著者
浜井 浩一
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
no.38, pp.53-77, 2013-10-15

本稿は,2002年をピークとする一般刑法犯認知件数の急増・急減,特にその大きな原動力となった街頭犯罪認知件数の変動を分析すると同時に,近時,先進国の多くで犯罪が減少している状況を踏まえ,より長期的な視点から犯罪を減少させている要因を探ってみたい.言うまでもなく,認知件数は,様々なルートから警察に届けられた事件の中から警察が犯罪として認知した事件の件数を計上したものである.事件処理のスクリーニングが一定であれば,その数字は発生する犯罪の増減を反映する.反面,スクリーニング等の方法を変えると犯罪発生とは関係なく認知件数は増減する.さて,2002年をピークとする認知件数の減少はそのどちらによってもたらされたものだろうか.答えは,その両方である.2003年から街頭犯罪の認知件数の削減が警察評価における数値目標として設定された.街頭犯罪は,対象や手口がわかりやすいため防犯対策をとりやすい.自動販売機の堅牢化によって自動販売機ねらいは急速に減少した.車上ねらいや自転車盗・バイク盗も急減した.同時に,数値目標が一人歩きをして,車上ねらいの数え方を工夫する努力が行われたことも明らかとなった.いずれにしても暗数の少ない殺人等の認知件数や犯罪被害調査などから確実に言えることは,近時,犯罪が減少しているということである.では,殺人などの重大犯罪はなぜ減少しているのか.一つは,少子化の影響が考えられる.犯罪の主な担い手は30歳未満の若者である.若者の人口が減れば犯罪も減ることが予想され,日本でも戦後少子・高齢化の進行とともに犯罪は減少している.また,アメリカの心理学者ピンカーは,さまざまな資料を駆使して,現代人は,人類史上最も暴力の少ない時代に生きていると主張している.ピンカーは,それは種としての人類の進歩によるものであり,私たちの中にある共感や自己統制といった「より良き天使(better angels)」が復讐やサディズムといった「内なる悪魔(inner demons)」を凌駕した結果である主張している.2002年をピークとする認知件数の急上昇・急降下は,街頭犯罪をターゲットとし,数値目標を設定したことによってもたらされたものであり,そこに防犯意識の高まりが一定貢献したことは間違いない.しかし,防犯意識は,警戒心や不信感と表裏一体である.犯罪のない社会が市民を幸福にするとは限らない.認知件数を数値目標にすることの意味をもう一度考えてみるべきであろう.
著者
藤井 勝紀
出版者
社団法人日本体育学会
雑誌
体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.48, no.5, pp.523-539, 2003-09-10
被引用文献数
3

The hypothesis that menarche is delayed in female athletes has not been verified, despite many studies widely eported in the US and a few investigations conducted in Japan. The purpose of the present study was to examine statistically whether regular sports training for female athletes in childhood delays the age at menarche. Health examination records and history of exercise were investigated for 144 female high school senior athletes in the Tokai area, who had participated in competitions at the national level. The investigations covered the period from the first grade of elementary school until the final year of high school (from 1985-1987 to 1996-1998). The sports played by the subjects included track and field (n=21), basketball (n=15), volleyball (n=21), softball (n=7), tennis (n=16), soft tennis (n=25), hockey (n=8), judo (n=19), table tennis (n=6), handball (n=3) and swimming (n=3). Longitudinal data for height and weight were obtained from health examination records. Age at menarche was obtained by questionnaire (from recollection). The control group comprised 78 female non-athletes investigated in a similar manner to the athlete group. Delay in menarche was judged from the interval between menarche and physical maturation level. Ages at maximum peak velocity (MPV) of height in the athletes and control groups were derived using the wavelet interpolation method (WIM) as the criterion for maturation level. The interval between age at menarche and age at MPV of height was then derived for each group. The difference in the derived age interval between the two groups was tested for significance (t test) to compare the athletes and the controls. In addition, age at menarche and age at MPV of height were compared between the groups. The results were then used to determine whether menarche in female athletes was delayed. It was found that the age at menarche was significantly later in athletes (12.82 ± 1.15 years) than in the control group (12.11 ± 0.90 years), with the exception of table tennis players (P<0.01). However, age at MPV of height did not differ significantly between the groups, except for tennis players. A significant difference in the age interval between MPV of height and menarche was observed between the control group (1.08 ± 0.74 years) and the athlete groups (1.75 ± 1.23 years), with the exception of tennis and table tennis players (P<0.01). It may be concluded from these results that regular sports training for female athletes in childhood delays the age at menarche.
著者
塩出 環
出版者
同志社大学
雑誌
キリスト教社会問題研究 (ISSN:04503139)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.57, pp.183-203, 2008-12

研究ノート
著者
丸山 敬介
出版者
京都
雑誌
同志社女子大学大学院文学研究科紀要 = Papers in Language, Literature, and Culture of the Graduate School of Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts (ISSN:18849296)
巻号頁・発行日
no.15, pp.25-61, 2015-03

巷間、「日本語教師は食べていけない」といわれることがあるが、この言説が生まれたのは90年代初頭である。それ以前にも非常勤で日本語を教える人たちを指して同じようなことがいわれることがあったが、関係者の間に限られ広く流布されていたわけではない。いわれるようになった理由は、不法滞在者を防ぐために法務省が入国審査を厳格化した結果、数多くの日本語学校の経営が悪化、倒産・閉校が相次ぎ方々で教師の労働条件悪化が起きたからである。 その後、震災・サリン事件、アジア通貨危機、「10万人計画」失敗などが重なり、90年代の後半にはこの言説が日本社会に定着したものと思われる。それには、バブル崩壊後の日本社会全般の閉塞感・ニューカマー対象のボランティア日本語指導の広がりも雰囲気として作用したものと考えられる。
著者
金丸 由雄
出版者
日本社会学会
雑誌
社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.21, no.3, pp.2-19, 1970-12-30

In his short paper on <I>ASR</I>, 1936, Merton listed extensively various factors to cause unanticipated consequences in purposive social action, and showed a few cases in which certain patterns can be identified among anticipation, action and consequences. This topic was later developed into a Chapter in his <I>Social Theory and Social Structure</I> (1957) as "The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy". <BR>Merton's original paper is important at least in the following senses : Unanticipated consequences are already emerging in anticipation before execution of action, and in some cases, certain patterns among anticipation, action and consequences can be traced. <BR>In order to further develop this topic, which had been suggested by Merton in such extensive scopes, it should be necessary to coordinate the problems from certain view point. The writer of this paper tries to do so, firstly, by reviewing them in terms of role differentiation into "prophet", "actor" and "observer" for anticipation, action and consequences respectively. Then, he focusses those cases enumerated by Merton on the uncertain nature of expectation of actor in anticipating consequences, and points out the peculiar characteristics in the "prophecies" and "basic value" cases as definition of the situation by others. This is the process for the actor to overcome the uncertainty in his expectation of the consquences of the contemplated action. Another possibility to overcome this uncertainty is suggested. It is called "auxiliary means" to strengthen those means already in hand with the uncertain expectation of consequences kept uncertain. With this "auxiliary means" corresponds "auxiliary purpose", which shall be instrumental in producing unanticipated consequences for actor not only in the new "Auxiliary value area" but also in the "original value area" as both are necessarily interrelated. Two propositions are made at the end : First for actor's tendency to depend on the definition of situation provided by others, and Second for actor's tendency to rely on the "auxiliary means" in his uncertain anticipation.
著者
佐々木 玲子 石沢 順子
出版者
慶應義塾大学体育研究所
雑誌
体育研究所紀要 (ISSN:02866951)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.55, no.1, pp.7-15, 2016-01

The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity of preschool children during free play, using accelerometry and direct observation methods. Accelerometry is increasingly being used to objectively assess physical activity in children. Direct observation is often considered a criterion measure for physical activity in young children because of its practical and comprehensive nature. In this study, the participants were 6 preschool children aged 5-6 years. Children's physical activity levels (intensities) during free play (30 minutes) in the kindergarten were measured by the triaxial accelerometer (HJA-350IT ; Omron). These time series data were time-matched with behaviors and/or movement patterns from the video footage of children engaging in free play. Thus, we tried to indicate the physical activity levels of children during various activities and/or fundamental movements. Results were as follows. 1) Skilled children were more active and performed more high-intensity physical activity than unskilled children did during free-play periods. The amount and intensity of physical activity was much lower in unskilled girls than in other children. 2) More types of activities and/or fundamental movements were performed by skilled children than by unskilled children. 3) Movement intensity of children during free-play activities was adequately classified. Based on these findings, a cut-off point of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was determined.
著者
大村 英昭
出版者
日本犯罪社会学会
雑誌
犯罪社会学研究 (ISSN:0386460X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.9, pp.14-27, 1984

Many criminologists who have turned their attentions to the labeling perspective in the early 1970's, returned recently to the control (or bond) theory. Against the prevailing view, I believe, both of 'turn' and 'return' are symbolic phenomena of Durkheim Renaissance. If not, those switches in theory only mean that an existing paradigm has been persistently unable to solve "puzzles", or at least to explain a new type of crime. (Or would puzzles have been exhausted ?) Since no criminologist (as a scientist) can work in a theoretical vacuum, when a paradigm or a research program loses its ability to produce new 'facts', and I am afraid, it will often go into a "degenerative" phase. Therefore, the aim of this essay is to present a new perspective which is named as the dramaturgical theory of crime. Of course, I know this new theory is only a different rather than a better way of looking at reality. But in this essay I suggest the significance of this new theoretical orientation. For example, I propose that Goffman's Frame analysis could be effectively utilzed to make analytical sense of empirical facts. A schematic overview of my argument is illustrated in the following diagram. [figure]
著者
中山 英治
出版者
大阪産業大学
雑誌
大阪産業大学論集. 人文・社会科学編 (ISSN:18825966)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, pp.75-91, 2016-10

タイの日本語教育機関で日本人日本語教師がタイ人日本語教師と協働するとき,何を経験し,課題があればどのようにそれを克服しているのかを質的分析法で調査した。その結果,タイの日本語教育機関における協働には,次の(a)から(c)があることが明らかになった。(a)日本人日本語教師は,日本式の強固な仕事観や指導観を協働現場に持ちこむ。(b)日本人日本語教師は,協働の可能性を見出し,教師間協働に適応していく。(c)日本人日本語教師は,3 年目から充実した協働に入っていける可能性がある。タイの教師間協働に関する研究については,協働の現実や教師の実態を把握するための質的な研究が多かった。しかし,複数の質的な研究で明らかにされた概念や協働の実態についての関連性は曖昧なままであった。本研究では,先行研究で指摘された概念や協働の実態を丁寧に引き継ぎ,繰り返し実施したインタビューのデータから抽出された概念を加えながら,新しい協働体験の仮説モデルを再構築した。
著者
進藤 順治 吉田 直幸
出版者
日本野生動物医学会
雑誌
Japanese journal of zoo and wildlife medicine (ISSN:13426133)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.6, no.1, pp.23-26, 2001-03

新潟市水族館で飼育されている10羽のオスのフンボルトペンギンの精液量と精子濃度を1年間測定した。フンボルトペンギンの精液は7月から8月中旬の換羽期以外は,高い割合で採取することができた。精液量は一年を通し0.02mlから0.04mlの間で推移していた。平均精液量は0.026±0.009mlであった。精子濃度は10月から2月の間は高い値で推移し,一方換羽期間は著しく低下していた。平均精子濃度は21.9±11.2 10^8/mlであった。今回の結果から,最も繁殖に適した時期は晩秋から早春にかけてであると思われた。
著者
鍛冶 博之
出版者
徳島文理大学
雑誌
徳島文理大学研究紀要 (ISSN:02869829)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.92, pp.89-102, 2016-09

Key to advancing the revitalization of the Pachinko (Japanese pinball) industry is not only to develop strategies for improvement inside and outside of the industry, but also to convey those changes to a wide audience, not only to industry officials and hall users, but also to other people who don't have regular contact with pachinko. Particularly with the latter audience, there are promotional campaigns involving a variety of media. In the media, the publication of various pachinko-related books plays the important role in promoting the reality of the industry salutary change in Japanese society. One kind of publication which allow people to easily experience the reality of the pachinko industry are "kiss-and-tell" books (bakurobon)about pachinko. The purpose on writing is to focus on these pachinko kiss-and-tell books in particular and to explore the themes that the kiss-and-tell books illustrate through their content analysis.
著者
細貝 亮
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.77, pp.225-242, 2010-07-31

Some of recent media studies pointed out the increasing of media effect in politics and public opinion. In what meaning, why and how has the media effect increased? The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the time-varying effect of media coverage on the cabinet approval rate by analyzing aggregate time-series data. I examine two hypotheses about factors that increased the media effect on the cabinet support rate in Japan. Hypotheses I; the growth of floating voter, what is called on "mutouha", who are sensitive to political information made the media effect increase. Hypotheses II; Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi who used media for getting support of electorate make the media effect increase, what we call "the Koizumi effect". In examining the relation between the media coverage and the change of the cabinet support rate, I introduced "the sentence-final modality" model as the new method of the contents analysis. The method is used for specifying positive/negative information about prime minister or cabinet in editorials of newspapers and converting its information into positive/negative score. In addition, I adopt the recursive regression method for analyzing time-varying effect of media. I can acquire three findings. First, the positive/negative evaluations in media coverage make a clear effect on the cabinet support rate. Second, the media effect has been significant after 1993 when floating voter grew rapidly. Third, "the Koizumi effect" is not able to confirm in this analysis.