著者
Toshihiro Tsuchiyama Kurato Inoue Katsutoshi Hyodo Daichi Akama Nobuo Nakada Setsuo Takaki Tamotsu Koyano
出版者
The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan
雑誌
ISIJ International (ISSN:09151559)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.1, pp.161-168, 2019-01-15 (Released:2019-01-17)
参考文献数
37
被引用文献数
9 16

The microstructure and hardness of martensite in Fe–C and Fe–N alloys with up to 7.5 at% contents of carbon and nitrogen, respectively, were compared. Their difference in hardness was discussed based on four strengthening mechanisms. The martensitic structures of Fe–C and Fe–N alloys with equal contents of carbon and nitrogen, respectively, were nearly identical, except for the amount of retained austenite. Furthermore, Fe–C alloy was considerably harder than Fe–N alloy. This discrepancy gradually increased with carbon and nitrogen contents. The enhanced hardness of Fe–C alloy martensite was attributed to its higher dislocation density and the stronger pinning force of interstitial carbon atoms on dislocations.
著者
和田 潤 井田 浩文 田澤 慎也 瓦口 泰一 叶 喜代森 上野 剛 吉村 天 秋元 孝之
出版者
公益社団法人 空気調和・衛生工学会
雑誌
空気調和・衛生工学会大会 学術講演論文集 平成26年度大会(秋田)学術講演論文集 第6巻 温熱環境評価 編 (ISSN:18803806)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.85-88, 2014 (Released:2017-11-15)

断熱等級2・3・4の住宅を用いた実験により,住宅の高断熱化は,開口部からの日射遮蔽がなされていれば,夏期のエアコン冷房においても電力消費を増大させる要因とはならず,特に電力の逼迫する外気温の高い日において効果が大きいことが検証された。また,エアコンの間欠運転 (30・60・90分間の一時停止)は,日積算電力量の削減にはつながらず,すなわち省エネルギーとはならず,再起動後のピーク電力のみが高くなる結果となった。。
著者
山元 孝広
出版者
国立研究開発法人 産業技術総合研究所 地質調査総合センター
雑誌
地質調査研究報告 (ISSN:13464272)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.54, no.9-10, pp.323-340, 2003-12-22 (Released:2014-12-27)
参考文献数
33
被引用文献数
17 24

沼沢火山は福島県の西部,火山フロントの背後50 kmにある活火山である.本研究では噴出物層序と噴火年代を再検討し,噴出量の時間積算図を新たに作成した.本火山の噴出物層序は,約11万年前の尻吹峠火砕堆積物及び芝原降下堆積物,約7万年前の木冷沢溶岩,約4.5万年前の水沼火砕堆積物と約4万年前の惣山溶岩,約2万年前の沼御前火砕堆積物及び前山溶岩,紀元前3400年頃の沼沢湖火砕堆積物からなる.沼沢火山の総マグマ噴出量は約5 DRE km3であるが,前半6万年間で約1 DRE km3のマグマ噴出量であったものが,後半5万年間で残りの約4 DRE km3のマグマが噴出している.沼沢火山のマグマ噴出率の上昇は,給源でのマグマ生産率の上昇と対応しているものとみられる.

2 0 0 0 OA 官報

著者
大蔵省印刷局 [編]
出版者
日本マイクロ写真
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1921年07月01日, 1921-07-01
著者
宮本 一夫
出版者
国立歴史民俗博物館
雑誌
国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.151, pp.99-127, 2009-03

夫余は吉長地区を中心に生まれた古代国家であった。まず吉長地区に前5世紀に生まれた触角式銅剣は,嫰江から大興安嶺を超えオロンバイル平原からモンゴル高原といった文化接触によって生まれたものであり,遼西を介さないで成立した北方青銅器文化系統の銅剣であることを示した。さらに剣身である遼寧式銅剣や細形銅剣の編年を基に触角式銅剣の変遷と展開を明らかにした。それは吉長地区から朝鮮半島へ広がる分布を示している。その中でも,前2世紀の触角式鉄剣Ⅱc式と前1世紀の触角式鉄剣Ⅴ式は吉長地区にのみ分布するものであり,夫余の政治的まとまりが成立する時期に,夫余を象徴する鉄剣として成立している。前1世紀末から後1世紀前半の墓地である老河深の葬送分析を行い,副葬品構成による階層差が墓壙面積や副葬品数と相関することから,A型式,B型式,C・D型式ならびにその細分型式といった階層差を抽出する。この副葬品型式ごとに墓葬分布を確かめると,3群の墓地分布が認められた。すなわち南群,北群,中群の順に集団の相対的階層差が存在することが明らかとなった。また,冑や漢鏡や鍑などの威信財をもつ最上位階層のA1式墓地は男性墓で3基からなり,南群内でも一定の位置を占地している。異穴男女合葬墓の存在を男性優位の夫婦合葬墓であると判断し,家父長制社会の存在が想定できる。A1式墓地は族長の墓であり,父系による世襲の家父長制氏族社会が構成され,南群,北群,中群として氏族単位での階層差が明確に存在する。これら氏族単位の階層構造の頂点が吉林に所在する王族であろう。紀元後1世紀には認められる始祖伝説の東明伝説の存在から,少なくともこの段階には既に王権が成立していた可能性が想定される。夫余における王権の成立は,老河深墓地の階層関係や触角式銅剣Ⅴ式などの存在から,紀元前1世紀に遡るものであろう。沃沮は考古学的文化でいうクロウノフカ文化に相当する。クロウノフカ文化の土器編年の細分を行うことにより,壁カマドから直線的煙道をもつトンネル形炉址,さらに規矩形トンネル形炉址への変化を明らかにし,いわゆる炕などの暖房施設の起源がクロウノフカ文化の壁カマドにある可能性を示した。さらにこうした暖房施設が周辺地域へと広がり,朝鮮半島の嶺東や嶺西さらに嶺南地域へ広がるに際し,土器様式の一部も影響を受けた可能性を述べた。こうした一連の文化的影響の導因を,紀元前後に見られるポリッツェ文化の南進と関係することを想定した。Fuyu was an ancient state that appeared around the area of Jichang. In this paper, the author shows that the antennae-type bronze swords that first appeared in the Jichang region in the 5th century B.C.E. were the result of cultural contact among the peoples from the Hulunbuir plains on the other side of the Daxingan Mountains from the Neng River to the Mongolian Plateau, and that they belonged to a northern bronze culture that was established independently from Liaoxi. The author also identifies changes and developments in antennae-type bronze swords based on a chronology for Liaoning-type swords and narrow swords, the type used for the body of the sword. It was found that these swords were distributed from the Jichang region to the Korean Peninsula. The IIc-type antennae-type iron sword from the 2nd century B.C.E. and the antennae-type V-type iron sword dating from the 1st century B.C.E. are distributed in the Jichang region only, and developed as iron swords that symbolized the Fuyu at the time when Fuyu became politically united. The author also made a study of Laoheshen funerals that took place at cemeteries dating from the 1st century B.C.E. through to the first half of the 1st century C.E. Using the differences in rank based on the composition of funerary items that have a correlation to grave area and the number of funerary items, the author extracted four different ranks (A, B, C and D) and their subtypes. By verifying the grave distribution for each type of funerary item, the author identified a distribution of three clusters of cemeteries. That is to say, the existence of a relative difference in the ranks of the groups emerged in order from the southern cluster to northern cluster to the middle cluster. The A1-type cemetery for those of the highest rank who had prestige items such as helmets, Han mirrors and 'fu' cooking vessels was a male cemetery consisting of three graves, which occupied a certain position within the southern cluster. We may assume that society evolved, to one that buried couples together with the male taking precedence, to a patriarchal society, based on aehaeological evidence that buried females and males together but in different pits. A1-type graves are those of clan chieftains. A patriarchal society developed based on patrilinear descent and the differences in rank of the clan units are evident from the southern, northern and middle clusters. We may speculate that the royal family located in Jilin stood at the apex of this hierarchical structure for these clan units. From the existence of the Dongming myth detailing the clan's primogeniture confirmed to date from the 1st century C.E, it is possible that by this stage, if not earlier, sovereignty had already been established. Given the hierarchical relationships at the Laoheshen cemetery and the existence of V-type antennae-type bronze swords, the establishment of sovereignty in Fuyu most likely goes back to the 1st century B.C.E. In terms of archaeology, the culture of Woju is comparable to the Krounovka culture. Sub-typing pottery chronology for Krounovka culture revealed that wall furnaces gave way to tunnel-shaped fire pits with linear flues, which then evolved into standard tunnel-shaped fire pits. Thus, the author demonstrates that it is possible that the origin of heating systems such as the kang lies in the wall furnaces found in Krounovka culture. The author also explains that the spread of this sort of heating to surrounding areas and then further to the Yeongdong, Yeongseo and then the Yeongnam regions of the Korean Peninsula, possibly had an effect on some pottery types as well. The author concludes that a contributing factor to this sequence of cultural influences was the progression southward of Pol'tse culture that occurred around the beginning of the Christian era.
著者
野高 朋美 荒木田 美香子
出版者
公益社団法人 日本看護科学学会
雑誌
日本看護科学会誌 (ISSN:02875330)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.37, pp.225-233, 2017 (Released:2017-12-21)
参考文献数
26
被引用文献数
1

目的:知的障害者が医療機関の受診を困難と感じるプロセスを保護者の意見から明らかにする.方法:知的障害者の保護者3グループの計14名にフォーカスグループインタビューを行い,M-GTAで分析を行った.結果:保護者から明らかとなった知的障害者が医療機関の受診を困難と感じるプロセスは〔スムーズな受診への不安とその緩和に対する負担〕に加え〔医療機関での不快体験や失敗体験による受診負担の増加〕があり,〔受診負担解決への無力感〕〔受診への自信喪失〕が生じることで【医療機関を訪れることへの気後れ】となっていた.【保護者・医療機関・社会がそれぞれできる取り組み】は【医療機関を訪れることの気後れ】に影響すると保護者は考えていた.結論:知的障害者が医療機関の受診を困難と感じるプロセスは【医療機関を訪れることへの気後れ】であり,保護者・医療機関・社会のそれぞれの努力により軽減できる可能性が示された.
著者
宮 次男
雑誌
美術研究 = The bijutsu kenkiu : the journal of art studies
巻号頁・発行日
no.251, pp.11-26, 1968-02-27

This is Part I of the study of the Gosannen Kassen Emaki (Illustrated Scroll of the War, Gosannen Kassen). The Gosannen Kassen (lit. Succeeding Three Year War; 1083-87) is the war in which Minamoto no Yoshiie was involved in trouble inside the Kiyowara Clan, then a powerful clan in the district of Ōshū (present Tōhoku), and pacified the area. It is so called in contrast to the Zenkunen Kassen (lit. Preceding Nine Year War) in which Yoshiie's father, Yoriie overcame the rebellion of the Abe Clan in the district. The oldest record of the illustrated scroll retating the Gosannen Kassen is that of the four volume work which Priest Seiken had the painter Myōjitsu make by order of Ex-emperor Goshirakawa in 1171. It is referred to in Kikki, the diary of Yoshida, Tsunefusa, and Yasutomiki, the diary of Nakahara, Yasutomi. The existing example of the Gosannen Kassen Emaki, preserved in Tokyo National Museum, has a preface by Gen'e, a priest of the Enryakuji dated 1347. The preface emphasizes that the Ashikaga Shogunate family, an offspring of the Minamoto Clan, held political power due to the protection afforded it by the god of Hie Sanno Shrine which is closely related to the Enryakuji. It suggests that there was some intention of showing the superiority of the Enryakuji to the Ashikaga Shogunate in the production of this present version. When we see the pictures of this work, scenes of battles and slaughter are depicted so realistically that it may safely be said that it is an exceptional example in the field of Japanese scroll paintings. The scenes have a ghastliness which shows common features with preceding and contemporary examples of paintings of hell and paintings of “Six Domains”. Here we see the intention of emphasizing the misery of battle. The author judges that the rendering and philosophy of these battle scenes have been influenced by the pictures of hell which prevailed in the period. The time of the production of this version was the beginning of the so-called Nambokucho Period when turmoil and battles were almost continuous. This work might well be said to suggest the daily philosophy of the Buddhist clergy who lived in this unstable period, a desire for paradise and a disgust with the nasty world, in short the desire for peace and their aversion to a disorderly world. This work now consists of three volumes. But Sanetakakāki, the diary of Sanjōnishi, Sanetaka, suggests that it originally consisted of six volumes. Its context and main contents are almost the same as those of the four volume version of 1171, which are discribed in the above mentioned diaries. But there are minor differences, and the comparison of these two versions indicates that the contents of the present version is a story developed from the story of the version of 1171 to which has been added some supplementary elements. There are repetitions of the same sort of settings, which is a compositional method often seen in the illustrated scrolls of the late twelfth century. This must be the influence of the earlier version. However, on the other hand, here are some characteristics peculiar to the time of its own production. For instance, the large proportion of human figures and minute rendering of them are factors attributed to the style of the fourteenth century. Thus this work has a complex style. Though different names are written at the end of the text of each volume, the entire text of the extant work is no doubt by one hand, The official titles written with these names are those which were held by them during the period 1358-61.
著者
内田 育恵
出版者
一般社団法人 日本耳鼻咽喉科頭頸部外科学会
雑誌
日本耳鼻咽喉科学会会報 (ISSN:00306622)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.123, no.5, pp.333-338, 2020-05-20 (Released:2020-06-05)
参考文献数
14
被引用文献数
1

団塊の世代がすべて75歳以上になる2025年には, 認知症有病者数は最大730万人, 高齢者の5人に1人が認知症になると推計されている. 認知症は '誰もがなり得るもの' で '多くの人にとって身近なもの' ととらえられている. 本稿では,『認知症のある高齢難聴者において, 補聴器導入により認知機能低下を予防することは可能か? 』『脳の病理変化があっても認知症症状を顕在化させないはたらき― '認知予備能' と聴覚に関連はあるか? 』という2つのリサーチクエスチョンを取り上げた. 認知障害のある症例を対象として補聴器導入の効果を取り扱った6本の研究では, 結果は必ずしも一定しない. われわれが国立長寿医療研究センター・もの忘れセンター受診高齢難聴者を対象に行った, 補聴器6カ月間貸し出し前後の Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) を比較した検討では, 補聴器導入前 MMSE は 20.26±5.23点 (range 4-27), 導入6カ月後 MMSE は 20.81±4.38点 (range 9-27) と, 統計学的に有意差を認めなかった. 死後脳の解剖により, 脳内の神経病理変化があっても, 生前認知症の臨床症状を示していなかった例が1980年代後半から報告されるようになり, 病理変化に拮抗する何らかのメカニズムがあると考えられている. そのひとつが認知予備能 (cognitive reserve) で, もともと持っている認知プロセスや代償プロセスを駆使して, 病理学的なダメージの影響を緩和する能力と考えられている. 難聴があると劣化した聴覚入力を処理するために, 知覚処理以外の認知プロセスに利用できる認知資源が減ってしまい, 認知予備能が低下するという関係性が示唆されている. 認知症になっても健やかに安心して暮らせる社会の実現のために, 聴覚からのアプローチの重要性は増している.
著者
菅崎 良貴 村上 隆
出版者
一般社団法人日本地球化学会
雑誌
地球化学 (ISSN:03864073)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.51, no.2, pp.61-77, 2017-06-25 (Released:2017-06-25)
参考文献数
153
被引用文献数
1

Atmospheric oxygen evolution has long been discussed, especially with its relevance to the origin and evolution of life and the planet. Presence/absence of detrital redox-sensitive minerals, iron formations and red beds, behaviors of redox-sensitive elements in paleosols (ancient, subaerially-altered continental rocks) and ratios of carbon and sulfur stable isotopes in sedimentary rocks have been utilized to constrain atmospheric oxygen levels, which can dictate surface redox states, in the distant past, leading to a conventional view that the beginning (2.5–1.8 Ga) and ending (0.8–0.5 Ga) of the Proterozoic were two major periods when the oxygen level significantly increased in the Earth's history. More recent studies adopt multiple sulfur isotopes, iron speciation and trace elements (isotopes) as additional redox proxies. These proxies are not inconsistent with the conventional view, but the magnitude and timing of changes in these proxies are different between proxies and between geological records obtained from, e.g., iron formations, shales and paleosols. Also, the proxies suggest that there may have been transient oxygen increases of uncertain magnitude at 3.3–3.0 and 2.7–2.5 Ga. To better understand atmospheric oxygen evolution, process-based methods which quantify oxygen levels from individual proxies need to be developed to consistently and comprehensively explain multiple geochemical signatures.
著者
竹内 京子 菊原 伸郎 松村 秋芳 西田 育弘 煙山 健仁 岡田 守彦
出版者
帝京平成大学
雑誌
挑戦的萌芽研究
巻号頁・発行日
2012-04-01

本研究の目的は、回旋角度測定器付き荷重動揺計を用いた立位股関節回旋角度測定法を普及させ、この装置の自動運動中に得られる股関節回旋角度および荷重動揺軌跡から姿勢制御力や身体運動能の評価システムを確立することである。この評価システムの意義は、動的荷重動揺軌跡の形状や角度変化に着目し、動作の精度や運動能の評価を容易にしたところにある。平成24~27年度にトップアスリートから一般人まで1000名近くのデータを得た。軌跡図の形状や回旋角度の変化を精査した結果、下肢動作の左右差(一側優位性)やスポーツ種目ごとの特性を見出した。動作の精度に影響を及ぼす疲労や開脚幅の広がり等の諸要因について検討を加えた。
著者
Tomoaki Ishida Kei Kawada Shumpei Morisawa Kohei Jobu Yasuyo Morita Mitsuhiko Miyamura
出版者
The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
雑誌
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:09186158)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.43, no.10, pp.1570-1576, 2020-10-01 (Released:2020-10-01)
参考文献数
24
被引用文献数
1 18

Yokukansan is a Kampo formula that is commonly used by the elderly because it is expected to improve peripheral symptoms of dementia and delirium. However, side effects from its use are frequently reported in the elderly. In particular, pseudoaldosteronism caused by the licorice contained in yokukansan leads to hypertension, hypokalemia, and muscle weakness, which may result in death. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of pseudoaldosteronism with yokukansan use. Using cases reported in the Japanese Adverse Drug Report (JADER) database, the reporting odds ratio (ROR) was calculated and compared to assess the risk of pseudoaldosteronism for each licorice-containing Kampo formula. We also analyzed the risk factors for pseudoaldosteronism in patients taking yokukansan. Yokukansan (ROR 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9–2.8; p < 0.001) had a higher risk of pseudoaldosteronism than that of other licorice-containing Kampo formulas. Furthermore, the results of a logistic regression analysis in patients taking yokukansan showed that the licorice dose (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–2.0; p < 0.01), older age (<70 years, OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.8–20; p < 0.01), dementia (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.6–4.9; p < 0.001), low body weight (<50 kg, OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1–3.5; p = 0.034) were risk factors for pseudoaldosteronism, Although not significant, treatment with loop diuretics (OR 1.8, 95% CI 0.98–3.5; p = 0.059) tended to increase the risk of pseudoaldosteronism. In summary, patients must understand the risk factors when considering taking yokukansan and reduce the licorice dose they consume.
著者
Yu FURUSAWA Masashi TAKAHASHI Mariko SHIMA-SAWA Hitoshi HATAI Noriaki MIYOSHI Osamu YAMATO Akira YABUKI
出版者
JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
雑誌
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.21-0021, (Released:2021-07-08)
被引用文献数
3

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in metastasis of epithelial tumors; however, it is challenging to detect EMT by cytology. In the present study, EMT was visualized by fluorescence-immunocytochemistry (FICC). Air-dried smears from epithelial tumors of dogs (n=22) and cats (n=9) were stained using mouse monoclonal anti-E-cadherin and rabbit monoclonal anti‐vimentin antibodies. Enzymatic immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed that 51.6% (8/22 in dogs, 8/9 in cats) of the cases showed EMT. In dogs, FICC could detect EMT in 62.5% (5/8) of those cases. In cats, FICC could detect EMT in 100% (8/8) of the cases. In conclusion, the present FICC method could successfully detect EMT using conventional air-dried cytology smear slides.
著者
望月 彰子 大森 隆司
出版者
日本神経回路学会
雑誌
日本神経回路学会誌 (ISSN:1340766X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.3, no.3, pp.81-89, 1996-09-05 (Released:2010-12-13)
参考文献数
11
被引用文献数
5 4

In our real life, it is well known that our cognitive process is always influenced by our environment. It is called as “context dependency” of the cognition. In this paper, we propose a memory model “PATON” that is based on a macroscopic structure of a cortico-hippocampal memory system; it has three components of a symbolic layer, a pattern layer, and an attentional system. The attentional system sends signals to control a change of the model's structure dynamically. The change induces a modulation of metric between memorized items. Computer simulation shows an association process dependent upon a context based on the modulation.
著者
高倉 良一
出版者
香川大学生涯学習教育研究センター
雑誌
香川大学生涯学習教育研究センター研究報告 = Research review of Education and Research Center for Lifelong Learning, Kagawa University (ISSN:13420534)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.14, pp.91-103, 2009-03-31

本稿は、2009年度の香川大学生涯教育研究センターで、筆者が担当する講座「裁判員制度の本質を考える」で資料として活用する予定である。