Le domaine public appartient aux personnes publiques (a l'Etat, aux departements, aux communes etc.). En general, on considere que la nature juridique du domaine public est differente de celle du domaine prive qui se conforme aux regles du Code Civil, et que le domaine public est inalienable et imprescriptible, parce que son affectation a l'usage du public ou aux services publics n'est pas compatible avec l'acquisition par les tiers de droits reels sur lui. Le principe d'imprescriptibilite du domaine public a ete forme par la doctrine dans la premiere moitie du XIX^e siecle. Actuellement ce principe a une valeur legislative et resulte de l'article L. 52 du Code du domaine de l'Etat, ≪les biens du domaine public sont inalienables et imprescriptibles.≫ Le Conseil d'Etat considere qu'on ne peut acquerir par voie de prescription (article 2262 du Code Civil) aucun droit reel sur le domaine public, sauf le cas ou la desaffectation explicite par l'autorite administrative l'a fait tomber dans le domaine prive. Mais dans le cas ou une partie du chemin public a ete close de barrieres construites par des personnes prives il y a presque soixante-dix ans, et ou la circulation des voitures etait totalement exclue de cette partie, sans que jamais la commune ait eleve la moindre protestation, la Cour de Cassation a approuve l'acquisition par voie de prescription de la propriete de cette terre, en admettant l'existence de la desaffectation implicite (Cass.-req. 11 mars 1946). Au Japon aussi, la doctrine traditionnelle admet que le domaine public est imprescriptible, bien qu'il n'y ait aucune disposition legislative qui declare son imprescriptiblite. Autrefois, la jurisprudence aussi, en tenant a ce principe d'imprescriptibilite, a considere qu'on ne pouvait acquerir par voie de prescription aucun droit reel sur la voie fluviale ou sur le chemin public, sauf le cas ou la desaffectation explicite par l'autorite administrative l'a fait sortir du domaine public. Mais recemment deux arrets de la Cour Supreme (celui du 24 dec. 1976 et celui du 28 avril 1977) ont approuve l'acquisition par voie de prescription de la propriete de la terre qui appartenait au domaine public (la voie fluviale; le chemin public), en admettant l'existence de la desaffectation implicite sous certaine situation du fait. Ils nous ont presente un nouveau critere : ≪Dans le cas ou un bien affecte a l'usage du public a ete possede paisiblement et ouvertement par un particulier pendant une longue periode, sans que ce bien ait ete mis en usage suivant son propre but, et ou il a perdu parfaitement son ancienne forme et son utilite essentielle, mais cette situation du fait n'empeche aucun interet general, et ou il n'y a pas de necessite de conserver ce bien pour l'usage du public, on peut admettre l'existence de la desaffectation implicite qui le rend prescriptible.≫ Dans ce traite nous reflechirons sur la doctrine et la jurisprudence en France et au Japon comparativement. La table des matieres est la suivante. I La doctrine et la jurisprudence en France (1) La nature juridique du domaine public et son imprescriptibilite (2) La formation historique du principe d'imprescriptibilite (3) Les consequences de ce principe (4) La desaffectation implicite du domaine public II La doctrine et la jurisprudence au Japon (1) La doctrine traditionnelle et les autres theories differentes (2) L'analyse et la critique des arrets de la Cour Supeme
著者
山本 公洋 内藤 昭三
出版者
一般社団法人電子情報通信学会
雑誌
電子情報通信学会論文誌. D-2, 情報・システム 2-情報処理 (ISSN:09151923)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.81, no.12, pp.2790-2801, 1998-12
参考文献数
11
被引用文献数
1

本論文では, 解(標本)が複数のスキーマへと線形分割可能な組合せ最適化問題を対象として, 遺伝アルゴリズムの交叉によるスキーマ保存機構を, 任意の1種類のスキーマに着目して, サンプルビット列集合における着目するスキーマを含有する標本(着目標本)の個数の増減という観点から考察する.着目標本数の経時変化は, 淘汰の複写機能による増殖と交叉や突然変異の破壊機能による減衰が均衡する点の有無によって, 2種類の相(安定相と非安定相)に分かれることを示す.着目標本の適応度平均とサンプルビット列集合全体の適応度平均との大小関係に依存して, 安定相-非安定相間の相転移が発生することを示す.遺伝的アルゴリズムにおいて交叉率を高く設定することで, スキーマがサンプルビット列集合全体へ均等に埋め込まれ, 着目標本の適応度平均が高くなり, 均衡点が発生して, 着目標本数が一定に保たれることを示す.最後に, 計算機実験に基づき, 交叉によるスキーマ保存機構に関する考察が妥当であることを示す.
著者
山本 公洋
雑誌
全国大会講演論文集
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, pp.163-164, 1996-03-06

知識は実世界の一面しか表現できない.また,普遍でプリミティブな意味素は存在しない.知識表現は断片的で多様である.随時拡大・改善される知識データベースでは知識表現が多様化する.多様化した知識表現を統合する際,実世界と知識表現の対応関係不備から矛盾が生じる.この矛盾を解消し,極小知識表現モデルを自動設計する.実世界と知識表現の対応関係を整理し,新規概念を生成する.
著者
関口 正司
出版者
西南学院大学学術研究所
雑誌
西南学院大学法学論集 (ISSN:02863286)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.24, no.1, pp.p1-57, 1991-05
著者
森野 美樹 芳仲 敏成
出版者
一般社団法人日本機械学会
雑誌
年次大会講演論文集 : JSME annual meeting
巻号頁・発行日
no.1, pp.315-316, 2001-08-22

Development of durable and efficient thermal protection systems against the reentry heating environments is one of the most important issues to realize the practical reusable launch vehicles in future. In order to prepare the heat shield material development, research on evaluation methods regarding the erosion rate and aerodynamic heating characteristics are being conducted using the special ground facilities. Some of the recent activities and future research directions are discussed in this report.
著者
冨田 幸博
出版者
社団法人プラズマ・核融合学会
雑誌
プラズマ・核融合学会誌 (ISSN:09187928)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.83, no.3, pp.288-289, 2007-03-25

重水素とヘリウム3燃料を用いた核融合炉では中性子の発生が少なく,壁材料の寿命や安全性の観点から魅力ある発電炉である.また,核融合反応生成物のほとんどが荷電粒子であり,これらはロケットの大きな推進力になる.ここでは,重水素とヘリウム3燃料による核融合発電炉の概念設計を参考にして,球状トーラス配位によるプラズマ閉じ込めを用いた核融合ロケットを紹介する.
著者
益田 勇一
出版者
白鴎大学
雑誌
論集 (ISSN:18800289)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2, no.1, pp.155-174, 2005-12
著者
小林 英夫 中野 実 河村 文夫 須藤 至
出版者
日本呼吸器内視鏡学会
雑誌
気管支学 : 日本気管支研究会雑誌 (ISSN:02872137)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.5, pp.423-429, 1993-07-25

急性呼吸不全症例に対して, 標準的治療にサーファクタント(PSF)注入を併用することの有用性を, prospectiveに検討した。人工呼吸開始より平均27時間後に, 気管支鏡を用いてPSF 600mg/bodyを, 8例に注入した。同時に, TBLBとBALを施行し, 診断の確定に努めた。施行症例は, IIPの急性増悪2例, acute interstitial pneumonia 2例, 細菌性肺炎2例, RA肺1例, Goodpasture症候群1例であった。注入72時間後のPaO_2/F_IO_2とX線所見は有意な改善を認めた。予後は3例が死亡, 5例が生存退院した。PSF注入に関連する副作用は認めなかった。PSF注入による呼吸不全の改善は顕著ではなかったが, 満足すべき治療法の確立していない現況では, 救命率向上に寄与する可能性について, 今後の症例の蓄積が望まれる。