著者
大辻 秀樹
出版者
日本教育社会学会
雑誌
教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.72, pp.171-190, 2003-05-25 (Released:2011-03-18)
参考文献数
15
被引用文献数
1

This article describes some practical strategies in interactions to cope with problems arising in schoolgirl friendships, from the perspective of conversation analysis. When a problem occurs in interactions among friends, how do school children tackle the problem by themselves? The purpose of this study is, by showing concrete and detailed ways of dealing with problems in interactions, to point to the possibilities for clinical studies on education.The specific problem in friendships is that the members of the schoolgirl's group leave a member out of the group in conversation. From the perspective of conversation analysis, this problem in interactions can be regarded as “absence of an answer”. This is a definite phenomenon. And the way to solve this problem is simple and clear. In short, unless the speaker requests an answer, the absence of an answer cannot be generated in conversations. Based on this fact, the schoolgirl can talk in cooperation with the other members of the group, using other utterances that do not request an answer. As an example, one can use the utterance device of “collaboration of a single sentence”. With this device, the schoolgirl opens a space in hers own utterance in the way so that the other members may enter into the space voluntarily to continue the rest of that single sentence.Of course, practical strategies to cope with various problems in friendships are actually observed in fieldwork. When children are confronted with a problem, they manage to deal with it. The fact that practical ways that are not entirely explored are realized through objective descriptions is a significance of clinical study.
著者
河野 和明
出版者
日本感情心理学会
雑誌
エモーション・スタディーズ (ISSN:21897425)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.4, no.Si, pp.54-64, 2019-02-28 (Released:2019-03-11)
参考文献数
44

This study aimed to clarify target groups of dislike feeling of Japanese people and analyze elements of the feeling. Web survey was conducted among 1,000 Japanese adults, whose ages ranged from 20 to 69 years old. The results showed that approximately two thirds of the survey participants could report target group(s) of dislike feeling, and Japanese new religions, three neighboring countries and the Islamic State were mainly reported as target groups. Sex and age differences were small in categories of reported target groups, and male’s hostile commitments for the groups were relatively higher than female’s. Sensitivities for threat in environment related to negative attitude for the target groups and the relationships were higher in males than in females. These results were consistent with general results of previous studies.
著者
Kengo Kusano Nobuyoshi Sugishita Masaharu Akao Hikari Tsuji Kunihiko Matsui Shinya Hiramitsu Yutaka Hatori Hironori Odakura Hiroyuki Kamada Koji Miyamoto Hisao Ogawa
出版者
The Japanese Circulation Society
雑誌
Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.CJ-20-1244, (Released:2021-04-02)
参考文献数
23
被引用文献数
4

Background:Direct oral anticoagulants have become a standard therapy for non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). However, little is known about their effectiveness/safety when prescribed by general practitioners to treat high-risk populations such as the elderly, those who are frail or have cognitive dysfunction.Methods and Results:In this multicenter, prospective study, a total of 5,717 NVAF patients (mean age 73.9 years) receiving rivaroxaban were registered by general practitioners, with a maximum 3-year follow up (mean 2.0±0.5 years). The primary endpoint was a composite of stroke and systemic embolism (SE). The annual incidence (per 100 person-years) of stroke/SE was 1.23% and for major bleeding, it was 0.63%. Multivariate analyses identified age ≥75 years (hazard ratio [HR]; 2.67, P<0.001) and history of ischemic stroke (HR; 1.89, P=0.005) as significant risk factors of stroke/SE, with history of major bleeding (HR; 14.9, P<0.001) and warfarin use (HR; 2.15, P=0.002) as risk factors for major bleeding events. Neither cognitive dysfunction, defined by the receipt of anti-dementia medications, nor frailty, evaluated by the classification of the Japanese Long-term Care Insurance system, correlated with stroke/SE or major bleeding events.Conclusions:The low incidence of adverse events, including stroke/SE and bleeding, in patients prescribed rivaroxaban by general practitioners supports its use as a safe and efficacious treatment in the standard clinical care of high-risk patient populations.
著者
立原 慶一
出版者
宮城教育大学
雑誌
宮城教育大学紀要 (ISSN:13461621)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.42, pp.111-122, 2007

The character of the arts and crafts curriculum is that of a theoretical framework consisting of expressive activities and art appreciation, structured in order to realize the educational objectives of fostering expressive ability and cultivating artistic sentiment. This paper first of all questions the theoretical conformity of the curriculum, and secondly makes a number of observations on its view of art education. Expressive activities can be divided into thematic expression, and "art play" (zokei asobi). The subject of arts and crafts is managed to all intents and purposes with the object of cultivating artistic sentiment, but in the realm of zokei asobi especially, it is revealed to be self-destructive in nature, for example in the contradiction between the object of the subject and the expressive activities designed to achieve that object. Children are forced to regress in a manner unthinkable in any other school subject, and the theoretical contradictions in the curriculum have been consistently neglected. Activities involving "thematic expression" have their essence in the representation of intellect, emotion and intention as subject matter, and ought to be accompanied by a sense of achieving an act of expression, and the joy of eliciting a response from others. On the other hand however, as well as a process of mental and moral effort in ideas, this is one of technical struggle in the quest for efficacy in bringing such effort to artistic expression, for example persisting until one has worked out the concepts of the method of expression. In contrast, because zokei asobi does not require the student to envisage the finished result, form start to finish at no point is a deliberate effort or struggle to achieve expression required. In zokei asobi, insofar as can be inferred from the text of the curriculum, because defining of the student's own mode of living by forming an image of the world (reality) is absent, there can be no circumstances under which a worthy everyday existence is brought to the student. This means that the student is only playing with material surfaces, with no thought for his or her relationship with others or society, or with him or herself, or of pathways to improving these relationships. Little wonder then that children are becoming alienated in terms of their character formation. As well as emphasizing extending the ability to see, art appreciation is based on the ability to sense something in works of art. In art appreciation lessons special emphasis is placed on the task of observing objectively what one can see and gradually building up understanding, ultimately gaining a feel for the artist's intention and emotions in the work. This is also the ultimate purpose. The idea is to raise children as participants in a cultural construct, and as members of the art appreciation community, through this sort of desirable art appreciation.
著者
木村 拓也
出版者
東北大学大学院教育情報学研究部
雑誌
教育情報学研究 (ISSN:13481983)
巻号頁・発行日
no.4, pp.67-99, 2006-03

本稿の目的は、戦後日本において「テストの専門家」が一体誰であったのかを、学力調査と入学者選抜を含んだ「大規模学力テスト」の関係者一覧を作成し、それを通史的に辿ることによって検討することである。「テストの専門家」は、戦後直後に「教科の専門家」「教育測定(テスト理論)の専門家」「サンプリングの専門家」の構成で出発し、「文部省全国学力調査」が開始される1956(昭和31)年頃には「教科の専門家」のみを指すものとなっていた。1972(昭和47)年以降、「教科の専門家」と並んで「テストの専門家」として名乗りを上げたのが「教育心理学者(教育評価論者)」であり、現在まで文部科学省の調査においてはこの付置が継続している。更に最近では、「情報処理の専門家」「付帯調査に関心を抱く教育社会学者」が「テストの専門家」に加わりつつあるといった新たな局面(フェイズ)を迎えている。最後に、現在の「テストの専門家」の付置が引き起こす諸問題を指摘することで、今後の「大規模学力テスト」に必要とされる人員構成が示唆された。
著者
大平 征宏 齋木 厚人 山口 崇 今村 榛樹 佐藤 悠太 番 典子 川名 秀俊 南雲 彩子 龍野 一郎 小菅 孝明 秋葉 哲生
出版者
一般社団法人 日本東洋医学会
雑誌
日本東洋医学雑誌 (ISSN:02874857)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.66, no.3, pp.191-196, 2015 (Released:2015-11-05)
参考文献数
19
被引用文献数
1

以前我々は減量手術後に易怒性から過食,リバウンドした症例を抑肝散が改善させたことを報告し,肥満症患者の精神面に対する漢方治療が有用である可能性を提唱した。今回,頻用されている減量治療薬および抑肝散の減量治療に対する効果を比較した。当院で減量治療目的にマジンドール,防風通聖散または易怒性を指標に抑肝散を投与された肥満症患者107例を後ろ向きに検討した。投与3ヵ月後,マジンドールおよび抑肝散で有意な体重減少を認めた。糖代謝への影響を糖尿病患者のみで検討した。HbA1c の改善はいずれの群においても有意差は認めなかった。肥満症の減量治療にはメンタルヘルスの問題が重要であり,患者の精神面を意識した漢方治療は有効であることが示唆された。
著者
浜中 新吾
出版者
山形大学
雑誌
山形大学紀要. 社会科学 (ISSN:05134684)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.37, no.1, pp.35-51, 2006-07-31

The rentier state theory gives us the best explanation about a success of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East. Some theorists extend it to non oil-producing countries, like Jordan or Syria, which had gotten workers remittance or official development assistance as a rent. So they can survive their own regime as semi rentier states. However, we should not do this easy theoretical extension. Instead we would get lots of good implications from another approach. The purpose of this paper is to build the formal model of sub categories for authoritarian regime, then to do a positive analysis. I adapt Survival Analysis as the numerical method in the paper. The analysis gives three results to us; (1) higher economic growth stabilize authoritarian regime, (2) oil rent contributes to survivability of regimes, especially monarchies, (3) both monarchies and mixed regime of personal-military-party are stronger than other type of authoritarian regime.
著者
吉野 一 太田 勝造 西脇 与作 原口 誠 松村山 良之 加賀山 茂 宮本 健蔵
出版者
明治学院大学
雑誌
総合研究(A)
巻号頁・発行日
1990

本研究は、実定法の言語分析を通じて法的知識の論理構造を明らかにするとともに、それに基づいて、実際に即して法的正当化の推論を行なう法律エキスパートシステムの基礎を確立することを目的とする。原理と方法の解明と実証を行なうために、AIワークステーション上に知識ベースと推論機構ならびに最小限のインターフェースからなる実験用のプロトタイプを作成する。三年間の研究において上記の研究目的はほぼ達成された。すなわ、(1)法的知識の構造については、ウィーン売買条件(一部)および民法(一部)の条文を法規範文単位に要件・効果の内的構造において解明するとともに、諸法規範文間の論理的結合関係を明かした。その際とくに法の適用を制御する推論の知識構造を法規範文とその効力を規定しているメタ法規範文の関係として解明した。(2)法律知識ベースとしては、上記分野において、上記原理に基づいて、法規範文とメタ法規範文を複合的述語論理式で表現し、サンプルシステムをAIワークステーションPSI-II上に作成した。(3)法的推論機構としては、a)適用すべき法規範文を決定する推論を、上記法的メタ法規範文を適用した演繹的正当化の推論として構成し、そのための法的メタ推論機構を完成した。また、b)この推論過程を理解・説明するためのユーザフレンドリーな説明機構を作成した。さらに、c)有限なルールを用いて多様な事件に対して法的解決を与えるための拡大解釈や類推適用の工学的モデルを、法的シソ-ラスの構造にしたがった仮説生成の推論として計算機上実装し、その有効性および問題点を検討した。また法的概念辞書の基礎を明らかにした。上記の研究に関連する論理学的、法哲学定、法社会学的、民法学的および情報・知識工学的的基礎付けを行った。本研究によって本格的な法律エキスパートシステムの開発研究の基礎が提供されたと言える。
著者
浅香 卓哉 坂田 健一郎 竹川 英輝 羽藤 裕之 鎌口 真由美 大賀 則孝 佐藤 淳 山崎 裕 北川 善政
出版者
社団法人 日本口腔外科学会
雑誌
日本口腔外科学会雑誌 (ISSN:00215163)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.65, no.8, pp.500-506, 2019-08-20 (Released:2019-10-21)
参考文献数
28

Glossodynia is defined as a burning sensation on the tongue without any systemic or local cause. Although its pathophysiology remains unclear, it has been associated with neuropathic, nociceptive, and psychogenic pains. In Japan, difficulties are encountered in the treatment of glossodynia as prescribed medications are not covered by health insurance. Recently, a traditional Chinese medicine treatment (kampo), rikko-san (TJ-110), has been suggested to be useful for glossodynia. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of rikko-san gargling in patients with glossodynia. In total, 221 patients with glossodynia who were treated by rikko-san gargling between 2012 and 2018 were examined. Of these, 90 patients (seven men, 83 women; mean age, 67 years) who were treated by gargling with rikko-san dissolved in water for >1 month and no other medications were included. Tongue pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). Improvement was defined as at least a 50% reduction in the VAS score after treatment compared with that before treatment. The associations between the efficacy of rikko-san gargling and factors such as age, disease duration, pain area, and psychiatric disorders were evaluated. Improvement was noted in 60% of the patients (54/90) ; the mean administration period to the end of treatment in the improvement group was approximately 5 months. There was no significant correlation between the aforementioned factors and the efficacy of rikko-san gargling. Treatment in 41 patients was completed with rikko-san gargling alone, whereas 40 patients required additional treatment such as another kampo medicine or ethyl loflazepate. No side effect was observed in any patient, although stomatitis was noted in one excluded case. The mechanism underlying rikko-san’s delivery pathway is distinct from that of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We speculated that saishin (Asiasarum root), one of the major components of rikko-san, may reduce peripheral stimulation to the tongue surface through its anesthetic effect. In addition, the transmucosal actions of other components in rikko-san may influence various receptor-related neuropathic pains. In conclusion, rikko-san gargling is efficacious and safe for the treatment of glossodynia.
著者
藤野 正也 小笠原 輝 大脇 淳
出版者
林業経済学会
雑誌
林業経済研究 (ISSN:02851598)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.66, no.3, pp.16-25, 2020 (Released:2021-03-29)
参考文献数
35

本研究は草原の維持に対する地元住民の意向とそれに影響を与える要因を明らかにすることを目的に,現在も火入れによる草原管理が行われている山梨県南都留郡忍野村忍草区の住民を調査対象として,同地区にある高座山の草原に対する意識に関するアンケート調査を実施した。単純集計の結果,37.9%の住民が草原を現在も利用・管理しているまたは過去に利用・管理した経験があると回答した。また,多くの住民にとって草原が大切であることが明らかになるとともに,草原維持への意向も強いことが明らかとなった。直接利用が少なくても,高座山を間接的に利用していることを住民が認識しやすい状況にあることが影響していると考えられた。さらに,草原への関心度合いに影響を及ぼす要因を二項ロジスティック回帰分析で分析したところ,忍草区で生まれた人の方が草原を大切に思う結果となった。この理由として,地域への帰属意識が醸成される中で,高座山は先祖から引き継いだものであるという意識が醸成された可能性が考えられた。また,草原の直接利用がなくなり,間接利用だけになる場合,草原を維持できると考える人が少なくなることも考えられた。