- 著者
-
田中 宏
- 出版者
- 経済理論学会
- 雑誌
- 季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.52, no.2, pp.31-41, 2015-07-20 (Released:2017-07-03)
Does Hungary, one small EU member country located in the Central Eastern Europe, metamorphose into state capitalism? To study his topic is a main task of this paper. This task makes us, however, realize that almost any one did not recognize in the 1990s where Hungary would arrive at through the systemic transformation and preparing for joining the EU, with becoming aware that Hungary had four systemic change tasks to be solved: restoring the national independence and sovereignty, political democratization, joining the EU and transforming into a market economy. More than two decades of transformative struggles show us that capitalisms in Central Easter Europe seem to have been converted into a diff erent type of capitalism from those in Western Europe and that Hungarian capitalism becomes a different type among Central East European countries in many terms. The unorthodox economic reforms and policies implemented by Fidesz governmental party and its leader Victor Orban after 2010 are not only called 'Orbanomics', but also criticized as state capitalism both inside and outside of Hungary. This paper sheds light on whether and in what terms Hungary is turned into state capitalism. The second part of this paper, following the introduction, first, conducts book and literature reviews, second, discusses state capitalism in the 19th century and 20th century, and then defines state capitalism 3.0 in the 21st century, characterizing its particular features of newly and successfully entering into the world market, and multi-nationalizing of firms with the various helps and supports by the state organs and institutions. The third part describes actual historical processes of the systemic transformation in Hungarian economy from the end of 1980s till the beginning of 2010s, focusing on significant influences upon Hungarian economy exercised by the EU integration, Global Financial and Economic Crisis, and Euro Crisis along with the results of national election every four years. And then the fourth part, uncovering emergent relationships between the state and economic-business circles, examines activities of Hungarian emerging multinationals and re-nationalization movements of firms and public services. Finally, the fourth part reaches conclusions and considers some implications for further studies concerning on this topic. The conclusions summerize characteristic features of Hungarian economy as state capitalism in terms that the state has changed and expanded its role in economic development and interventions, like suspending functions of checks & balances on the state activities, giving (un)preferential treatments to specific groups, increasing the state ownership's share, increasing influences of the state upon newly emerging sectors, abolishing decentralised decision-making, centralizing decision-making and thier competences, changing institutional frameworks of regulations, increasing state-regulations of prices, increasing state regulations and state-capitals especially in the financial sectors, and moving public service activities from under market norms to under the state management and regulations. It reveals legacies of state socialism and traces of neo-liberal type of privatization and market liberalization, providing the evidences to show state capitalism 3.0 in Hungary. In addition it includes new unconventional features of taking special tax measures and regulations on bank-financial sectors. And finally, the paper reconfirms the necessity to look at Hungarian capitalism not only from the state capitalism perspective, but also from the mixed multiple perspectives.