著者

齋藤 佳敬 山田 武宏 小林 正紀 榊原 純 品川 尚文 木下 一郎 秋田 弘俊 井関 健

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.139, no.12, pp.1601-1608, 2019-12-01 (Released:2019-12-01)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

---

Paclitaxel (PTX)-associated acute pain syndrome (P-APS) is characterized by disabling but transient arthralgia and myalgia in up to 80% of patients administered with PTX. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely administered to patients with cancer who have pain or fever, and are mainly used to manage P-APS. In this study, we investigated how P-APS appear in the patients who were administered NSAIDs prior to PTX injection. The incidence or severity and duration of P-APS in patients previously administered NSAIDs were compared to those of patients who were not administered NSAIDs. The relationship between previously administered NSAIDs and rescue administration for the relief of P-APS was also evaluated. It was revealed that the incidence and duration of P-APS were 72% and 4.67±2.30 d, respectively, in the control group and 84% and 6.19±3.30 d, respectively, in the NSAIDs group. There was no significant difference in the incidence and duration and the severity of P-APS between the two groups. Patients who were previously administered NSAIDs tended to obtain less pain relief from NSAIDs administered as rescue medications, and needed other medication. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed no correlation between previously administered NSAIDs or patient characteristics and the incidence of P-APS. In this study, it was found that clinical condition that needs NSAIDs and previously administered NSAIDs prior to PTX injection do not affect the incidence, severity, and duration of P-APS. These results will help in educating patients about their medications and will contribute to the management of P-APS.

著者

シンジルト

出版者

日本文化人類学会

雑誌

文化人類学 (ISSN:13490648)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.3, pp.466-484, 2016 (Released:2018-02-23)

参考文献数

43

---

中国西部の内モンゴル自治区アラシャ地域では、モンゴル族と漢族は大きな葛藤もなく共に暮らし、一種の民族共生を実現している。それが可能になった理由としてまず考えられるのが、乾親という擬制親族関係である。アラシャの乾親関係は民族内部だけではなく、異なる民族間で結ばれることが期待される。多くの研究者は、民族間の乾親は民族境界を消失させ、民族共存を可能にする制度だと理解する。だが、その内部を吟味すると、民族間の乾親関係の締結はむしろ民族境界の存在を前提とし、締結によって民族境界が強化されることに気づく。 乾親は、血縁関係のない他親族集団に子どもを帰属させれば、自親族集団に降りかかった不幸から子どもが守られるという論理に基づく実践である。乾親実践において、血縁は自他集団を境界づけており、血縁を基盤におく境界を越えること、積極的な自己の他者化が重要視されている。自己の他者化は民族間の乾親でもみられた。漢人にとって、モンゴル人は自分と血縁関係がなく、文化的にも接点がない。その他者性故に、モンゴル人は漢人から乾親になることが期待される。しかし、他者性を欲する乾親実践には、民族境界の消失を前提とする民族の共生は期待できない。 民族の共生を考える上で重要なのは、モンゴル人にとって乾親は必ずしも魅力的ではないものの、それでも乾親関係の締結を望む漢人の要請を断れず受け入れる点である。彼らの認識では、万物に絶対的な幸運であるケシゲは遍在しながら増減もする。ケシゲを増やすべく、他者に対する否定的な言動は「エブグイ(不和)」と理解されやすい。エブグイを回避すべく、他者の要請をなるべく拒絶しないように配慮する。配慮の結果、漢人側の要請を受け入れる。この配慮は彼らの論理の産物だが、その論理に必ずしも共感しない漢人からは、「寛容」だと評価される。この寛容さこそ、乾親関係を超えたところに、共生という効果を生み出す。これが一地域社会における共生の実際である。

著者

藤原 辰史

出版者

公益財団法人 日本学術協力財団

雑誌

学術の動向 (ISSN:13423363)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.10, pp.10_36-10_41, 2018-10-01 (Released:2019-02-15)

著者

井上 史雄

出版者

日本語学会

雑誌

日本語の研究 (ISSN:13495119)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.4, pp.63-78, 2010-10-01

---

本論文では、いわゆる美化語の「お」の拡大過程について、アンケート調査に基づいて分析する。「お」に場面的使い分けがあるかを知るためのアンケート資料を分析し、性差の大きい語と、場面差・文体差の大きい語があることを確認した。さらに、使用者の世代差・性差と話し相手(上下・親疎)との2要素を組み合わせた散布図を分析することにより、調査語全体を言語変化の連続体としてとらえた。「お」の使用率の低い語から高い語に向けて連続的に分布することを手がかりに、「お」の付く語が増える歴史的過程を、共時態として反映すると見なした。男性が本来の「尊敬語」としての「お」を使い分けるのに対し、女性は身辺の語に「お」を「付けすぎ」として付けはじめ、使用率を徐々に高めて「女性語」として広げ、ついには男性まで抱き込んで、「美化語」として確立する。これは、性差・文体差が再び薄れる過程である。この過程を考えることにより、ある語に「お・ご」が付くのが当たり前になると、二重に(過剰に)付けるという変化も説明できる。以上、「お」の増加について循環的過程を考えた。また変化の途中で変異が増える過程は「レンズモデル」で説明できる。

著者

金光 淳

出版者

数理社会学会

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.114-131, 2018 (Released:2019-02-01)

参考文献数

25

---

近年日本各地で開催されているアート・フェスティバルはアートによる「観光のまなざし」を地域に内省化することで,観光客の側にも住民の側にも新たな地域表象を結像させている可能性がある.それはどのように地域イメージの形成に貢献しているのか,またそれは地域社会の問題をどのように可視化しているのかを瀬戸内国際芸術祭で探った.小豆島と豊島で行われた島ブランド・イメージ連想調査データのネットワーク分析は,1)産業が盛んで伝統的な地域イメージが形成されている小豆島では,アートはそれにほとんど貢献しておらず,産物,観光とメディア・コンテンツの連想イメージが前面化している;2)これとは対照的に産業が衰退し確固たる地域イメージが形成されていない豊島においては,地域表象形成におけるアートの役割は大きい.アート・フェスティバルは感覚的反応,他地域の連想を伴ないつつ,美しい瀬戸内の風景に助けられ豊かな美的空間を形成するのに貢献している;3)豊島では産業廃棄物問題は大多数の観光客には見えていないものの,地域の記憶を伝承するアート作品やシンボリックな豊島美術館を通してこの問題が観光客の一部にも連想されており,アート・フェスティバルは観光客の産業廃棄物問題の可視化にある程度貢献している,ことが明らかになった.これらの知見を基に瀬戸内国際芸術祭の課題が論じられた.

著者

赤羽根 龍夫 赤羽根 大介 Tatsuo Akabane 新陰流稽古「沈龍の会」 新陰流稽古「沈龍の会」

雑誌

基礎科学論集 : 教養課程紀要 = Bulletin of liberal arts and science

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, pp.1-84, 2006

著者

渡邉 義浩 WATANABE Yoshihiro

出版者

中国文化学会(筑波大学文芸言語学系内)

雑誌

中国文化 : 研究と教育 = The Chinese culture (ISSN:02896648)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, pp.14-26, 2015

著者

南 利明

出版者

静岡大学

雑誌

静岡大学法政研究 (ISSN:13422243)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.2, pp.151-174, 2003-12

著者

宮澤 眞一

出版者

埼玉女子短期大学

雑誌

基盤研究(C)

巻号頁・発行日

1999

---

平成11年度から平成13年度の三年継続の本研究計画が認可されたとき、サトウ自筆日記の日本滞在に係わる三つの時期(1862-1869;1870-1884;1895-1900;1906)のなかでも、前半部分(1862-1884)に集中することが、私の当面する研究の必要性と、力量の及び範囲と考えていた。実際に三年間という長い呼吸の歳月の進行とともに、研究意欲は膨らむ一方の勢いとなった。結果的に三年間の継続研究の研究実績は、アトウ自筆日記全39冊の解読・活字化を達成して、66年に及んだサトウ日記執筆の全体像を把握できたことである。その成果を纏めるのに更に一年を要したが、2003年3月には研究成果報告書において、幾つかの事項に関して詳細に報告した。第一の事項は、上記全体像に係わる点である。「表1:サトウ日記の自筆原稿(manuscripts)と転写原稿(transcriptions)の概算」(上記報告書p.18)を纏めあげることによって、サトウ日記の総体を眺望する内外で初めての資料となった。具体的な一例を挙げるなら、当初計画の自筆日記分(1862-1884)は、約2537頁となり、全39冊分の総頁数が約9373頁であるのだから、当初計画の約3.7倍の基礎作業を完了したことになり、A4版30行の転写原稿は、約6457枚の総枚数を数えることが一目して分かる。第2報では全自筆日記資料の書誌的纏め方について、を表2に言及しつつ、極めて簡略化した「記入日リスト」の形にした今回のを述べてある。今後の研究実績の予定されている発表について、最後にひとこと触れておきたい。本研究の中核となる仕事は、解読し活字化した転写テキストを書物として発表することにある。本年度は幕末維新(1861-1869)を出版し、向こう5年間に全20巻で逐次出版することで出版社と協議中である。また、来年度には新書版で「アーネスト・サトウの日記」を出版して、本研究の実績報告の内容を一般読者に向けて公表することになっている。

著者

河野 憲一

出版者

日本社会学会

雑誌

社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.4, pp.571-583, 2012-03-31 (Released:2013-11-22)

参考文献数

46

著者

国語調査委員会 編

出版者

日本書籍

巻号頁・発行日

1904

著者

早川 尚志

出版者

国士舘大学イラク古代文化研究所

雑誌

ラーフィダーン = al-Rāfidān (ISSN:02854406)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, 2015

著者

中島 淑恵

出版者

富山大学附属図書館

---

テーマ:溺死する女I.宍道湖の嫁ヶ島伝説「神々の首都」https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8130Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan: First Series by Lafcadio HearnChapter Seven The Chief City of the Province of the GodsSec. 8The vapours have vanished, sharply revealing a beautiful little islet inthe lake, lying scarcely half a mile away--a low, narrow strip of landwith a Shinto shrine upon it, shadowed by giant pines; not pines likeours, but huge, gnarled, shaggy, tortuous shapes, vast-reaching likeancient oaks. Through a glass one can easily discern a torii, and beforeit two symbolic lions of stone (Kara-shishi), one with its head brokenoff, doubtless by its having been overturned and dashed about by heavywaves during some great storm. This islet is sacred to Benten, theGoddess of Eloquence and Beauty, wherefore it is called Benten-no-shima.But it is more commonly called Yomega-shima, or 'The Island of the YoungWife,' by reason of a legend. It is said that it arose in one night,noiselessly as a dream, bearing up from the depths of the lake thebody of a drowned woman who had been very lovely, very pious, and veryunhappy. The people, deeming this a sign from heaven, consecrated theislet to Benten, and thereon built a shrine unto her, planted treesabout it, set a torii before it, and made a rampart about it with greatcuriously-shaped stones; and there they buried the drowned woman.II.焼津にて「惚れたがために溺れ死ぬ女」羽島娘,ギリシア神話ヘーローとレアンドロスの物語https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8128In Ghostly Japan by Lafcadio HearnAt YaidzuIIAs I touched the stones again, I was startled by seeing two whiteshadows before me; but a kindly voice, asking if the water wascold, set me at ease. It was the voice of my old landlord,Otokichi the fishseller, who had come to look for me, accompaniedby his wife."Only pleasantly cool," I made answer, as I threw on my robe togo home with them."Ah," said the wife, "it is not good to go out there on the nightof the Bon!""I did not go far," I replied;--"I only wanted to look at thelanterns.""Even a Kappa gets drowned sometimes,"(1) protested Otokichi."There was a man of this village who swam home a distance ofseven ri, in bad weather, after his boat had been broken. But hewas drowned afterwards."Seven ri means a trifle less than eighteen miles. I asked if anyof the young men now in the settlement could do as much."Probably some might," the old man replied. "There are manystrong swimmers. All swim here,--even the little children. Butwhen fisher-folk swim like that, it is only to save their lives.""Or to make love," the wife added,--"like the Hashima girl.""Who?" queried I."A fisherman's daughter," said Otokichi. "She had a lover inAjiro, several ri distant; and she used to swim to him at night,and swim back in the morning. He kept a light burning to guideher. But one dark night the light was neglected--or blown out;and she lost her way, and was drowned.... The story is famous inIdzu."--"So," I said to myself, "in the Far East, it is poor Hero thatdoes the swimming. And what, under such circumstances, would havebeen the Western estimate of Leander?"1 This is a common proverb:--Kappa mo obore-shini. The Kappa is awater-goblin, haunting rivers especially.III.『チータ』における水死体-なぜか女性の死体ばかり詳しく描写される1)I.の末尾,嵐のあとで,花嫁の水死体https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/717Chita: A Memory of Last Island by Lafcadio HearnThe Legend of L'Ile DerniereVII. There is money in notes and in coin--inpurses, in pocketbooks, and in pockets: plenty of it! There are silks,satins, laces, and fine linen to be stripped from the bodies of thedrowned,--and necklaces, bracelets, watches, finger-rings and finechains, brooches and trinkets ... "Chi bidizza!--Oh! chi beddamughieri! Eccu, la bidizza!" That ball-dress was made in Parisby--But you never heard of him, Sicilian Vicenzu ... "Che bellasposina!" Her betrothal ring will not come off, Giuseppe; but thedelicate bone snaps easily: your oyster-knife can sever the tendon ..."Guardate! chi bedda picciota!" Over her heart you will find it,Valentino--the locket held by that fine Swiss chain of wovenhair--"Caya manan!"And it is not your quadroon bondsmaid, sweet lady, who now disrobes youso roughly; those Malay hands are less deft than hers,--but sheslumbers very far away from you, and may not be aroused from her sleep."Na quita mo! dalaga!--na quita maganda!" ... Juan, the fastenings ofthose diamond ear-drops are much too complicated for your peon fingers:tear them out!--"Dispense, chulita!" ...... Suddenly a long, mighty silver trilling fills the ears of all:there is a wild hurrying and scurrying; swiftly, one after another, theoverburdened luggers spread wings and flutter away.Thrice the great cry rings rippling through the gray air, and over thegreen sea, and over the far-flooded shell-reefs, where the huge whiteflashes are,--sheet-lightning of breakers,--and over the weird wash ofcorpses coming in.It is the steam-call of the relief-boat, hastening to rescue theliving, to gather in the dead.The tremendous tragedy is over!2)黒人,混血娘の水死体Out of the Sea's StrengthIII. One was that of a negro, apparently well attired, andwearing a white apron;--the other seemed to be a young colored girl,clad in a blue dress; she was floating upon her face; they couldobserve that she had nearly straight hair, braided and tied with a redribbon. These were evidently house-servants,--slaves. But fromwhence? Nothing could be learned until the luggers should return; andnone of them was yet in sight. Still Feliu was not anxious as to thefate of his boats, manned by the best sailors of the coast. Rarely arethese Louisiana fishermen lost in sudden storms; even when to othereyes the appearances are most pacific and the skies most splendidlyblue, they divine some far-off danger, like the gulls; and like thegulls also, you see their light vessels fleeing landward. 3)チータ発見Out of the Sea's StrengthIII. Yes--but somethingtoo that lives and moves, like a quivering speck of gold; and Mateoalso perceives it, a gleam of bright hair,--and Miguel likewise, aftera moment's gazing. A living child;--a lifeless mother. Pobrecita! Noboat within reach, and only a mighty surf-wrestler could hope to swimthither and return!But already, without a word, brown Feliu has stripped for thestruggle;--another second, and he is shooting through the surf, headand hands tunnelling the foam hills.... One--two--three linespassed!--four!--that is where they first begin to crumble white fromthe summit,--five!--that he can ride fearlessly! ... Then swiftly,easily, he advances, with a long, powerful breast-stroke,--keeping hisbearded head well up to watch for drift,--seeming to slide with a swingfrom swell to swell,--ascending, sinking,--alternately presentingbreast or shoulder to the wave; always diminishing more and more to theeyes of Mateo and Miguel,--till he becomes a moving speck, occasionallyhard to follow through the confusion of heaping waters ... You are notafraid of the sharks, Feliu!--no: they are afraid of you; right andleft they slunk away from your coming that morning you swam for life inWest-Indian waters, with your knife in your teeth, while the balls ofthe Cuban coast-guard were purring all around you. That day theswarming sea was warm,--warm like soup--and clear, with an emeraldflash in every ripple,--not opaque and clamorous like the Gulf today... Miguel and his comrade are anxious. Ropes are unrolled andinter-knotted into a line. Miguel remains on the beach; but Mateo,bearing the end of the line, fights his way out,--swimming and wadingby turns, to the further sandbar, where the water is shallow enough tostand in,--if you know how to jump when the breaker comes.But Feliu, nearing the flooded shell-bank, watches the whiteflashings,--knows when the time comes to keep flat and take a long,long breath. One heavy volleying of foam,--darkness and hissing as ofa steam-burst; a vibrant lifting up; a rush into light,--and again thevolleying and the seething darkness. Once more,--and the fight is won!He feels the upcoming chill of deeper water,--sees before him the greenquaking of unbroken swells,--and far beyond him Mateo leaping on thebar,--and beside him, almost within arm's reach, a great billiard-tableswaying, and a dead woman clinging there, and ... the child.A moment more, and Feliu has lifted himself beside the waifs ... Howfast the dead woman clings, as if with the one power which is strong asdeath,--the desperate force of love! Not in vain; for the frailcreature bound to the mother's corpse with a silken scarf has still thestrength to cry out:--"Maman! maman!" But time is life now; and thetiny hands must be pulled away from the fair dead neck, and the scarftaken to bind the infant firmly to Feliu's broad shoulders,--quickly,roughly; for the ebb will not wait ...4)遺体発見Out of the Sea's StrengthVI. Some locks of bright hair stilladhering to the skull, a string of red beads, a white muslin dress, ahandkerchief broidered with the initials "A.L.B.,"--were secured asclews; and the little body was interred where it had been found.And, several days before, Captain Hotard, of the relief-boat EstelleBrousseaux, had found, drifting in the open Gulf (latitude 26 degrees43 minutes; longitude 88 degrees 17 minutes),--the corpse of afair-haired woman, clinging to a table. The body was disfigured beyondrecognition: even the slender bones of the hands had been stripped bythe nibs of the sea-birds-except one finger, the third of the left,which seemed to have been protected by a ring of gold, as by a charm.Graven within the plain yellow circlet was a date,--"JUILLET--1851";and the names,--"ADELE + JULIEN,"--separated by a cross. The Estellecarried coffins that day: most of them were already full; but therewas one for Adele.Who was she?--who was her Julien? ... When the Estelle and many othervessels had discharged their ghastly cargoes;--when the bereaved of theland had assembled as hastily as they might for the du y ofidentification;--when memories were strained almost to madness inresearch of names, dates, incidents--for the evocation of dead words,resurrection of vanished days, recollection of dear promises,--then, inthe confusion, it was believed and declared that the little corpsefound on the pelican island was the daughter of the wearer of thewedding ring: Adele La Brierre, nee Florane, wife of Dr. Julien LaBrierre, of New Orleans, who was numbered among the missing.And they brought dead Adele back,--up shadowy river windings, overlinked brightnesses of lake and lakelet, through many a greenglimmering bayou,--to the Creole city, and laid her to rest somewherein the old Saint-Louis Cemetery. And upon the tablet recording hername were also graven the words-- ..................... Aussi a la memoire de son mari; JULIEN RAYMOND LA BRIERRE, ne a la paroisse St. Landry, le 29 Mai; MDCCCXXVIII; et de leur fille, EULALIE, agee de 4 as et 5 mois,-- Qui tous perirent dans la grande tempete qui balaya L'Ile Derniere, le 10 Aout, MDCCCLVI ..... + ..... Priez pour eux!IV.「ギリシャ詞華集」ロードスのクセノクリトス(二九一,168ページ)水死した花嫁を父が嘆くギリシア詞華集(第2巻) (OPAC)http://opac.lib.u-toyama.ac.jp/opc/recordID/catalog.bib/BB19111267

著者

宮下 直 新海 明

出版者

日本蜘蛛学会

雑誌

Acta Arachnologica (ISSN:00015202)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1, pp.3-10, 1995 (Released:2007-03-29)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

5 7

---

網のデザインと餌捕獲能力との関係をジョロウグモとナガコガネグモを用いて調べた. 大型の厚紙のフレームでクモの網を枠取りし, 同じ微生息場所に設置した. ジョロウグモの網はナガコガネグモの網より多くの餌がかかる傾向があったが, これは前種で粘着糸が多いからである. しかし, 比較的大きな餌 (2-6mm) の比率はナガコガネグモの方が大きかった. これはおそらく網糸に付着している粘着物質の量が多いからであろう. 大型の餌 (20-25mm) に対する網の捕捉能力を評価するため, 大型餌を網に付加する実験を行った. 餌が網に捕えられている時間は, ばらつきが大きいものの種間で似かよっていた. ジョロウグモの網は, 非常に小型の餌とともに大型の餌を捕獲する機能も有していると考えられた.

著者

和田 裕一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.90.18030, (Released:2019-09-20)

参考文献数

23

---

When reading narrative stories, readers monitor discontinuity of characters, space, time, goals, and causality of events and update their situation models. This study examined how illustrations of narratives influence readers’ ability to monitor story events using a verb-clustering task in which readers were asked to group verbs from a narrative into related pairings. Results showed that readers who read a text-only narrative paired verbs that were continuous in both the character and time dimensions. In contrast, readers who read a narrative with illustrations paired verbs that were continuous not only in the character and time dimensions but also in the causality dimension. These findings suggest that illustrations of narratives function to enrich the contents of situation models. Furthermore, an additional experiment showed that positioning of illustrations within the text impacted the situation model construction. Therefore, the utility of illustrations for promoting the construction of situation models and efficient comprehension of a narrative story are discussed.

出版者

國史學會

巻号頁・発行日

1929

著者

景山致恭,戸松昌訓,井山能知//編

出版者

尾張屋清七

巻号頁・発行日

vol.深川絵図, 1849

著者

小田切 祐詞

出版者

慶應義塾大学大学院社会学研究科

雑誌

慶應義塾大学大学院社会学研究科紀要 : 社会学・心理学・教育学 : 人間と社会の探究 (ISSN:0912456X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.76, pp.43-59, 2013

---

論文This paper examines the transition from critical sociology to the sociology of critique and its synthesis in contemporary French sociology according to two overall goals. First, to understand what has caused the increasing interest in its normativity after constructionist sociology, this paper focuses on Pierre Bourdieu's sociology as an example of constructionist sociology and explores it from the perspective of Luc Boltanski. According to Boltanski, Bourdieu's critical sociology devotes itself to unmasking and criticizing unequal structures and the power relations on which these structures are based, without explicitly constructing a normative basis to justify its critique. Such ambiguity regarding its normativity prevents critical sociology from contributing to its emancipation. In addition, this lack of emancipatory potential is considered as one of the factors that direct sociology after constructionism toward its normativity. Second, this paper discusses what attitude should be taken toward the tendency in which sociology after constructionism thematizes normativity. Boltanski's transition from the sociology of critique to the synthesis between critical sociology and the sociology of critique shows that normative sociology includes less critical potentialities than constructionist sociology. Based on the findings, this paper proposes that sociology should attempt to synthesize constructionism and normative sociology, which is in contrast to Manabu Akagawa, who believes in constructionist sociology, and Kazuo Seiyama, who completely abandons constructivist sociology and insists on the need for sociology as a normative inquiry into the community.

著者

八杉 佳穂 Yoshiho Yasugi

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.519-670, 1990-02-28

---

Numeral systems of Middle American Indian languagesshow an enormous variety of ways of forming number words.But fundamental methods of counting are quinary, decimal andvigesimal. There may, however, exist no language having a purevigesimal system, which would require nineteen different numerals.So-called vigesimal systems generally have a decimal undertwenty, and very few languages possess only one system throughout.Therefore, terms such as quinary and decimal should beused under twenty and that of vigesimal over twenty. Thatis, I discuss separately numeral systems below ten, from ten totwenty, and above twenty. In this paper I limit myself to ananalysis of structural features, although I am interested incomparing each vocabulary.As a rule, numeral words are formed from combinations ofD and U, such as D x U+D, U x D+D, D+D x U, D+U x D.In this expression, the symbols U and D denote the numeralscorresponding to the unit- or base-word and the digit or minornumbers, respectively. For example, the number 33 is writtenas 3 x 10+3, of which 3 is D and 10 is U.Under 10, we have two systems, quinary and decimal.Quinary systems are observed in Southern Uto-Aztecan,Tarascan, Northern Otomanguean, Mixe-Zoquean, Sumu andCabecar-Chiripo (Fig. 2). But subtraction occurs in the case ofnine, and multiplicative or duplicative method in numbers 4and 8 in northern part of Middle America. Mixe-Zoquean showa quinary system, but the formation from 7 to 9 seems irregular,except in Tlahuitoltepec and Classical Mixe. Misquito hasalso rare system based on 6, for the numbers from 6 to 9.From 10 to 20, additive constructions with a base of 10 arecommon, but both orders of D+U and U+D are attested. Theformer is seen in Mayan, and the latter in other languages. ButHuastec, a Mayan language, has U+D order. This must havebeen obtained from neighboring languages, such as Totonacan orOtomian. The difference in formation of the number words11 and 12 divides the Mayan into Lowlands and Highlands.Numeral systems of the Southern Otomanguean are purelydecimal below 10, but follow the quinary method from 10 to 20and counting by twenties from 20 to 100. But NorthernOtomanguean possess some trace of the quinary method under10. The Tlapanec number sequence from 11 through 19follows the Southern Otomanguean pattern, although thegenetically related language, Subtiaba shows decimal under 20.Therefore, the quinary system mixed with decimal in Tlapanecmight have been borrowed from neighboring languages (Fig. 3).Thorough decimal systems are found in Seri, Northern Uto-Aztecan languages, and some Chibchan languages. Otherlanguages show vigesimal systems, of which additive constructionswith a preceeding unit (undercounting) are common, andadditive constructions with a succeeding unit (overcounting) areconfined to Lowland Mayan (including some Highland Mayan)and Yatzachi Zapotec (Fig. 4). Classical Zapotec uses asubtractive method for the five numbers below the next unit.From 20 up, Mayan languages show an interesting formation.Undercounting and overcounting are distinguished geographically(Fig. 6). Unit words for twenties, such as *k'a l, *winaq,*tah- or *may are used differently (Figs. 7-11). Although thevigesimal system is predominant throughout Middle America,the center is Mesoamerica and the system of the southernlanguages beyond Mesoamerica is different, that is, the coefficientsfollow the units (U x D).As shown above in the case of Huastec, borrowings are amongthe best witnesses to past contacts and relationships between oramong various languages. Many languages have borrowed theword for 100 from Spanish, but conserve their own words in thecoefficients, just like xun-sye:nta (1ˑ100) in Tzutujil. Even theword for 100 is formed from 5 x 20 in some languages, accordingto its system, and interval numbers between the hundreds areconserved (Fig. 12). That is, only a counting method byhundreds is borrowed. This indicates that only the formationprinciple can be borrowed, although borrowing is generallyexpected in lexical items.From 20 up, the modern Cakchiquel numeral sequencefollows undercounting, whereas Classical Cakchiquel conservedan overcounting system. Many languages of highland Mayahave a special word, mue' or mue for 80. This is utilized from80 to 99 in Modern Cakchiquel, but Classical Cakchiquel used itfor the numbers from 61 to 80, as indicated below;Modern Cakchiquel 60 os-k' al 61 os-k' al xun 80 xu-mue 90 xu-muc' laxuxClassical Cakchiquel os-k' al xun ru-xu-muc' xu-mueThis is another excellent example of borrowing of the principleof formation of words. In other words, only media, but notcontents, are borrowed. That is, structural or formal borrowingdoes occur.The diversity and uniformity of the numeral systems areshown plainly in the accompanying maps. On the one hand,diversity is attributed to different methods, such as decimalvigesimal,quinary-vigesimal, decimal-quinary-vigesimal, andthorough decimal. On the other, similar counting methodsextended beyond language boundaries are the result of borrowing,as mentioned above.

著者

中俣 尚己

出版者

日本語学会

雑誌

日本語の研究 (ISSN:13495119)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.31-45, 2009-01-01

---

本稿は現代日本語の「と」「や」「も」という3つの名詞句並列マーカーを体系的に分析することを目的とする。並列について従来いわれてきた「全部列挙」「一部列挙」という説明は語用論的な推意に関する性質であり,本質的な性質とはいえない。本稿では統語論,意味論,語用論それぞれのレベルにおいて並列表現の記述に必要な枠組みを提供する。統語論レベルでは「と」と「も」は名詞句がすべて他の要素と結びつく「+網羅性」という性質をもつ。一方,「や」は「-網羅性」という性質をもつ。意味論レベルでは各形式は集合を作り上げる動機が異なっている。「と」は共通の属性を必要としないが,「や」は聞き手が要素に共通の属性を発見する必要があり,「も」は文脈から要素の出現が予測できなければならない。語用論レベルでは「と」は「他に何もない」という推意を生み出すが,「や」と「も」はそのような推意を生み出さない。