著者
東京書院 編
出版者
東京書院
巻号頁・発行日
vol.第14輯 下, 1924
著者
櫻井 利江 Toshie Sakurai
出版者
同志社法學會
雑誌
同志社法学 (ISSN:03877612)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.64, no.3, pp.711-746, 2012-09

コソボ事件勧告的意見は領土保全原則は国家間関係でのみ適用され、コソボのような非国家主体には適用されないと判断したが、なぜそのような結論を導くことができるのか実証していない。本稿は、1990年代に発生したザイール国内のカタンガ、コモロ国内のアンジュアン島およびモヘリ島およびボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ国内のスルプスカ共和国による分離の事例、および国際文書に基づき、国際法における領土保全原則が以下のような意味をもつことを実証しようとしたものである。領土保全原則が既存国家が国内のすべての人民の自決権および人権を尊重し、すべての人民を代表する政府が存在するという条件を満たした国家の領土的現状を保護する意味で捉えられており、以上の条件を満たした国家においては、領土保全原則は人民の分離権行使を制限する役割をもつ。他方、政府による分離集団に対する深刻な人権侵害が存在するという特別な場合には、当該国家に領土保全原則は適用されず、集団の分離権が認められ、当該国家の領土的現状は維持されない。
著者
新垣 拓
出版者
JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
雑誌
国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2011, no.163, pp.163_68-80, 2011-01-20 (Released:2013-05-10)
参考文献数
47

The U.S. nuclear sharing policy for North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) started in the late 1950s. The policy's initial objective was to enhance the NATO's defense capability and its readiness by providing the nonnuclear allies with military training for the use of nuclear weapons which were to be transferred from the U.S. custody in case of emergency. However, after the Soviet Union's successful launch of Sputnik, the nuclear sharing was also beginning to be recognized as an effective nuclear nonproliferation measure for the European allies since Washington anticipated that it could provide further reassurance for the allies and allay their concerns about the reliability of the U.S. extended deterrence. In this context, located at “the front line” and sensitive about the credibility and reliability of the US extended deterrence, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) had become the most important allies that affected the nuclear sharing policy during the Cold War period.For the US government, allowing the Germans too much “access” to its nuclear weapons through the nuclear sharing arrangement might cause serious concerns of other major allies, such as the United Kingdom (UK) and France. Therefore, finding a West Germany's fair “share” in the NATO nuclear defense and, at the same time, avoiding other allies to raise concerns against it was the critical requirement for the success of the nuclear sharing policy. From the latter half of the 1950's to the late 1960s, U.S. government tackled this NATO's nuclear problem by exploring the two different approaches: “hardware solution” or “collective nuclear force approach” and “consultation approach”.The Johnson years were the critical time because the decision was made to adopt the consultation approach, which led to the creation of NATO Nuclear Planning Group (NPG) in 1966. By focusing on the decision-making process and using newly declassified documents, this article will explain that the three deferent processes had affected the decision: the stagnation process of the Multilateral Force (MLF) proposal, the process of gaining acceptance of the consultation approach, and the process of growing momentum to materialize the approach.
著者
多田 拓 倉光 君郎
雑誌
情報処理学会論文誌プログラミング(PRO) (ISSN:18827802)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.12, no.2, pp.1-9, 2019-05-21

曖昧さのある形式文法から生成されたパーサは異なる解釈をした複数の結果が導出されうる.このような複数の可能性を試すパーサは非線形の計算時間を必要とし,プログラミング言語などの人工言語の構文解析において望ましくない.Parsing Expression Grammar(PEG)の強みは優先度付き選択と貪欲な繰り返しによって曖昧さがないように形式化されている点である.しかしながら,近年の文法推論や自然言語を含んだ解析への応用では曖昧さが重要となっている.本研究では,PEGに文法的な拡張を加えることで,曖昧さを追加した新しい形式化基盤Generalized PEG(GPEG)を提案する.GPEGは決定的なPEGの文法に対して,優先度なし選択を加えた拡張となっている.一般化構文解析手法であるGLRやGLLで構築される曖昧な木とは異なり,曖昧さを文法から制御可能であるため部分的に曖昧な木を構築する.さらに,本研究で提案しているgeneralized packrat parsingによって実用的な時間で構文解析が可能である.
著者
高松 千尋
出版者
日本大学
雑誌
若手研究
巻号頁・発行日
2020-04-01

ヨアヒム・フォン・ザントラルトの著書『高貴なる建築・彫刻・絵画のドイツ・アカデミー』(1675-1679年、ニュルンベルク)について研究する。同書は17世紀に出版された画家伝兼絵画理論書であるが、その研究は未だ断片的なものにとどまっている。その資料的価値は近年ようやく認められつつあり、今後美術史研究の一次資料として重要性を強めていくと思われる。本研究ではザントラルトがローマで直接交際した北方の画家たちを対象とし、『ドイツ・アカデミー』中の伝記を他の画家伝と比較することで、その記述内容や芸術観の特質を明らかにする。
著者
宇野 昌樹
出版者
日本中東学会
雑誌
日本中東学会年報 (ISSN:09137858)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.12, pp.217-243, 1997

There is a mountainous region, covered by volcanic rocks called Jabal Druze, situated approximately 80km south-east from Damascus, the capital of Syria. This region is inhabited almost entirely by Druze people and is the largest center for the Druze in Syria, and an important stronghold of the Druze in the Middle East. It was from the end of the 17th century to the early 18th century that the Druze built their community in this region, which seemed to be waste land. However, only since the early 19th century have the Druze people increased their population rapidly and established their influence. In 1861, the name "Jabal Druze" was first mentioned officially as a place name in Ottoman documents. The establishment and the expansion of the Druze community in Jabal Druze were impelled by the Druze settlers (newcomers), who came from other regions beginning in the 19th century. Their arrival affected the preexisting community in Jabal Druze in diverse ways. In short, on one hand, the migration of the Druze led to the establishment and expansion of the communal society. On the other hand, the Druze community has experienced a large social change due to the rapid expansion of the population. The following examples will serve to highlight these social changes. First, the prominent family, which had dominated the Druze community since its early establishment in Jabal Druze, lost its leading position, and has been replaced by a new prominent family. In short, the expansion of the community played an important role in destroying the relations among existing powers. Second, the leading religious class was formed. It is well known that there is a hierarchy, like Sheikh 'Aql, 'Uqqal and Juhhal, in their religious establishment. But it seems that the leading religious class as a Sheikh 'Aql did not exist before the 19th century, but only since the 19th century. It seems that the appearance of the leading religious class occurred because of the growing population of the Druze and the development of the Druze community. But the most rapid social change inside the Druze community may be the growth of the difference between the rich and poor peasants'. That is to say, the society differentiated deeply between "haves" and "have-nots" (holders and nonholders) by the increasing of the population. Although in 1889, many Druze peasants rose in revolt on a large scale (the so-called "Ammiya"), it seems that the main cause of the revolt were the rapid social changes created by the artificial increase of the population due to migration. The main motives of this article are to examine the following points: one is how the increase of the population brought the social changes through the Druze migration to Jabal Druze during the 19th century. The other is how the social changes affected the outbreak of the Druze peasants' revolt.
著者
北迫 勇一
出版者
日本歯科医師会
雑誌
日本歯科医師会雑誌 (ISSN:00471763)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, no.9, pp.19-27, 2010-12
被引用文献数
1
著者
曽我 太佐男 小林 二三幸 佐々木 秀昭 白井 貢 保川 彰夫
出版者
The Japan Institute of Electronics Packaging
雑誌
サーキットテクノロジ (ISSN:09148299)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.7, no.2, pp.97-109, 1992-03-20 (Released:2010-03-18)
参考文献数
10
被引用文献数
2 3

プリント板上に搭載したFP (Flat Package) のはんだ付け継手部において, 温度サイクル試験によるクラック進展長さを定量評価し, 熱疲労による劣化メカニズムおよび熱疲労劣化要因について検討した。FP構造では, 熱応力が弾性体のリードを介して継手に作用するため, 破壊メカニズムがフリップチップ等の剛体構造に比べ複雑である。セラミックFP継手のクラック進展は, 高温から低温に変化したとき, 継手のかかと部に開口状に作用するリードの曲げに起因する。FP継手のクラック進展長さは, 温度サイクル数に対して, ほぼ直線的に増加する。クラック進展に及ぼすリードの曲げ剛性, プリント板の熱膨張係数, 継手欠陥の形状, はんだ厚さ, 加速条件, 浮きリードによるクリープを伴う複合疲労等について明らかにした。また, 各種FP継手に対して, 継手形状, 寸法等で継手の信頼性を容易に判定できるマクロな簡易解析法の有効性を確認した。本手法による平均相当応力が3kgf/mm2以下であれば, -55~150℃, 1サイクル/hの条件で, 1500サイクルに耐えられる高信頼継手が期待できる。
著者
岩崎 久美子
出版者
日本キャリア教育学会
雑誌
進路指導研究 (ISSN:13433768)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.19, no.1, pp.26-34, 1999-01-30 (Released:2017-09-22)

A questionnaire survey was conducted with 168 cram school students to examine their consciousness of future career and achievement based on attribution theory and self-esteem. For the purpose of comparison, data were simultaneously obtained from 132 local elementary school students as the control group. It was found that over 60% of the cram school students wanted to receive higher education whereas over 60% of local elementary school students indicated that they were not decided or uncertain about the prospect. Early career decision is apparently influenced greatly by information and cultural capital that the family retains. In addition, advancement to the higher education appears to be governed more by the possibility of admission to prestigious schools than by the students' aptitude, capacity or interests. For psychological factors in achievement, cram school students with high self-esteem tended to have good scores were the result of controllable factors such as their own efforts and ability. By contrast students with low self-esteem tended to consider good scores as the result of uncontrollable factors such as the degree of difficulty of the examination. This phenomenon has been termed self-serving bias. There was also a positive correlation between self-esteem and family support of the items of attribution of good score. This suggests a connection among parents' attitude, self-esteem and achievement. There was a significant difference between career consciousness and self-esteem. This result suggests that to foster self-esteem it is essential to instill a career consciousness right from elementary school.
著者
黒田 長禮
出版者
The Ornithological Society of Japan
雑誌
(ISSN:00409480)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.5, no.23, pp.199-261, 1927-06-10 (Released:2008-12-24)
参考文献数
6
被引用文献数
1

1 0 0 0 OA 方言覚書

著者
柳田国男 著
出版者
創元社
巻号頁・発行日
1942
著者
木田 圭亮
出版者
一般社団法人 日本内科学会
雑誌
日本内科学会雑誌 (ISSN:00215384)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.109, no.2, pp.199-206, 2020-02-10 (Released:2021-02-10)
参考文献数
8

急性心不全の治療において,時間軸という概念が強調され,急性心不全の初期対応は,フローチャートに準じて早期に治療介入することが重要である.また,初期対応と共に,急性心原性肺水腫では血管拡張薬,体液貯留では利尿薬,低心拍出・低灌流では強心薬等病態に合わせた薬物治療を同時に行い,さらには,非薬物療法としての人工呼吸管理や心臓リハビリテーションまで多職種による心不全チームでの介入を行う.