著者
石黒 万里子
出版者
日英教育学会
雑誌
日英教育研究フォーラム (ISSN:13431102)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.21, pp.71-84, 2017 (Released:2017-11-11)
参考文献数
8

This paper examines the radical changes in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) in England since the end of the twentieth century, with special consideration of the global circumstances around ECEC and by using the framework of transitology (Cowen 2014). ECEC in England reflects political, economic, and social changes at a global level, and it has the discourse of ‘school readiness’ as its legitimacy. According to the OECD Report Starting Strong, increasing global interests on ECEC have changed the meaning of ECEC, regarding it as a public good, instead of a private matter, and the report focuses on an integrated approach to ECEC, the goal of achievement and the monitoring of ECEC services, staff and child development. Partly it aims the economic development in the period of low growth. In addition, worldwide organisations such as the WHO, UNESCO and UNICEF also look at ECEC in terms of humanitarian support. They focus on the children’s well-being, promoting health and preventing poverty. ECEC is a hot issue shared across developed and developing countries. As global attitudes toward ECEC have changed, the new ECEC system and curriculum in England has also adapted, including the re-organisation of the governmental division for ECEC in order to integrate the jurisdiction of ECEC, introducing a national curriculum with detailed achievement goals, and monitoring systems for all the ECEC settings. The national curriculum on ECEC in England, Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), stresses the importance of care in terms of children’s well-being as well as promotion of literacy, and increasingly such safeguard and welfare requirements have been extended through the revisions of them. ECEC in England is categorised as‘ school readiness’ tradition by the OECD Report. Such a slogan has given the ECEC legitimacy from both points of view: economic growth and humanitarian support, importance in developed and developing countries, and impact of poverty and universal security. However, there are many who oppose the view of school readiness as the aim of ECEC. ‘School readiness’ can be recognised as‘ deductive rationality’ (Cowen 2014). The fundamental question is thus posed - how do we recognise childhood, as a preparation period for being an adult or a meaningful period in and of itself?
著者
鎌田 東二
出版者
日本宗教学会
雑誌
宗教研究 (ISSN:03873293)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.85, no.2, pp.429-456, 2011-09-30 (Released:2017-07-14)

「ワザ(技・業・術)」とは人間が編み出し、伝承し、改変を加えてきたさまざまな技法・技術であるが、その中に呼吸法や瞑想法などを含む身体技法や各種の芸能・芸術の技法やコミュニケーション技術、また物体を用いる技法・身体を用いる技法・意識に改変を加える技法などがある。ワザは心とモノとをつなぐ媒介者であり、身体を用いた心の表現法でもある。「滝行」を含む諸種の「ボディワーク(身体技法)」は、「ある目的(解脱・霊験・法力・活力を得る・悩みの解除など)を達成するために、心身を鍛錬し有効に用いるワザ・作法・技法である」。宗教的「身体知」も、宗教的観念や宗教思想に裏打ちされながら、さまざまなワザを持っている。その宗教的ワザの一つとしての「滝行」に着目することにより、日本の宗教的身体知の独自性とそこに宿る「生態智」を掘り起こす。
著者
久保下 亮 赤坂 美奈
出版者
公益社団法人 日本理学療法士協会
雑誌
理学療法学Supplement
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2012, pp.48101358, 2013

【はじめに】障害者スポーツにおいて,スポーツ医学的技術論に関する情報より選手の健康管理の側面からの議論が多くなされている。近年,障害者スポーツではパラリンピックを代表として競技スポーツとしての位置付けが大きくなってきている。すなわち競技力を高める指導や練習方法が必要となっている。今回は,数多くある障害者スポーツの中からスプリント系の車椅子走行速度に着目した。以前より,車椅子走行速度に大きく関わる筋として上腕三頭筋や三角筋が挙げられている。また,バスケ用車椅子でのスタートダッシュ時,リアキャスターが床に接触することでタイムロスを起こしているとの発表もある。この大きな原因の一つに,スタート時の体幹コントロールの不良が挙げられている。そこで体幹のコントロールだけでなく,体幹筋力も車椅子走行速度に影響を与えているのではないかと思い検討した。【方法】対象は,研究内容を説明し同意を得た健常男子大学生15名,平均年齢21.4±0.3歳,平均身長174.6±5.3cm,平均体重69.0±8.4kgである。まず,対象者にバスケ用車椅子(松永製作所 B-MAX TK)に慣れてもらうため室内にて30分程度の自由乗車時間を設定した。その後,休息を挟み10m,20mの直線直進の全力走行とスタート地点から10m離れたところに目印としてコーンを置き,この目印をターンしてスタート地点まで戻ってくる10mターン走行をしてもらった。次に,1週間の間を取り体幹の屈曲・伸展筋ピークトルクの測定とその他身体測定(身長,体重,上肢長,握力)を行った。体幹の屈曲・伸展筋ピークトルクの測定にはBIODEX SYSTEM3を用いて行った。角速度は30°/secで反復回数を5回とした。 統計学的分析は10m走,20m走,10mターン走,体幹の屈曲・伸展筋力ピークトルクのそれぞれの関連性についてSpearman順位相関係数を用いて比較検討した。有意水準は5%未満とした。【説明と同意】 被験者にはヘルシンキ宣言に則り,研究の目的や手順を口頭と紙面にて説明し署名による同意を得た。なお,本研究は国際医療福祉大学倫理審査委員会の承認を得て実施した。【結果】身体測定の平均は,伸長174.6±5.3cm,体重69.0±8.4kg,右上肢長58.1±2.4cm,左上肢長58.0±2.1cm,右握力47.5±7.1kg,左握力44.7±6.3kgであった。走行速度の平均は,10m走が4.7±0.4秒,20m走が7.8±0.8秒,10mターン走10.8±1.0秒であった。体幹の屈曲・伸展筋力ピークトルクは体幹屈曲309.0±71.1Nm/kg,体幹伸展419.5±103.0Nm/kgであった。体幹筋力と車椅子走行速度との相関関係は,体幹屈曲力に対しての10m走(ρ=0.65),20m走(ρ=0.45),10mターン走(ρ=0.33)は共に正の相関を認めた。体幹伸展力に対しての10m走(ρ=0.62),20m走(ρ=0.58),10mターン走(ρ=0.43)は共に正の相関を認めた。【考察】車椅子走行時のスタートダッシュには体幹筋力が必要不可欠と考えていた。理由として,車椅子駆動開始時には体幹を大きく屈曲させ,この時に生み出される前方への回転モーメントを車椅子の推進力の一つに利用している。よって,より大きな推進力を得るためには体幹の強い屈曲力が必要であると思われる。今回の研究結果からは,走行速度と体幹筋力との相関関係が認められた。このことは,車椅子走行時のスタートダッシュには体幹筋力が少なからず必要であることを意味している。先行研究では,走行速度を上げるためには実質駆動時間を長くすることと,駆動角速度を速くする必要があると示している。また,車椅子バスケや車椅子テニス,車椅子の短距離走のように初動の影響を大きく受けてしまうようなスプリント系の障害者スポーツでは,スタートダッシュ時に体幹筋力だけでなく体幹のコントロール性も要求される。更に10mターンにおいては,ターン時に急激なブレーキと旋回能力,そして瞬発的な加速力といった複合的なチェアワークが必要である。よって,今後,障害者スポーツでのパフォーマンス向上のためには,筋力や体幹のコントロール性,チェアワークといった複合的な要素についても調べて行く必要がある。【理学療法学研究としての意義】今後,車椅子を使用した障害者スポーツにおいて車椅子の操作性を高めるためのトレーニングに一考として活用できるものと考える。
著者
安江 健
出版者
茨城大学
雑誌
奨励研究(A)
巻号頁・発行日
1996

前年度の研究では、羊に山羊を新たに加えた場合、1放牧期間程度の期間では、両者は1つの群を形成するには至らず、明確なLeader-Follower関係も成立しなかった。そこで本研究では、混群期間の違いが羊・山羊群の放牧行動に及ぼす影響を明確にするため、混群として管理された期間が1年以上の羊・山羊群(長期群)と、混群として管理された期間が3ヶ月以下の羊・山羊群(短期群)を同一の野草地で観察し、両群における羊-山羊間の社会行動や移動順序を比較検討した。得られた結果は次の通りである。(1)羊間、山羊間の個体間距離の平均値はそれぞれ4〜8m、8〜10m、13〜17mと、両群とも全観察を通してほぼ一定で推移し、いずれの群および観察日においても種間の個体間距離は種内のそれより有意(P<0.01)に大きかった。(2)羊-山羊間の敵対行動は、長期群ではいずれの観察日も60回程度で一定し、威嚇、回避などの非物理的敵対行動が常に50%以上を占めていたのに対して、短期群では観察の進行に伴って頭突きや押し退けなどの物理的敵対行動が増加し、敵対行動の総数は35回から119回に急増した。(3)羊-山羊間の敵対行動以外の社会行動では、子供が仕掛ける遊戯行動および親和行動と考えられる行動が両群において観察されたが、いずれも長期群が短期群に比べて多い傾向にあった。長期群では探査行動、乗駕および角かじりも観察された。(4)強制的移動時における移動順序は、長期群では試験期間を通して山羊が先頭であり、群全体での反復性も高かったのに対して、短期群では山羊の移動順序が安定せず、群全体での反復性も低かった。(5)以上の様な結果から、1年以上混群として管理されている羊・山羊群では、混群期間の短い群に比べ、より社会的に安定した群が形成されているものと考えられた。また、この様に社会的に安定した群では、山羊のLeader-羊のFollower関係が確立され得る可能性が示唆された。
著者
木田 春代 武田 文 門間 貴史 朴峠 周子 浅沼 徹 藤原 愛子 香田 泰子
出版者
日本民族衛生学会
雑誌
民族衛生 (ISSN:03689395)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.81, no.1, pp.3-14, 2015
被引用文献数
2

Objective : This study investigates whether the working status of mothers results in an unbalanced diet (no acceptance of disliked foods) of their preschool children, and the relationship of the preschool children's unbalanced diet and its relevant factors.<br>Methods : This cross-sectional study was conducted using the responses of 1,145 mothers at 15 public kindergartens in a suburban city located in the Kanto region. A self-rating questionnaire examined mother's age and working, child's age and gender, the unbalanced diet of mother and their child, and eating education provided to child.<br>Results : The unbalanced diet of children were not associated with the working status of their mothers. Among non-working mothers, the causal factors of the unbalanced diet of their children were classified as the unbalanced diet of the mother, neglecting to instruct child not to waste food, not giving to child's meal child disagreeable foods or weak foods. Among working mothers, not engaging their child to help in the preparation of meals was the most prominent cause of children's diet unbalances.<br>Conclusion : It was suggested that although the working status of mothers has no direct effect on the unbalanced diet of their childrens, differences in the factors relating to the unbalanced diet of their childrens depend on whether the mother is employed or unemployed.
著者
三戸 範之 石井 直人 SANNOHE Noriyuki ISHII Naoto
出版者
秋田大学教育文化学部
雑誌
秋田大学教育文化学部研究紀要 教育科学 = Memoirs of Faculty of Education and Human Studies, Akita University. Educational sciences (ISSN:24334952)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.73, pp.33-39, 2018-02-23

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the step-by-step practice and the simplified seoi-nage on the safe practice of judo by novices. Participants were 18 students who attended a college judo class. Trials in the experiment were composed of two kinds of the conditions, which were seoi-nage without the step-by-step practice, and seoi-nage after practicing the three steps. After the trials, participants answered a five-point scale questionnaire asking how they felt when they were thrown or threw. Binomial tests demonstrated that high head fixation was significantly greater than low head fixation on any conditions. This finding suggests that simplified skill and step-by-step practice are effective for head fixation of thrown participants. Measurements of the degree of head fixation revealed an effect of step-by-step practice (two-way ANOVA, F1, 17 = 3.676, p = 0.07), but ANOVA did not detect an effect of holding, nor interaction between the step-by-step practice and holding. This finding suggests that step-by-step practice is effective on head fixation of thrown participants. Results imply that simplified skill and step-by-step practice of seoi-nage are effective safe practice of novices at judo. The findings of this study will contribute to plan the safe and easy practice for instructing novices at judo.
著者
Hironori FUDEYASU Ryuji YOSHIDA
出版者
Meteorological Society of Japan
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.97, no.2, pp.439-451, 2019 (Released:2019-04-04)
参考文献数
33
被引用文献数
9

This study examined the statistical characteristics of tropical cyclones (TCs) for which the cyclogenesis (TCG) process was modulated by upper tropospheric cold lows (UCLs) over the western North Pacific during the 38 years from 1979 to 2016. Among the 965 TCs, 90 TCs (9 %, 2.4 per year) were defined as having TCG influenced by UCLs in the northwest quadrant of the TC region (UL-TCs). Most UL-TCs occurred in the summer, with large variability in the annual occurrence rate of UL-TCs during June to October, ranging from 0 to approximately 30 %. The annual variation was related to the activity of the Tibetan high and the summer temperature anomaly over Japan. The extremely hot summer of 2016 was partly enhanced by the intense Tibetan high, when 4 UL-TCs also occurred. The average location of UL-TCs at the time of TCG and tropical storm formation (TSF) was significantly farther to the north than the average location of TCs not formed under the influence of UCL (N-UL-TCs). Many UL-TCs occurred in lower tropospheric environments associated with the shear line or confluence regions. The UL-TCs tended to move northward, and the occurrence rate of UL-TCs that made landfall in Japan was approximately double that of other countries. The atmospheric environmental parameters around UL-TCs at the time of TCG were more favorable for the development of TCs than those around N-UL-TCs. In contrast, the atmospheric and oceanic environmental parameters around UL-TCs at the time of TSF were less favorable for the development of TCs, such that UL-TCs tended to remain at weak intensity.
著者
Wan-Ru HUANG Po-Han HUANG Ya-Hui CHANG Chao-Tzuen CHENG Huang-Hsiung HSU Chia-Ying TU Akio KITOH
出版者
Meteorological Society of Japan
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.97, no.2, pp.481-499, 2019 (Released:2019-04-03)
参考文献数
58
被引用文献数
9

By using the Weather Research and Forecasting (denoted as WRF) model driven by two super-high-resolution global models, High Resolution Atmospheric Model (denoted as HiRAM) and Meteorological Research Institute Atmospheric General Circulation Model (denoted as MRI), this study investigates the dynamical downscaling simulation and projection of extreme precipitation activities (including intensity and frequency) in Taiwan during the Mei-Yu seasons (May and June). The analyses focus on two time period simulations: the present-day (1979-2003, historical run) and the future (2075-2099, RCP8.5 scenario). For the present-day simulation, our results show that the bias of HiRAM and MRI in simulating the extreme precipitation activities over Taiwan can be reduced after dynamical downscaling by using the WRF model. For the future projections, both the dynamical downscaling models (i.e., HiRAM-WRF and MRI-WRF) project that extreme precipitation will become more frequent and more intense over western Taiwan but less frequent and less intense over eastern Taiwan. The east-west contrast in the projected changes in extreme precipitation in Taiwan are found to be a local response to the enhancement of southwesterly monsoonal flow over the coastal regions of South China, which leads to an increase in water vapor convergence over the windward side (i.e., western Taiwan) and a decrease in water vapor convergence over the leeward side (i.e., eastern Taiwan). Further examinations of the significance of the projected changes in extreme precipitation that affect the agriculture regions of Taiwan show that the southwestern agriculture regions will be affected by extreme precipitation events more frequently and more intensely than the other subregions. This finding highlights the importance of examining regional differences in the projected changes in extreme precipitation over the complex terrain of East Asia.
著者
Kuan-Ting KUO Chien-Ming WU
出版者
Meteorological Society of Japan
雑誌
気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.97, no.2, pp.501-517, 2019 (Released:2019-04-03)
参考文献数
21
被引用文献数
11

In this study, the mechanism for precipitation hotspots (PHs) of locally developed afternoon thunderstorms in the Taipei Basin is investigated using a three-dimensional Vector Vorticity equation cloud-resolving Model (VVM) with an idealized topography and surface properties. A 500 m horizontal grid resolution is used in all experiments. The results show that the local circulation is a key for PHs at the south of the Taipei Basin. The two valleys guide background southwesterly (SW) flow along with the sea breezes to penetrate into the basin. The urban heat island (UHI) effect enhances the sea breeze convergence at the south of the basin and produces strong convection there. The interactions between cold pools generated by the convection and the sea breezes produce northward propagating new convective cells. Besides, the background wind direction is important in determining the location of sea breeze convergence. If the background wind direction changes from westerly (W) to west-northwesterly (WNW), there might be no precipitation at all in the basin. This study suggests that the idealized experiments also provide a useful framework for studying the impacts of future climate changes on the PHs in the Taipei Basin by applying the pseudo–global warming approach.
著者
岩田 佳久
出版者
経済理論学会
雑誌
季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, no.3, pp.77-88, 2015-10-20 (Released:2017-09-19)

It is well known that there are two opposed views of the asset price rising, Fed view and BIS view. Fed view advocates "Clean up the mess" strategy, which leaves the asset price rising and eases credit boldly in the burst of the bubble. On the other hand, BIS view advocates "Lean against the wind" strategy, which tightens credit proactively at the asset price rising. The opposition between the two views also exists in the debate of Global Imbalances in the 2000s. Bernanke, Fed view, argues that "Global saving glut" flows into US and makes the current account deficit (i.e. net capital inflow) larger in US and the interest rate lower in the world. On the other hand, Borio, BIS view, objects that the excess savings in national economic accounting system is irrelative to the bank ability to expand credit and to set the interest rate, and that what is influential on the asset price rising is not net capital inflow but gross one. Borio's argument is superior to Bernanke on the financial economy, but has some weaknesses when it is reviewed from the point of the Marxian economics. This paper tries to develop the Marxian credit theory. Firstly, Borio accepts the concept of ex ante saving and investment though he thinks little of it in determination of the market interest rate. As we can see in the debate between Keynes and Ohlin in 1937, ex ante saving is not lending the saving but financing the investment by the credit creation. Secondly, Borio emphasizes that money (credit money) is made by credit creation from nothing, ex nihilo. But, though the recent Marxian economics also accepts that money is created by the banks, it emphasizes that credit money anticipates the reflux of money in the future. Credit money is backed by the value of commodity or the ability to gain money, such as the labor's ability to gain wage and the government's ability to collect tax. That is, credit money is not created from nothing, but based on the value of commodities or on the ability to realize the value in the future. Thirdly, the interest rate is determined at the level where banks can gain the average profit. Marx explained the level of interest rate from the relation between demand and supply of money capital. But the bank, as a capital, self-valorizing value, gains the general profit rate on the invested capital through the competition in the same sector and among the all sectors.
著者
松浦 幹太
出版者
一般社団法人情報処理学会
雑誌
情報処理学会研究報告モバイルコンピューティングとユビキタス通信(MBL) (ISSN:09196072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1998, no.83, pp.53-60, 1998-09-17
参考文献数
18

インターネットのようにオープンなネットワークでは、いかにして不正行為を抑止するかが重要な課題である。一般的な対策は、暗号・認証技術の利用である。この場合、プロトコル実行ログがトラブル解決のための証拠となり、不正行為の抑止につながる。しかし、社会的要請次第では、より能動的な抑止策が求められる可能性がある。そのような場合の解として、共通鍵暗号に基づいたサーバ・クライアントプロトコルにおける抜き打ち検査方式を提案する。同方式では、会員権をオンラインで一時的に監査官に貸与することができる。応用例として、電子貸金庫サービスと、インターネットセキュリティプロトコルにおける鍵配送について述べる。In an open network, how to provide deterrents to malicious behaviors is an important issue. A common solution is given by cryptographic primitives; execution logs are stored and used when needs arise for trouble settlement. Depending on social situation, however, more active authorized procedures would be of great help. In preparation for such a situation, this paper introduces a framework of an inspection mechanism for server-and-client protocols based on a private-key cipher. The mechanism allows one-session rental of membership. Example protocols for Electronic Safe-Deposit Box and IPsec key exchange are described.

1 0 0 0 OA 過眼録

出版者
巻号頁・発行日
vol.巻3,