著者
山口 仲美
出版者
明治大学国際日本学部
雑誌
明治大学国際日本学研究 (ISSN:18834906)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.4, no.1, pp.(1)-(20), 2012-03-31
著者
白川 優治
出版者
広島大学
雑誌
大学論集 (ISSN:03020142)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.43, pp.135-152, 2012-03

This article discusses the development of the characteristics of the national scholarship system in postwar Japan. The Japanese national scholarship system for undergraduate and graduate students has two characteristics : first, the system provides only student loans, not grants; second, repayment is wavered if recipients work in certain occupations after graduation. These characteristics existed until 1965, and this article discusses those that influenced the policy-making process from 1945 to 1965.The Japanese Scholarship Foundation (JSF), the national scholarship organization, was founded 1944. At that time, the JSF promoted the ideal of "ikuei": which meant that at first the scholarship loan system targeted a small number of poor but brilliant students. But after WWII, the ideal and the system changed to "shougaku", which meant many more students were offered scholarships. The two ideals meant there was a difference in the number of scholarships offered and in the amount of money spent on the scheme.From 1945 to 1950, a national council for students' affairs tried to have the national student scholarship system extended. In 1948, a report by the Committee for Student Welfare, proposed the introduction of the scholarship grants system, the temporary loan system, and an increase in both the number of recipients and the value of the scholarships. Some of these proposals were adopted, but did not deliver a grants system. Another proposal from the Council for Student Welfare (this council is a separate to the committee referred to above) was the exemption from the repayment if the scholarship student became a teacher at an elementary or junior high school. This repayment exemption system was introduced in 1950, but the changes did not mean a revision was made to the law. It was not until 1953 that the law relating to the Japanese scholarship foundation was revised, and the repayment exemption system defined more clearly.The Ministry of Finance (MoF) at first welcomed an increase in the number of recipients and in the value of scholarships, but subsequently it changed its position and insisted that the scholarship system be "ikuei" not "shogaku.": i.e., it was not intended for students generally.From the late 1950s to 1965, two characteristics of the national scholarship system were established, and attention is paid to four processes.First, in 1958 the law was revised and the new scholarship system was introduced. It provided special loans to outstanding students. This new system introduced the ideal of "ikuei" and was retained when the law was revised in 1984.Secondly, in early 1960 the law was revised two times to widen exemptions for repayment of the loans. These changes not only targeted students who would become elementary school and junior high school teachers but also high school and kindergarten teachers. There was some argument in the Diet about revising the law and members of the Diet demanded that it be extended to other types of teachers like nursery school teachers etc. But, the Ministry of Education (MoE) insisted that the recipients be restricted to teachers at formal regular schools, such as kindergartens, elementary schools, junior high schools, and high schools.Thirdly, during this period it was pointed out in the mass media that the repayment rate was very low and this posed a problem for the Diet. Henceforth the MoE and the JSF took measures to ensure that more loans were repaid. The basis for such an argument was that scholarships comprised a "loan" system.Fourthly, in 1961 the MoF rejected a proposal by the MoE that it introduce a new grant system for doctoral graduate students. Because of the repayment exemption this system had the same effect. The Japanese feature of the scholarship system was completed by this process.This article argues that the characteristics of the national scholarship system came about as part of an historic process. But what kind of problems arose in relation to this starship system after the 1960s? This is next problem that needs to be solved.
著者
吉田 年雄
出版者
一般社団法人情報処理学会
雑誌
情報処理学会論文誌 (ISSN:18827764)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.36, no.10, pp.2335-2342, 1995-10-15

正数xが大きい場合のクンマー関数ぴ(α b x)の能率的な数値計算法を提案している。本論文では、U(α b x)=x-af(1/x)で定義されるf(t)についての近似式を求めている(t=1/x).f(t)の満足する微分方程式t2f"(t)+{(2a-b+2)+1}f'(t)+a(a-b+1)f(t)=0に、γ法を適用し、適当な工夫をすることにより、f(t)に対して次の形の近似式 fm(t)=Σ m i=0 Giti /Σm i=0 Hiti を得ている。
著者
諏訪 竜夫
出版者
北海道大学大学院経済学研究科
雑誌
經濟學研究 (ISSN:04516265)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, no.2, pp.243-255, 2014-01

環境経済学の多くの文献では自然環境が持つ生物多様性,独自の生態系・景観等はレクリエーションとして「利用価値」だけなく,それらを利用せずとも認める価値である「非利用価値」も有すると述べられている。一方で最近の環境評価研究では,明確なミクロ経済学的背景を持つクーン・タッカー・モデル(KT)等の顕示選好法の発展が著しい。しかし顕示選好法は弱補完性の前提から,非利用価値を評価することが困難である。それを踏まえ本研究では表明選好法であるCVMを北海道東部の知床国立公園に適用し,この住民の「知床国立公園へのレクリエーション目的での立入が禁止された状況下で,公園内の自然環境を保全する政策」に対する支払意志額を評価した。この調査結果から地域住民は知床の自然環境保全にその利用が不可能な状況下でも価値を認めていることが示された。この結果は自然公園での弱補完性の不成立と非利用価値の存在の正当化を意味している。よって今後の自然公園等に関する環境評価研究では,KT等の最新の顕示選好法にCVM等の表明選好法を援用することによって,非利用価値の評価を行うことが重要であるといえよう。
著者
柳井 修一 青木 一勝 赤堀 良光
出版者
Tokyo Geographical Society
雑誌
地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.119, no.6, pp.1079-1124, 2010-12-25
被引用文献数
8 64

Median Tectonic Line (MTL) and Fossa Magna (Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line) had long been considered to be the most critical fault boundaries controlling development of the Japanese Islands since Naumann (1885) and Kobayashi (1941). After the appearance of plate tectonics, several new interpretations emerged, <i>e.g.</i>, sub-surface Benioff plane for the MTL. In this paper, we propose that those tectonic lines, major faults, and Tanakura Tectonic Line (TTL) were formed through a process at micro-plate boundaries during the opening of the Japan Sea in the Miocene.<br> MTL could have been formed along the consuming boundary between the PHS plate and Japan Sea microplate, which has shifted southward to the Nankai trough, accompanying large-scale tectonic erosion. Fossa Magna was formed as a gigantic transform fault with a transtension component in the Medial-Japan Sea when opening was initiated. The eastern and western boundaries of the Japan Sea must be a strike-slip fault, corresponding to TTL to the east, and a newly proposed strike-slip fault called the West Kyushu Tectonic Line, respectively. Fossa Magna, a medial region defined by two NS-trending Miocene parallel faults in central Honshu, defined by Nauman (1885) could be interpreted to be the largest transform fault in the Medial-Japan Sea to offset the spreading axis when the Japan Sea opened.<br> It should be emphasized that large-scale tectonic erosion occurred in front of consuming plate boundaries facing the PHS and PAC plates oceanward during the opening of the Japan Sea. The volume of tectonic erosion is calculated to be 17,581,500 km<sup>3</sup>, which is equivalent to 2/3 of the present-day Japan arc crust, which is sufficient to reach the depth of the megalith between the upper and lower mantle boundary, even with 10 km thickness of materials eroded and transported along the Benioff zone.<br> Although MTL, Fossa Magna, and TTL are remarkable in the geology of Japan, these young faults never affected the orogeneses of Japan back to 520 Ma, which grew the continental crust of Japan. We propose that microplate boundary processes decreased the volume of the Japan crust.
著者
岡本 源太
出版者
美学会
雑誌
美學 (ISSN:05200962)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.57, no.4, pp.43-54, 2007-03-31

Dans La chambre claire, Roland Barthes essaie de theoriser sur le ≪realisme photographique≫ (le mot ≪realisme≫ etant a entendre au sens philosophique, et non artistique), autrement dit sur le lien de la Photographic a la realite. Ce lien n'est pas seulement denie (la Photographic n'a pas de realite, mais de l'arbitraire), mais aussi surinterprete (la realite de la Photographic ne consiste que dans la vraisemblance), pour autant que la Photographic est produite et regardee a travers differentes mediations. Or ce deni aussi bien que cette surinterpretation ne font que meconnaltre le realisme photographique tel qu'il est concu par Barthes. Car, selon lui, la Photographic se met en rapport avec la realite par l'intermediaire de la verite de l'image, et la verite, qui se trouve dans la ressemblance, le lignage et l'air, est inseparable des souvenirs et des passions du sujet qui voit une photo. Avec cette theorie du realisme photographique, Barthes tente de sortir de la conception qui oppose l'image au reel, alors que la meme conception marque largement la societe moderne. Si cette conception est toujours dans l'air, comme le fait remarquer d'ailleurs Jacques Ranciere, le realisme photographique de Roland Barthes n'en parait pas moins actuel.
著者
三井 相和 藤吉 弘亘 秋田 時彦
出版者
一般社団法人電子情報通信学会
雑誌
電子情報通信学会論文誌. D, 情報・システム (ISSN:18804535)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.94, no.7, pp.1135-1144, 2011-07-01

本論文では,textonに用いられるフィルタをボックスフィルタ(平均化フィルタ)の組合せで近似した,近似texton特徴量による高速な人検出法を提案する.textonによる特徴抽出は処理が容易であることから,テクスチャ解析やパターン認識,一般物体認識など多岐の分野で多く用いられる.しかし,単純なフィルタリング処理では,フィルタ内の1ピクセルごとにアクセスし演算しなければならないため,特徴抽出の処理コストが非常に高い.そこで,本論文では特徴抽出の処理コストを削減するために,textonに用いられるフィルタを近似することで高速な人検出を実現する.textonの近似には処理が簡易なボックスフィルタを用いる.このボックスフィルタをピラミッド上に組み合わせることで,擬似的にtextonのフィルタの形状を構築する.また,ボックスフィルタの応答値の算出には,方形領域の画素値の合計を一括算出することが可能なIntegral Imageを用いる.これらを組み合わせることで,近似フィルタの応答値を高速に求めることが可能となる.評価実験より,提案手法は人検出の特徴量として有効であるHistograms of Oriented Gradients(HOG特徴量)と同精度であり,2.3倍高速な識別が可能であることを確認した.
著者
Nakamura Hirohiko Nishina Ayako Minobe Shoshiro
出版者
American Meteorological Society
雑誌
Journal of Climate (ISSN:08948755)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.25, no.21, pp.7772-7779, 2012-11
被引用文献数
74

A large meridional shift of the sea surface temperature front occurs off the south coast of Japan associated with transitions between the large-meander and straight paths of the Kuroshio. Most extratropical cyclones generated in winter near the Kuroshio in the East China Sea pass through the region where the Kuroshio takes either the meander or the straight path. To examine whether such cyclones change their tracks and intensities according to the two states of the path, a new dataset of winter cyclone tracks derived from surface weather charts from the period 1969/70-2008/09 was produced. The composite analysis of cyclone tracks with respect to the meander and straight path states reveals the following: the cyclone track axis for the meander path state is located away from the south coast of Japan with a dispersive tendency, while that for the straight path state is attached to the south coast with a long extending feature. A difference in track between these two states also occurs to the east of Japan over the North Pacific. In addition, this behavior of the cyclone track is shown to be independent of the wintertime atmospheric circulation anomalies around Japan. The development rate of cyclones is 41% faster for the straight path state than the meander path state. Snowfall in Tokyo caused by south-coast cyclones is more frequent for the meander than the straight path state because the former state can act to decrease air temperature in Tokyo.
著者
高桑 榮松
出版者
公益社団法人日本産業衛生学会
雑誌
産業衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:13410725)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.44, no.1, pp.20-23, 2002
参考文献数
8

抄録 : 蒸気機関車運転室(キャブ)内労働衛生調査と事故防止対策-狩勝トンネル争議- : 高桑榮松, -昭和6〜16年の10年間における隧道内の蒸気機関車乗務員事故は36名で, うち死亡は2名であり, 50℃以上, 湿度100%という高温高湿に, 投炭時の数百度に及ぶ熱線被爆による急性熱中症であると判断された.発生源対策として, キャブの床上に25カ所位の孔をあけたパイプを10数本並列に並べて, 圧縮空気ボンベに接続し, 機関車が隧道内に進入すると同時に圧縮空気を上方に向け放出した.その結果, (1)機関室内の煤塵量は約1/10に減少, (2)CO濃度は数分の一に減少し, COヘモグロビン量が20%(CO中毒最低限)を越える者はなかった, (3)温・湿度は断熱膨張効果も作用し, キャブ内は43℃, 湿度86%と好転した.
著者
井出 明
出版者
一般社団法人情報処理学会
雑誌
情報処理 (ISSN:04478053)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.48, no.6, pp.616-623, 2007-06-15
被引用文献数
2

日本における観光産業は,直接効果22兆円,波及効果まで含めると55兆円規模の巨大産業であり,政府も日本の基幹産業として育成する可能性を探りつつある.また近年,各地の大学で観光学部が設置され,学問的興味も高まりつつある.観光シーンにおいては,旅行業者・輸送産業・宿泊業者そしてビジタといった各ステークホルダ間で膨大な情報がやりとりされているが,これまで情報学の観点から観光が研究されたことはほとんどなかった.本稿では,FIT2006で行われたイベント企画"ICTがもたらす観光産業の変貌"において議論された内容を整理するとともに,さらにその後の業界動向や研究の深化を踏まえ,情報システムの観点から観光産業を概観する.
著者
木村 博
出版者
大正大学
雑誌
佛教と民俗
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, pp.1-6, 1978-12
著者
品川 不二郎
出版者
日本教育心理学会
雑誌
教育心理学研究 (ISSN:00215015)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.4, no.1, pp.1-11, 1956-06-30

1. Purpose This study has two main objectives: The first is to provide some clinical data to justify Dr. Wechsler's idea of general intelligence the behavior theory and to prove Dr. Alexander's idea of X and Z factors the temperamental and personality factors theory. The second objective is to provide my own idea the life history theory. 2. Method After I finished the Japanese standardization of WISC in 1953, I started clinical case study of children and analyzed more than a thousand cases. 3. Results What I have found is as follows: By measuring children's intelligence with WISC, we not only can find personality factors, but also can diagnose children's life histories how children are brought up and what their parents' attitudes are like. and so on. I have listed ten illustrative cases showing brief case histories and Verbal I.Q., Performance I.Q., Total I. Q., and Scaled-Score profiles.
出版者
海人社
雑誌
世界の艦船
巻号頁・発行日
no.631, pp.74-81, 2004-09
著者
松井 剛
出版者
The Academic Association for Organizational Science
雑誌
組織科学 (ISSN:02869713)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.46, no.3, pp.87-99, 2013

本論文は,「癒し」という流行語が社会に波及する中で生じた意味創造プロセスを,20年分の雑誌記事タイトル8033件のテキスト分析を通じて明らかにする.特に注目をするのは,マーケティングを通じて新しい言葉が普及する一方で,こうした言葉の流行に乗る形でマーケティング努力の模倣が生じるという相互作用である.またブームが生じた理由を説くメディアの「理屈づけ」が,こうした相互作用を強化する可能性も指摘される.