著者

吉良 貴之

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.132-139, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

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The purpose of this essay is to examine the relation between law and time. At first, 'time by law' and 'time in law' should be distinguished. 'Time by law' is social time order constructed by law, and 'time in law' is internal time structure in law. The former is about role of law, and the latter is about structure of law. Law has time structure corresponding with its time role, and legitimacy of law consists of both kinds of time. Sense of time diverges in each person, but common time should be shared for social practice. Law is not the only instrument, but the most powerful one for construction of social time order. Predictability ensured by law enables us to make our life plans. If our memories conflict in legal practice, judge will determine which past should be regarded as true, by examining existing evidences of both sides, in the end. Both kinds of time locate in present, not in past or future. Past exists in present only as memory. and future only as anticipation. Therefore legal practices need not commit to the reality of past and future. This 'legal presentism' is well philosophically explained by 'evidence presentism'. Presentism is ontology of time which insists that the only present things are real, and that past and future are unreal. What makes propositions about past or future true is a difficult problem for presentists. In this essay. I support 'evidence presentism' proposed by Tora Koyama. that insists only present evidences can be truthmakers. This theory is compatible with legal practices. Only the present things, including conventions naturalistically described, can generate an agency with accountability and time structure of legal practices, not vice versa.

著者

高山 秀三

出版者

京都産業大学

雑誌

京都産業大学論集. 人文科学系列 (ISSN:02879727)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, pp.281-316, 2015-03

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三島由紀夫は少年期からニーチェを愛読し,大きな影響を受けた。ニーチェと三島には,女性ばかりに取り囲まれた環境で幼少期を過ごしたという共通性がある。女性的な環境で育った人間が自身のうちなる女性性と戦うなかで生れたニーチェの哲学は,受動性や従順,あるいは柔弱さなどのいわゆる女性的なものに対する嫌悪を多分に含んでいる。それは思春期の自我の目覚めとともに男性的な方向に向けて自己改造をはじめていた三島の気持に大いにかなうものだった。戦時中,十九歳のときの小説『中世に於ける一殺人常習者の遺せる哲学的日記の抜萃』は三島自身がニーチェのつよい影響のもとで書いたことを認める作品である。無差別的な大量殺人を行なう「殺人者」の思いを日記体でつづったこの小説にあって,「殺人者」はその「殺人」によって,失われていた生の息吹を取り戻す。この「殺人」は三島が目指す危険な芸術の比喩であると同時に殺人という悪そのものである。ここには幼少期以来,攻撃性の発露を妨げられ,健全な生から疎外されているという意識に苦しみつづけてきた三島の,生を回復するための過激な覚悟が反映している。そしてこの覚悟は,三島と同様に女性に囲まれた幼少期を送り,自分の弱さと世界における局外者性の意識に苦しみながら,男性的なヒロイズムをもって自分を乗り越えていく思想を語りつづけたニーチェの戦闘的な著作への共感から生れている。

著者

小田切 裕史

出版者

東北哲学会

雑誌

東北哲学会年報 (ISSN:09139354)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.17-31, 2023 (Released:2023-05-19)

著者

清水 将吾

出版者

日本哲学会

雑誌

哲学 (ISSN:03873358)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, no.58, pp.191-202,24, 2007-04-01 (Released:2009-07-23)

参考文献数

9

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The body is a subject in the sense that it is that which perceives. But, at the same time, it is also an object. In this paper, I hope to take a step towards understanding this peculiar twofold character of the body.The question I will consider is : are bodily sensations able to locate the body in space? I take up this question because arguments have already been advanced for an affirmative answer. If they are found persuasive, that would seem to support the claim that bodily sensations afford an objective aspect to the subjective body.Such arguments, however, are not at the level relevant to my interest, since they appear to deal not with the intrinsic or indipendent affect of such sensations.The first aim of this paper is to therefore secure the relevant level through making critical examination of the existing arguments. The second aim is to answer the question articulated at that level. The answer I give will be a negative one.

著者

森岡 正博

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.85-90, 1993-03-25 (Released:2009-09-04)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

河村 賢

出版者

日本社会学理論学会

雑誌

現代社会学理論研究 (ISSN:18817467)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.80-93, 2013 (Released:2020-03-09)

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「ルールに従うこと」は社会的現実の基礎をなす原初的行為として、多くの社会学者たちの関心を捉えてきた。そこで焦点となったのは、ルールに従うことはルールによって因果的に引き起こされた行動として記述できるのかという論点であった。本稿はルールに従うことの因果的描像を最も一貫した形で提示した哲学者であるジョン・サールの社会哲学を批判的に検討することによって、この古典的な議論に決定的な結論を与えることを試みる。サールは、現実に存在する様々なルールを区分するための理念型として、統制的規則/構成的規則の二分法を導入した上で、構成的規則の持つ「新たな行為可能性を作り出す」という性質こそが、社会制度に関わる諸事実の基盤であるとした。この統制的規則/構成的規則という区分は、1950年代にロールズが「二つのルール概念」論文で展開したルールの要約的見方/実践的見方という区分を着想の源としている。だが、サールとロールズの間には、ルールとそれによって描かれる行為の関係を因果関係として捉えるか、ルールを人々が用いて様々な活動を営むという実践的関係として捉えるかという差異が存在する。そして本稿はサールのような外在的・因果的記述の立場ではなく、ロールズのような内在的・実践的記述の立場を取ることによって、社会的現実が編成される場面を、その場面に外的な装置を持ち込まずに分析することが可能になると論ずる。

著者

二宮 清純

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.2, pp.69-83, 2022 (Released:2023-03-20)

参考文献数

57

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Professional baseball, the origin of professional sport in Japan, has been institutionalized through the leading involvement of corporations, which are economic organizations with the purpose of profit.The Bundesliga in Germany, which serves as an ideal for the J.League, is organized around nonprofit organizations known as Verein. German nonprofit organizations operate primarily based on general meetings of local citizens and voting in elections and play a role in negotiating with governments and businesses while consolidating and representing the views of local citizens. For the Bundesliga, in which only Verein had been permitted to participate, the commercialization of the 1990s saw permission to operate clubs extended to for-profit companies. However, with the establishment of the “50+1 rule” and the “club licensing system”, clubs were required to hold a majority of their own voting rights. Under such a system, the Bundesliga has contributed to the creation of “civil society”-formed through collaboration between businesses, government, communities, and nonprofit organizations—while centered on a “citizenry” that seeks to organize groups and associations and influence political and economic systems.This study analyzed the J.League philosophy from this public sphere perspective and found that although a philosophy aimed at collaboration between governments, businesses, and citizens has persisted to the present day, and partnerships between businesses and governments have materialized—local governments, for example, hold shares in professional soccer clubs—the specific roles that citizens and nonprofit organizations can play in league and club operations remain undetermined. Moreover, this challenge was attributed to differences in the systems around corporations in Japan and Germany.

著者

住吉 雅美

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2003, pp.121-132, 2004-10-20 (Released:2008-11-17)

著者

野家 啓一

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.91-105, 1976-11-10 (Released:2009-05-29)

著者

田中 泉吏

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.1_1-1_13, 2008 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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Altruistic behaviors are quite impressive features in nature and call for selective explanation. Ever since Darwin, many biologists have appealed to group selection to explain altruism. In the 1960s, Williams knocked down these naïve group selectionists and alternatively promoted gene selectionism. However, group selection was highlighted again in the 1980s by Wilson and Sober, who suggested a hierarchical conception of evolution. Opposing to this conception, some philosophers, together with some biologists, proposed to adopt a pluralistic stance toward various models of selection. These three approaches give different explanations of the evolution of altruism. I compare them and show a pluralistic one is the most valid among them.

著者

佐々木 宏

出版者

日本教育社会学会

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, pp.113-136, 2014-05-31 (Released:2015-06-03)

参考文献数

50

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現代福祉国家を構成する生活関連の諸施策(本稿では一括して「社会福祉」と呼ぶ)とそれにまつわる知は,学校教育,医療,司法の営みと同じく,20世紀後半にモダニズム批判として登場したポストモダニズムの諸論から「近代の抑圧的統治の装置」として,しばしば批判されてきた。本稿では,ポストモダニズムからの批判に対し,社会福祉政策とソーシャルワークにかんする諸理論がどのように応答してきたのかを整理した。この作業のねらいの一つは,ポストモダン以降の社会理論の可能性を検討することである。と同時に,日本社会において近年ますますその存在感を増している社会福祉という営みの内省の試みでもある。このような目的をおき,まずは,ポストモダニズムによる社会福祉批判を概観した。次いで,社会福祉からの応答を,社会福祉学の中核の動向と社会福祉という営みを哲学的に下支えする規範理論の動向に分けて整理した。これらの作業を通じては,ポストモダニズムからの批判に対する様々な応答のなかで,民主的対話の実現によって社会福祉の営みと知を常にオープンエンドにし続けておくという,「参加」を鍵概念とする応答が最も建設的であることが浮き彫りとなった。この点を確認した上で,「参加」を鍵概念とする応答が示唆している,後期近代における人間と社会をめぐる思考が錨を下ろすべき場の所在を,ポストモダン以降の社会理論の可能性として指摘した。

著者

谷口 忠大 平井 靖史 清田 陽司 三宅 陽一郎 大内 孝子

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能 (ISSN:21882266)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.5, pp.627-641, 2021-09-01 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

井上 弘貴

出版者

日本イギリス哲学会

雑誌

イギリス哲学研究 (ISSN:03877450)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.19-34, 2016

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<p>In his<i> Triumphant Democracy</i>(1886)Andrew Carnegie claimed that American people found something lacking for the original Britons in some races including the German and the French, while he celebrated the British as a basic material to create the American republic. But he came to put more great value on the Teutonic origin for both Britain and America to envision the idea of an Anglo-American reunion in his article, A Look Ahead(1893)which was the new concluding chapter in the revised edition of <i>Triumphant Democracy</i>. Carnegie changed his view again in 1905, the year following the Entente Cordiale between Britain and France. He seemed to take the concept of republic as an important one which could include the three nations, Britain, France, and America while he continued to keep the idea of Teutonic because he thought that it could unite Britain and America with Germany, the Teutonic Power in a peaceful union. In this paper I argue how Carnegie shifted the emphasis in his writing on the balance between the notion of republic and that of race.</p>

著者

中村 大介 Daisuke Nakamura

雑誌

人文論究 (ISSN:02866773)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.3, pp.119-132, 2003-12-10

著者

大越 愛子

出版者

日本哲学会

雑誌

哲学 (ISSN:03873358)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1992, no.42, pp.228-239, 1992-04-01 (Released:2009-07-23)

著者

大西 勇喜謙

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.2, pp.2_65-2_81, 2011 (Released:2012-06-06)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1

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The debate over scientific realism is one of the traditional topics in philosophy of science. Today there are various types of realism and anti-realism, including entity realism, (epistemic/ontic/moderate) structural realism, semirealism, eclectic realism, and constructive empiricism. However, the main point of the dispute, which is the validity of inference from observable evidence to unobservable events, seems to have been set aside in the recent debate. To improve this situation, I propose a new approach to the scientific realism issue that utilizes the epistemological positions. As an example, I also demonstrate an analysis of the debate based on contextualism in epistemology.

著者

高橋 隆雄

出版者

熊本大学

雑誌

先端倫理研究 : 熊本大学倫理学研究室紀要 (ISSN:18807879)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.1-17, 2010-03

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1981年にイタリアの小説部門で最高のストレーガ賞を受賞した「薔薇の名前」は、イタリアの哲学者であるウンベルト・エーコの著作である。映画にもなったので観た人も多いだろう。中世末の北イタリアの修道院を舞台にして、皇帝とローマ教皇の世俗レベルでの争い、それを神学上の教義に移して繰り広げられる清貧論争、異端審問、複雑怪奇な構造と謎に満ちた文書館、そして連続殺人とその謎解きは、神学上のまた現実の迷宮へと読者を誘ってやまない。本稿では、「薔薇の名前」に登場する清貧論争を権利概念の誕生史の中で捉えなおしてみたい。In one scene of the bestselling novel Il Nome della Rosa written by famous Italian philosopher Umbert Eco, the characters in the novel engaged heatedly in Apostolic Poverty Controversy. The issue of the argument was whether Jesus and the Apostles had propriety over their belongings. When we read the novel within the background of the history of human rights theory, e.g., within the context of Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development, written by R.Tuck, we can find that at the dawn of human rights theory such a controversy in the late Middle Ages played a crucial role.

著者

野澤 秀樹

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.14, pp.837-856, 2006-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

59

被引用文献数

2 2

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石川三四郎は日本を代表するアナ-キストの一人である.「土民哲学」,「歴史哲学」にその思想的特徴がある.石川の思想形成に大きく関わった一人として19世紀フランス最大の地理学者といわれるエリゼ・ルクリュがいる.ルクリュはカール・リッタ-の弟子として,「地と人」の統一思想のもとに『新世界地理』全19巻を著わす一方,パリ・コミューンに参加するなどアナ-キズムの理論的指導者としても活躍した.その思想のもとに書かれた『人間と大地(地人論)』全6巻は,石川に強く影響を与えた.石川とルクリュは,「世界観」,「宇宙観」を共有していたが,世界,宇宙における人間をどのように見るかの人間観に差異があった.石川は,そこに人間の無常を感じ,虚無観,厭世観を抱いていた.石川の内省的・求道的な個人主義的傾向,反文明,反科学の歴史哲学は,それに由来する.一方エリゼ・ルクリュは,微小,泡沫な人間ゆえに連帯を説き,そこに「進歩」と「希望」を託していた.

著者

森岡 次郎

出版者

The Japanese Society for the Philosophy of Education

雑誌

教育哲学研究 (ISSN:03873153)

巻号頁・発行日

no.93, pp.102-121, 2006

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this paper is to examine new eugenics and education.<BR>For the last several years, such ideas as "Designers Baby" and "Perfect Baby" have been discussed in terms of "New Eugenics". This idea means the artificial production of babies by genetic technology according to the desire of parents. If educational values can be realized to some extent by genetic technology, new eugenics will necessitate our views on education to change. From this perspective, this paper examines the implications of new eugenics for education.<BR>First of all, the history of eugenics is surveyed and new eugenics is positioned historically. Here, new eugenics can be positioned in an eugenical trend after the 1970s. Next, the theoretical features of new eugenics are clarified in its contrast to old eugenics. This makes it clear that new eugenics is based on the principle of selfdetermination and on the principle of scientific validity. (2) <BR>Then, the criticisms of new eugenics are reviewed. Here, by considering Glen McGee's and others' arguments, it becomes clear that any fatal criticism of new eugenics does not exist yet. However, in the argument by Jürgen Habermas, education and new eugenics are distinguished in view of the existence of "others." It enables us to find out a positive value to the conditions of "others" in education that cannot be fully satisfied. (3) <BR>Finally, it is clarified from the standpoint of the system theory of Niklas Luhmann that children as "others" are indispensable as the media in an educational system. Based on Emmanuel Levinas' concept of "désir", I present the point of view of "the desire for others", one that gives a positive value to the "existence of others". (4) <BR>"New eugenics" and education have affinity in terms of operational intervention in children. However, from the point of view of "the desire for others", it becomes clear that both are fundamentally in conflict.

著者

横山 泰子

出版者

法政大学国際日本学研究所

雑誌

国際日本学 = INTERNATIONAL JAPANESE STUDIES (ISSN:18838596)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.3-25, 2022-02-10

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This paper examines Terada Torahikoʼs unique perspective toward the Ginza area in Tokyo through a close reading of his texts. Terada Torahiko(寺田寅彦1878-1935) was one of the renowned Japanese physicists whom he called himself Ginbura-an-Shujin (Master of Ginza walker). His enthusiasm toward Ginza led him to stroll around the area for his entire lifetime. Ginza was the best place for Japanese modernists to encounter Western civilization at that time. Analyzing Teradaʼs text shows how one Japanese intellectual who had a great longing for Western civilization was attracted to the place.During his youth, Terada had his first Western food at a restaurant in Ginza and soon became a coffee lover. After returning from study abroad in Europe, he constantly enjoyed shopping around the Ginza area and purchasing imported goods, such as records, musical instruments, picture books, and so on. The coffee shops were also his favorite place in Ginza, and he even wrote an essay entitled Introduction to Coffee Philosophy(『珈琲哲学 序説』).One reason he often visited Ginza was that a cup of coffee always helped him refresh his mind and obtain some inspiration for works.In his essay Ginza Alps(『銀座アルプス』),Terada referred to mob psychology and suggested that many people visiting Ginza are feeling a sense of emptiness in their lives. Terada also had a similar sentiment and shared his sense of emptiness and loneliness in letters sent to his close friends. Nevertheless, by visiting Ginza, he could somewhat fill in the empty hole in his heart, even just a brief moment.In 1923, the Great Kanto earthquake occurred, and Ginza was also devastated by fire. As a physicist, Terada energetically researched earthquake-stricken areas. In Ginza Alps, Terada emphasized the significance of disaster prevention and suggested building a monument in Ginza to remember the earthquake. He also warned of fires on high-rise buildings and wrote measures to escape from a fire. As a Ginza lover physicist, he earnestly examined the ways to maintain the town for the future.