著者
粕谷 元
出版者
日本中東学会
雑誌
日本中東学会年報 (ISSN:09137858)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.9, pp.93-116, 1994-03-31 (Released:2018-03-30)

In this paper I have tried to analyze the arguments on the Caliphate in Turkey, during the period from the separation of the Caliphate from the Sultanate and the abolition of the latter (Nov.1, 1922) to the abolition of the Caliphate (Mar.3, 1924), and trace how layiklik developed in the Caliphal arguments. In chapter I, I have examined the idea of the so-called "spiritual" Caliphate put forth by the Birinci Grup (First Group), or the Kemalists after the abolition of the Sultanate, saying that a new Caliph, Abdulmecid should not enjoy any political power in the Turkish state and should stay as a purely spiritual dignity in the Sunni world. And I have disclosed the following points: that the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate was a kind of laicism and a romantic (non-political) pan-Islamism, and the controversy over the "spiritual" Caliphate between the Birinci Grup and the Ikinci Grup (Second Group), or the anti-Kemalists, has become a cover for the power struggle between them. In Chapter II, I have investigated the Caliphal controversy which took place in 1923 between the supporters of Hilafet-i Islamiye ve Buyuk Millet Meclisi (The Islamic Caliphate and the Grand National Assembly), who disagreed with the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate, and those of Hilafet ve Milli Hakimiyet (The Caliphate and National Sovereignty), who supported the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate. I also examined Mustafa Kemal's speeches made during his political campaign in early 1923 and clarified that Kemal had expressed some views that ran contrary to the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate-views which indirectly implied the future abolition of the Caliphate. Chapter III surveys the political situation surrounding the Caliphate during the period from Apr. 1923 to just before the abolition of the Caliphate. I have found that the combination of the Hiyanet-i Vatan Kanunu (High Treason Law) and the Istiklal Mahkemeleri (Independence Tribunals) served to make any free controversy over the Caliphate impossible. In Chapter IV, I analyzed the arguments on the abolition of the Caliphate made in the Grand National Assembly from Feb. 25,1924 to Mar. 3,1924. The ground for the arguments that justified the abolition of the Caliphate was mainly based on the idea of the Islamic state and was contradictory to the idea of the "spiritual" Caliphate. In conclusion, I have pointed out that laicism and the idea of the Islamic state had existed side by side in the arguments on the Caliphate, and that layiklik still remained immature as a systematic thought in this period.
著者
川合 伸幸
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.20, no.1, pp.46-58, 2013-03-01 (Released:2014-11-20)
参考文献数
35
被引用文献数
3

A Noh mask, carved out of wood, is often said to be a byword for impassivity. However, a Noh mask expresses various emotions during traditional Japanese Noh performances. A Noh mask that looks upward expresses happiness, while a mask looks downward expresses sadness. Nevertheless, previous studies reported the opposite results: people recognize pictures of masks with upward inclinations as being sad, whereas masks with the larger downward inclinations were perceived as happy. This absurdity seems to be occurred partly due to something realized in Mona Lisa’s smile. Livingstone (2000) pointed out that we cannot directly see Mona Lisa’s smile. Her smile appears only when we look at her eyes with seeing her mouth peripherally. A recent empirical study confirmed that this peripheral vision for smile makes a face more mysterious than a neutral or continuously smiling face. I will argue that a smiling mouth of Noh masks with downward inclinations makes a Noh mask mysterious during Noh performances,because hardly Eastern Asia people look at a mouth when they judge facial expressions (i.e., people see a mouth only peripherally). In experimental settings, people look at a mouth of a Noh mask directly, that causes the oppsite results from those expected in the framework of Noh world. I will also discuss similarities and differences between a Noh mask and “Hello Kitty”, which is a fictional character that also expresses countless facial expressions without a mouth.
著者
橋本 摂子
出版者
日本教育社会学会
雑誌
教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.64, pp.123-142, 1999-05-15 (Released:2011-03-18)
参考文献数
14
被引用文献数
4 1

This paper aims to clarify the dynamic process in “ijime” situations, focusing on the practical role of bystanders in group dynamics.In “ijime” studies, bystanders have been identified as the key persons who influence the seriousness of the “ijime” situation. However, the practical effects of bystanders on the “ijime” situation isnot clear. Since the structure of an “ijime” group is presumed to be static, and the change of the “ijime” situation has been overlooked in previous studies. In this study, we attempt to show the different effects causedby the various roles bystanders play in the process of “ijime”.Through interviews conducted on 62 students at the university and high school level, we were able to classify their experiences inelementary school or in junior high school on the subject of “ijime”. There is a remarkable difference between the “ijime” situation in elementary school and in junior high school. Depending the role of the bystander in any given “ijime” situation, three patterns of “ijime” in elementary school and two patterns in junior high school were identified. These differences can be attributed to the varying attitude that bystanders have toward a particular “ijime” situation.In elementary school, bystanders act either as an audience or remain silent for personal safety reasons, thus allowing the “ijime” to attract more attention by adults. In junior high school, however, bystanders are no longer concerned with the role of “ijime” because they have lost interest in the “ijime” behavior. In this case, bystanders detract attention away from the “ijime” in such a way that the assailants behavior become more serious. Then the situation turns for the worst with the possibility that a victim will emerge.It is during the freshman and sophomore year in junior highschool that incidents of “ijime” can become most serious. This fact has been explained with the increase in the number of bystanders in previous studies.
著者
水野 雅之 関口 雄一 臼倉 瞳
出版者
日本カウンセリング学会
雑誌
カウンセリング研究 (ISSN:09148337)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.51, no.2, pp.125-134, 2018-10-31 (Released:2020-01-05)
参考文献数
49

海外で実施された2つの場面緘黙のランダム化比較試験では,(1)段階的エクスポージャー法,(2)家庭や学校など生活場面での支援,(3)家族および教師との連携,の3つが有効である可能性が示されている。そこで,本研究では,日本における場面緘黙児への支援として,(1)段階的エクスポージャー法,(2)家庭や学校などの生活場面での支援,(3)家族および教師との連携,の3点に注目し,これらの支援がどの程度実施されているかを明らかにすることを目的とした。まず,系統的な文献収集を行い,38事例が収集された。文献を精査した結果,(1)段階的エクスポージャー法は18.4%のケースでしか実施されていないこと,(2)家庭や学校など生活場面での支援は31.6%のケースで実施されていること,(3)家族および教師との連携については,家族および幼稚園・学校関係者のいずれとも連携しているケースは28.9%であることが明らかにされた。今後,これら3つの支援方法を広めていくことが必要であるといえる。
著者
冨永 敦 半澤 浩美 野内 孝則 荒山 和則
出版者
日本陸水学会
雑誌
陸水学雑誌 (ISSN:00215104)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.74, no.1, pp.1-14, 2013 (Released:2014-01-27)
参考文献数
53
被引用文献数
8 5

霞ヶ浦の魚類と甲殻類の現存量が漁獲量と同調して減少しているかを検証するため,1986~2005年に霞ヶ浦の北岸と南岸で行われた定置網調査のデータを解析した。その結果,解析対象の魚類38種と甲殻類2種の調査1回あたりの平均入網総重量は北岸,南岸ともに増加し,また,入網1個体あたりの平均体重も増加していた。各種の平均入網重量の経年変化は種によって動向が異なっており,北岸でいえば,アユやニゴイ,コイ,フナ類,チャネルキャットフィッシュなど11種では増加し,ワカサギやクルメサヨリ,ヌマチチブなどハゼ科魚類4種は減少していた。以上のことから魚類と甲殻類の現存量は,漁獲量とは異なり20年間で増加傾向にあることが強く示唆され,現存量を把握するためには漁獲統計に基づかないモニタリング調査が必要といえた。また,この現存量の増加は小型魚の増加によるものではなく,中・大型魚の増加によるものと考えられた。
著者
Kenji Kai Kei Kawai Atsuya Ito Yuki Aizawa Yuki Minamoto Erdenebadrakh Munkhjargal Enkhbaatar Davaanyam
出版者
Meteorological Society of Japan
雑誌
SOLA (ISSN:13496476)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.17, pp.130-133, 2021 (Released:2021-07-30)
参考文献数
24
被引用文献数
5

The Gobi Desert is a dominant source of dust on the Asian continent. In this study, we analysed the characteristics of a typical Mongolian dust storm and identified a prominent dust hotspot in the Gobi Desert. During a field survey from Ulaanbaatar (the capital of Mongolia) to Dalanzadgad in the Gobi Desert, we encountered a typical dust storm on 28 April 2019, exhibiting a distinct dust wall. The head of the dust storm crossed the road several kilometres ahead of our vehicle. The head of the storm had a height of 600 m, and its structure suggested that the dust storm was induced by a gravity current. We entered the front of the dust storm and measured a maximum wind speed of 18.2 m/s and a visibility of less than 10 m. The normalized dust number concentration at 7 μm was 59 cm−3. Moreover, Himawari-8 Dust RGB imagery showed that the dust storm occurred in an orographic convergence zone. This zone connects two valleys that are sandwiched between three mountains in the Gobi Desert: the Khangai, Altai, and Gurvan Saikhan Mountains. Our results suggest that this zone is a remarkable dust hotspot in the Gobi Desert.
著者
松本 じゅん子
出版者
一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会
雑誌
教育心理学研究 (ISSN:00215015)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.50, no.1, pp.23-32, 2002-03-30 (Released:2013-02-19)
参考文献数
23
被引用文献数
7 14 3

本研究では, 大学生を対象に, 悲しい時に聴く音楽の性質や, 聴取前の悲しみの強さと音楽の感情的性格による悲しい気分への影響を調べた。予備調査の結果, 悲しみが強い場合ほど, 暗い音楽を聴く傾向が示され, 悲しみが強い時に悲しい音楽を聴くと悲しみは低下するが, 悲しみが弱い時に悲しい音楽を聴くと悲しみが高まる, または変化しないことが予測された。実験1, 2の結果, 音楽聴取後の悲しい気分は, 音楽聴取前の悲しみの強さにかかわらず, 聴いた音楽によって, ほぼ一定の強さに収束した。結果的に, 非常に悲しい時に悲しい音楽を聴いた場合, 音楽聴取後の悲しい気分は低下し, やや悲しい時には変化しないことが示唆された。つまり, 悲しい音楽は, 悲しみが弱い時には効果を及ぼさないが, 非常に悲しい気分の時に聴くと悲しみを和らげる効果があり, 状況によっては気分に有効に働くことが推察された。
著者
Yuka Sumikawa Noriko Yamamoto-Mitani
出版者
International Research and Cooperation Association for Bio & Socio-Sciences Advancement
雑誌
BioScience Trends (ISSN:18817815)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.1, pp.55-57, 2021-02-28 (Released:2021-03-15)
参考文献数
9
被引用文献数
9

Transitional care is indispensable in successfully transitioning patients from hospital to home and preventing adverse events during this process. There were restricted services in several hospitals for minimizing the spread of COVID-19. Therefore, hospitals could not provide adequate transitional care that possibly resulted in poor post-discharge outcomes in patients. Some hospitals have now combined infection prevention with face-to-face opportunities, i.e., requiring reservations for transitional care consultation and restricting pre-discharge conferences. Several hospitals started providing pre-discharge conferences using apps, where patients/family caregivers and care teams could have face-to-face discussions about medical and nursing care plans, goals, and preferences. However, building a relationship between patient/family and medical/nursing staff and providing decision-making, psychological support, and risk assessment generally performed in person are still in demand. New hybrid strategies should be developed and evaluated to provide transitional care while using online systems and minimal face-to-face support during the pandemic.
著者
加島 卓
出版者
関東社会学会
雑誌
年報社会学論集 (ISSN:09194363)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2020, no.33, pp.14-23, 2020-07-31 (Released:2021-08-24)
参考文献数
6

The purpose of this paper is to describe the emblem problem of the Tokyo 2020 Games sociologically. Previous research has analyzed Internet communication, but this paper explains the emblem problem from a historical context. First, the relationship between designers and the Olympics (the way of creating), then the relationship between advertising agencies and the Olympics (the way of using), and then the relationship between the designers and advertising agencies over the Olympics. After that, I will consider the two issues of “Plagiarism of design” and “Selection process of the emblem” and reveal what happened in the emblem problem of the 2020 Tokyo Games.
著者
甲斐 素直
出版者
一般社団法人 日本航空宇宙学会
雑誌
日本航空宇宙学会誌 (ISSN:00214663)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, no.8, pp.260-264, 2015-08-05 (Released:2017-06-08)

宇宙エレベータは,海から始まり,空を抜け,宇宙に到達する構造物である.したがって,それは海法,空法及び宇宙法と関わりがある.国連海洋法条約は,しばしば「海の憲法」と呼ばれる.すなわち,その改変は極めて困難であるので,宇宙エレベータの地上基部を海上に設置するのであれば,我々は海洋法条約の枠組みの中で,その許容される条件を追求しなければならない.同様に,空法においては国際民間航空協定(シカゴ条約)の枠組みの中で,そして,宇宙法においては国連宇宙条約の枠組みの中で,宇宙エレベータの許容可能性を追求しなければならない.本稿では,海法,空法,宇宙法における,そうした既存の枠組みの中で宇宙エレベータの設置を考えるとき,どのような問題が発生するかを検討した.
著者
佐野 智子 森田 恵子 奥山 陽子 伊藤 直子 長田 久雄
出版者
日本公衆衛生学会
雑誌
日本公衆衛生雑誌 (ISSN:05461766)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.65, no.6, pp.288-299, 2018 (Released:2018-06-29)
参考文献数
35
被引用文献数
2

目的 加齢性難聴は大きな健康課題のひとつであり,早期の発見が望まれる。難聴の簡易スクリーニング検査として,指こすり音聴取検査があるが,これまでは加齢性難聴を対象として検討されてこなかった。本研究の目的は,従来の方法を改良した「指こすり・指タップ音聴取検査(Finger Rub/Finger Tap screening test: FRFT検査)」を提唱し,加齢性難聴のスクリーニング検査として,その有効性を検討することである。方法 健康状態を比較的維持し,地域で自立した生活を送っている65歳以上の高齢者を対象とした。介護予防事業(運動教室)の参加者のうち調査協力に同意した73人を対象とし,FRFT検査と純音検査を実施した35人(70耳)を分析対象とした。FRFT検査は,耳からの距離5 cm,30 cm,60 cmの条件で,指こすり音および指タップ音を2回ずつ提示し,その反応を記録するものである。正答を1点,誤答および無答を0点として得点化した。純音検査の結果から4周波数平均聴力を算出し,平均聴力とFRFT合計得点のスピアマンの順位相関係数を算出した。FRFT検査得点を検定変数として,receiver operating characteristics(ROC)解析を行い,感度・特異度からFRFT検査の妥当性を検討した。状態変数は,軽度難聴以上の有無と中等度難聴の有無の2種類で行った。結果 純音聴力とFRFT合計得点に有意な負の相関(r=−0.79, P<0.01)があり,併存的妥当性が確認された。ROC解析により,FRFT合計得点は感度97.6%,特異度71.4%で26 dB以上の難聴を検出可能であった。また,60 cm条件を含めない短縮版(5 cm条件と30 cm条件の合計)でも,感度95.2%,特異度71.4%で26 dB以上の軽度難聴を検出できた。結論 FRFT検査によって,加齢性難聴のスクリーニングが可能であることが明らかになった。非検査耳を遮蔽することなく,軽度難聴以上を検出することができる,非常に簡便で,非侵襲性の高い,優れた検査であることが示された。また,音響分析によって,指こすり音は高音漸傾型の難聴に,指タップ音は低音障害型や全般的に聴力低下がみられる耳垢栓塞にも有効である可能性が示唆された。
著者
南 裕樹 池田 智裕 石川 将人
出版者
公益社団法人 計測自動制御学会
雑誌
計測自動制御学会論文集 (ISSN:04534654)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.56, no.9, pp.425-431, 2020 (Released:2020-09-12)
参考文献数
13

This paper focuses on the quantization problem of connection weights of neural networks. Our previous work proposed a class of quantizers, called noise-shaping quantizer, for the quantization of neural networks. The performance of the proposed quantizer depends on the error diffusion filter. This paper proposes a systematic design method of error diffusion filters based on features of learning data, which is used for the learning of neural networks. In the proposed design method, satisfactory error diffusion filters are given by solving a kind of traveling salesman problems.
著者
坂本 篤裕
出版者
日本医科大学医学会
雑誌
Journal of Nippon Medical School (ISSN:13454676)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.70, no.1, pp.66-68, 2003 (Released:2003-02-24)
参考文献数
5
被引用文献数
2 2

Erythromelalgia is a rare condition that is characterized by the triad of redness, increased temperature, and intense pain of feet or hands. This syndrome was first described in 1878, however, universal classification, precise mechanism and successful medical treatment of erythoromelalgia have not been described. We experienced 3 cases of erythomelalgia in our outpatient pain clinic that showed the different progress. One patient experienced the long-term pain complicated with neuropathic pain. The pain of other two patients was eliminated early by nerve block treatments, and they did not showed chronic pain. From the prophylactic viewpoint of chronic pain, the most considerable matter is early and certain elimination of severe pain under certain diagnosis. In this article, the mechanisms of passing into the chronic pain state as well as the efficacy of neural blockade for intractable pain such as erythromelalgia are discussed.