著者

飯島 渉

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.11, pp.1915-1946,2071, 1993

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This article attempts to examine the background, content and results of the Cailijiasui (裁釐加税) problem in the Mackay treaty negotiations of 1902, and tries to point out a special feature of the financial structure of late Imperial China. Cailijiasui means abolishment of the lijin tax (釐金税) and an increase in tariff rates. This problem existed from the 1860s to 1930s between China and Powers. Many foreign merchants regarded the lijin tax as a barrier to Chinese inland markets, and demanded the tax be abolished in exchange for increases in tariffs as a alternative fiscal source. However, Cailijiasui was also a policy of Chinese central government for reconstruction of its fiscal system through maritime customs. From a this viewpoint, the Cailijiasui policy was a method of converting China's fiscal system in the true sense. Zhang zhi dong (張之洞) opposed Cailijiasui, because it would have caused local government's loss of its main fiscal source. After the negotiations, he succeeded reserving the right of local government to impose a consumption tax (銷場税). Finally, Article VIII of the Mackay Treaty provided abolishment of the lijin tax partially and increased tariffs. The United States, Japan and Portugal agreed with the tariff rates of the Mackay Treaty, but Germany and the other powers opposed it, so, the internationalization of Cailijiasui was lost, despite the Chinese government's demand for its realization. The Cailijiasui problem is part of a Chinese historical tradition of confrontation between the central government and the local government.

著者

古瀬 鶴城

出版者

島根県立大学短期大学部

雑誌

島根女子短期大学紀要 (ISSN:02889226)

巻号頁・発行日

no.25, pp.71-81, 1987-03-30

著者

宮坂 健寛 水野 慎士 渡辺 英治

雑誌

第78回全国大会講演論文集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2016, no.1, pp.603-604, 2016-03-10

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魚に関する研究の中で視覚の仕組みに関するものがある。本研究では魚の立体知覚の仕組みに関する研究の補助を目的とし、運動視差立体視を用いた視覚機能解析システムの提案と開発を行う。 本システムでは2台のカメラとスネルの法則を用い、水槽中を泳ぐ魚に対し屈折を考慮した3次元位置算出を行う。算出された座標を元に運動視差立体視映像を生成し、水槽底面に配置したディスプレイに映像を表示する。その際に魚が映像を知覚するのか判別を行う。魚が運動視差立体視を用いて立体知覚を行っているのであれば、本システムにより生成された映像を知覚し反応を示すことが期待される。

著者

鈴木 伸也 矢野 正

出版者

奈良学園大学

雑誌

奈良学園大学紀要 = Bulletin of Nara Gakuen University (ISSN:2188918X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.39-50, 2020-03

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近年、子どもの体がかたい・バランスが悪いなど、運動機能が低下した状態を「運動機能不全」または「子どもロコモ」と呼ばれている。今回は、前回に引き続き「子どもロコモの予防に関する教育実践研究(Ⅰ): 小学5年生1年間の実践を振り返って」の研究を継続し、報告するものである。本研究の目標として、「①C小学校は、けがの発生件数が非常に多い。そのため、ロコモティブシンドロームを予防する体操(以下、ロコモ予防体操)を通してけがをしにくい身体にする。②けが予防についての関心をもち、けがが少なくなったと実感し、ロコモ予防体操に進んで取り組もうとする。③身体を動かす楽しさ、気持ち良さを知り、自ら運動に親しもうとする。」という3つを設定した。今回も、A県B市の公立C小学校第4学年33名(男子19名、女子14名)に対し、1年間にわたり、「朝の会」と「体育の授業時」にロコモ予防体操を実践した。また、この学年は1年生時から毎日宿題として、家庭でもロコモ予防体操を実践している。2018年4月~2018年12月に行った教育実践では、クラス別けが人数は6件と、他のクラスと比べても顕著に少ない結果となった。これは、学校全体で通しても一番少ない結果であった。また、教育実践(Ⅰ)との比較では、学年が違うことも考慮する必要があるが、4年間継続してロコモ予防体操を行っている4年生の方が、顕著にけがの発生件数が少ないことが明らかとなった。2015年4月~2019年3月(4年間の短期縦断コホート研究)に行った教育実践では、クラス別けが人数は他クラスと比べると圧倒的に少ないことが明らかとなった。これにより、毎日家庭で行っているロコモ体操に加え、学校での実践を組み合わせることによって、けがの発生頻度がより減ったものと推察される。さらに、ロコモ体操の実践の効果以外にも、普段から児童にヒヤリハットなどについての声かけ指導を行った。また、週明けや連休明けの過ごし方や雨の日の過ごし方などを丁寧に説明し、周りの環境に左右されずに落ち着いた学校生活を送ることができるよう、子どもたちに意識づけを促すことも、ロコモ予防に関しての手段の一つと考えられる。

著者

小沢 一仁 Kazuhito Ozawa 東京工芸大学工学部基礎教育研究センター

雑誌

東京工芸大学工学部紀要. 人文・社会編 = The Academic Reports, the Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University (ISSN:03876055)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.64-75, 2003

出版者

日経BP社

雑誌

日経ビジネス (ISSN:00290491)

巻号頁・発行日

no.843, pp.54-56, 1996-06-03

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インターネット上に仮想現実空間を創り出すプログラミング言語,VRML。標準化をめぐる第2ラウンドを制したのはシリコングラフィックス連合。今回敗れたマイクロソフトを含め,ライバルは第3ラウンドへと動く。SGIがマイクロソフトに勝つインターネットが爆発的に普及するなか,標準化争いも激化する。

著者

安藤 博昭 青柳 多慶夫 村山 栄治 荒井 邦晴

出版者

公益社団法人 計測自動制御学会

雑誌

計測自動制御学会論文集 (ISSN:04534654)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.12, pp.872-877, 2018 (Released:2018-12-18)

参考文献数

10

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Performances of main components such as an engine, hydraulic pump, cylinder, valve and so on for a hydraulic excavator have been improved year by year. The system also related with a controller to assist operations have been complex more and more. An excavator is a general construction machine for a civil engineering and performs a various of applications such as a digging, truck loading, lifting and leveling. A powerful digging force and fast motions are required. Besides, very sensitive and accurate operations are needed. There is a response delay of the hydraulic system from an operator input command to a hydraulic cylinder motion as an actuator. When an assist controller to manipulate the bucket is developed, the delay should be considered in order to improve the accuracy. In this paper, we investigate to utilize Smith Predictor for a leveling operation which is required high accuracy as a system with time delay. It's confirmed that Smith Predictor is better than a conventional PID controller to quantitatively compare the following trajectories of the bucket tip to a target.

著者

小村 明子 コムラ アキコ Komura.Akiko

雑誌

応用社会学研究 = The journal of applied sociology

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, pp.131-147, 2020-03-24

著者

崎田 嘉寛

出版者

広島体育学会

雑誌

広島体育学研究 (ISSN:1340377X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.69-75, 2010

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This study analyzes "The materials for the responses to questions in the first Diet" stored in the Kyuzo Takenoshita Collection, and discusses the selected contents concerning physical education at schools.Firstly,this study describes in detail how "The materials (final draft)" was prepared by Physical Education Bureau in 1947 and the overall composition of them. Secondly,by examining the final draft,this study reveals a part of historical facts on the then physical education at schools and policy intentions in the Bureau.The findings are as follows;1) In regard to the title,"Guide to Physical Education" promulgated in August 1947,highly-suggestive information was obtained in the final draft,i. e.,the comparison with previous studies shows that it was titled between May 21 to Jun 21 in 1947.2) It was revealed that the Bureau, disagreeing with GHQ/SCAP/CIE,reflected its policies in the final draft. Specifically, I it stated the revival of martial art education while eliminating social dances at schools. This can afford an insight in search for the key agent for physical education reform in the early postwar years.3) It is inferred that the Bureau,displaying policies for health education at schools in the final draft,promoted it without any consultation with other departments or agencies in the Ministry of Education.

著者

木暮 美菜 諸上 茂光

出版者

日本マーケティング学会

雑誌

マーケティングレビュー (ISSN:24350443)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.22-29, 2021-02-26 (Released:2021-02-26)

参考文献数

20

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ダイエットなどの消費者自身の変化を期待する「行動変容促進型商品」は消費者の努力の程度によって商品から得られる結果が異なる。そのためダイエット器具の口コミを閲覧する消費者は,口コミ閲覧者自身が可能な努力の程度によって口コミに対して知覚する共感感情が異なり,口コミから類推する製品の評価や購買意思決定が異なると予測される。そこで本稿は口コミ閲覧者の自己効力感とダイエットに対する価値の知覚によって,ダイエットの口コミに対する認知的共感,情動的共感が異なること,知覚する共感の違いによって製品評価やダイエット器具の効果の予測が異なることを場面想定法を用いたアンケート調査から検証した。分析結果より消費者の自己効力感やダイエットの価値の知覚によって口コミに対する認知的共感,情動的共感が異なること,口コミ閲覧者の自己効力感は成功口コミへの共感に関係し失敗口コミへの共感には関係しないことが確認された。また口コミに対する認知的共感はダイエット器具のダイエット効果の予測を高める一方で,口コミに対する情動的共感はダイエット器具の製品評価に影響することが確認された。

著者

岡本 信広

出版者

環太平洋産業連関分析学会

雑誌

産業連関 (ISSN:13419803)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, pp.4-11, 1996

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アジア経済研究所のおなじみのアジアI-O表のプロジェクト,その第3ラウンドの成果としての1990年表が,これから続々と発表されることになった。今回はその最初のシリーズとしてフィリピン表をとりあげ,日本とフィリピンの貿易と投資を通じての密接な交流の実態を分析する。とくに海外直接投資の興隆期を迎える日本経済にとって,果たしてフィリピンは魅力あるパートナーとなりうるのか否か,2国間I-O表はこの点多くのことを語っているようである。以下その詳細について検討してみよう。

著者

三浦 大四郎

出版者

日経BP社

雑誌

日経ビジネス (ISSN:00290491)

巻号頁・発行日

no.921, pp.99-102, 1997-12-29

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古い映画を安い料金で上映する名画座として、多くの方々に親しまれてきた「文芸坐」(東京・豊島区)は、1997年3月をもって閉館いたしました。これまで赤字になりながらも、名画座の灯を消したくない一心で頑張ってきましたが、建物の老朽化が甚だしく、営業継続は困難と判断せざるを得ませんでした。

著者

安野 眞幸

出版者

弘前大学教育学部

雑誌

クロスロード (ISSN:1345675X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.9-18, 2000-12-28

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元は海洋帝国末の後継国家であるが,中世日本もまた元に対抗する海洋国家として,宋の後継国家であった。元がユーラシア大陸の陸海の交易路を押さえ,イスラム商人の力を借りて中国とイスラム世界を結び付けたのに対して,日本は日中間の禅僧のネットワークを利用して日中貿易に乗り出した。ここに中世日本において禅僧が外交・貿易の中心的な担い手となる理由がある。戦国期の日本は海洋国家として外に開かれていたため,ポルトガル人が来日し,南蛮貿易と同時にキリスト教の布教も始まった。イエズス会士たちは禅僧の役割を引継ぎ,南蛮貿易に対する主導権を確立した。

著者

永田 賢治 下田 和哉

出版者

一般社団法人 日本内科学会

雑誌

日本内科学会雑誌 (ISSN:00215384)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.104, no.9, pp.1918-1923, 2015-09-10 (Released:2016-09-10)

参考文献数

10

著者

齋藤 康彦

出版者

山梨大学教育人間科学部

雑誌

山梨大学教育人間科学部紀要 = 山梨大学教育人間科学部紀要 (ISSN:18825923)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.287-298, 2009-03-10

著者

門田 守

出版者

奈良教育大学

雑誌

奈良教育大学紀要 人文・社会科学 (ISSN:05472393)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.1, pp.35-54, 1996-11

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Byron adopts a double viewpoint in delineating his hero's checkered career in Don Juan. The viewpoint manifests itself as the narrator's tendency to overlap heavenly elements on worldly matters which he has chosen as his poetic materials. His wish for heaven exists throughout the entire poem, and forms Byron's poetic stance on the whole. The apocalyptic sublime appears in shipwreck cantos and the cantos which depicts the battle between Turkish troops and Russian army supported by hired soldiers. Although the sublime scenes and heavenly elements fascinate the reader together with the narrator's occasional witty satires on worldly matters, Byron repeatedly breaks the logic of apocalypse and betrays the reader's expectations. Don Juan is an epic poem which comprises triple-layered structures. The first layer is the memory of mankind's degeneration from paradisal state. The second is Byron's personal memories of his abominable past years. The third is the elusive plot of the poem itself. The narrative on Juan's journey conveys the present degenerated political state of Europe and also insinuates man's innate and unchangeable proclivity to commit sins. The total effect distresses the reader with the impression that human life is a fruitless game which accumulates follies on follies. Unlike his previous works, Don Juan presents the attitude to make fun of romantic scenes and the logic of apocalypse as well. For example, Gulbeyaz the empress of Constantinople knows Juan's sincere attitude toward love and tries to love him. However, after knowing his sleeping with Dudu one of the female slaves in Sultans palace, Gulbeyaz loses her presence of mind on account of sudden anger and jealousy. The anecdote's underlying connotation must be applied to The Corsair. Gulnare loves Conrad on account of his sincere heart displayed when he was saving lives of female slaves in Pasha's harem. She exiles with him in Lara. Gulbeyaz's love, however, ends up with her shameful faint. The shipwreck cantos indicate the lack of God's providence, because Juan owes his survival to his good luck. The battle in Ismail serves as the scene to show man's brutality and there is no cause for freedom such as displayed in Marino Faliero. The later depiction of British high society reflects the image of the ruthless war. The love of angelic women, Haidee and Aurora Raby, may bring about the salvation from this miserable world. The probability of it is denied by the poem's plot. Byron's Greek expedition may have been the psychological supplementation for this futile effort to search the rums of paradise.

著者

NITTA Reiko

出版者

中・四国アメリカ文学会

雑誌

中・四国アメリカ文学研究 = Chu-Shikoku studies in American literature (ISSN:03880176)

巻号頁・発行日

no.51, pp.13-19, 2015-06

著者

鎌田 雅年

出版者

日本西洋古典学会

雑誌

西洋古典学研究 (ISSN:04479114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, pp.50-60, 1997

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<p>In Plato's Apology, Socrates claims that he knows nothing good on the one hand and indicates almost absolute confidence concerning the righteousness of his philosophical activities on the other. I think the latter appears in this claim of knowledge of his. "I know it is evil and disgraceful to do injustice and to disobey my superior, god or man."(29b) What is the relationship between this claim of knowledge and his consciousness of knowing nothing good and how does this claim of knowledge make him confident? G. Vlastos thinks Socrates had a special kind of knowledge and so a certain extent of virtue and therefore thought his life was happy. Vlastos regarded Socrates' knowledge in the weaker sense as elenctically justifiable beliefs and considered Socrates' conviction dependant on such knowledge. According to Vlastos, such knowledge always has 'a security-gap,' i. e. the possibility of being false. However, we do not want to decrease this 'gap' at the expense of our daily utilities and try to live with this fallible knowledge. The trial described in the Apology is not a daily event but a situation unavoidable for Socrates' life and death. For this reason, I can not think that the basis for deciding whether our way of life is just or not is on the same level as a simple decision in daily life. Therefore, even if the knowledge in 29b is fallible knowledge in Vlastos' sense, I think it can not explain Socrates' moral conviction about the righteousness of his philosophical activities. In the Apology, one aspect of the knowledge Socrates ascribes to himself is the so-called 'consciousness of ignorance.' Socrates brings forward the god of Delphi as a witness to his knowledge. On his first interpretation of the oracle of Delphi, the god of Delphi allows only Socrates' consciousness of ignorance as a kind of knowledge. The knowledge claimed in 29b and 37b includes moral judgements. Therefore, Socrates' basis for this knowledge has been thoroughly discussed in relation to his claim of consciousness of ignorance. One way to resolve this problem is to take it into account that Socrates apologizes during his trial. In a trial, it is necessary not only to clearly tell his audience what he knows, but also to clarify the basis of his knowledge. But does he need to show the basis of the knowledge-claims in 29b and 37b? What he said there is, if we take his words at their face value, self-evident to his audience, but recognizing what is implied, we(and also his audience)can not accept Socrates' words easily. Namely, he says he chooses the death penalty rather than the banishment from his country. This is what anyone in his audience would expect, but could not be persuaded easily. For without any other condition, anyone of us would wish to avoid the death penalty. But Socrates had an inviolable condition. So in the Apology 29b, he does not simply claim the truth of his beliefs but also emphasizes that there is a firm basis for the knowledge-claim and that he had a resolute will to behave according to his beliefs. I think the very basis which he was ready to bring forward as his witness is at the core of his moral conviction. Socrates brings forward the god of Delphi as a witness for the knowledge-claim in 29b and 37b. However, as previously said, the oracle of Delphi does not issue substantive statements or commands. In short, he 'interprets' the oracle as a command of the god and on this interpretation relates his consciousness of his ignorance to the knowledge claimed in 29b and 37b. I think this interpretation makes his conviction firmer. For the basis of his knowledge is what Socrates can not doubt the truth of, i. e. the oracle of Delphi brought to Socrates from an external source. In addition, he accepted this oracle as seriously as his own consciousness after prolonged philosophical activity</p><p>(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)</p>

著者

三谷 鳩子

出版者

日本哲学会

雑誌

哲学 (ISSN:03873358)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2006, no.57, pp.227-239,13, 2006

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<I>In De Veritate</I>, Thomas mentions the "habitual self-cognition" along with the "actual self-cognition". However, he does not deal with the "habitual self-cognition" in <I>Summa Theologiae</I> any more. How should we interpret this change?<BR>He insists in <I>Summa Theologiae</I> that everything is known through its act, and not through its potentiality. As a habit fails in being a perfect act, it is also insufficient to be knowable. Therefore, "habitual self-cognition" can not be called a "self-cognition" in a strict sense, but it should be called a "self-knowledge".<BR>Moreover, Thomas says that a habit is present in our intellect, not as its "object", but as its "form". Thus, in <I>Summa Theologiae</I>, the "habitual self-cognition" lost its place as a "cognition", but plays a role of its "form".<BR>Along with these affirmations, Thomas states that there are two kinds of self-cognition, a particular one and a universal one. In the former case, the mere "presence of the mind" suffices, since the "habitual self-knowledge" plays a role of its "form"; one knows itself reflexively. In the latter case, one knows itself understanding through the act of cognition of other being, so that its possible intellect can be activated by its "species". Thus, one has to examine its nature carefully in order to determine what one should be, and even to "the image of God" in the light of the divine Truth.<BR>When we return to ourselves through the self-cognition, and reach the "Existence Itself" as a principle of intelligibility, we will find out what we should be, as participants of this "Existence". Hence, Thomas re-organized the frame of "self-cognition" in the manner of act, and re-defined more clearly the nature of man and the image of God in <I>Summa Theologiae</I>.

著者

竹本 茂

出版者

岡山医学会

雑誌

岡山医学会雑誌 (ISSN:00301558)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.7, pp.815-826, 1966-09-30

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Using the human stomach tissues resected at the operation for gastric ulcer and gastritis, histochemical studies were carried on five kinds of hydrolysates such as AlP, AcP, beta-Est, AmP and beta-Gl and the following results were obtained.1. In gastritis the AlP activity in vascular endothelial cells has been observed even in those of the capillary blood vessels of the stomach mucosa.2. In the case of atrophic gastritis the activity of AcP, beta-Est and beta-Gl are somewhat decreased, while there can be seen no activity of AlP nor of AmP.3. In hypertrophic gastritis the activity of AcP, beta-Est and beta-Gl in the stomach mucosa is slightly elevated, but there can be observed no activity of AlP and AmP.4. While there can be observed a marked activity of AlP in the neoplasm at the fundus of gastric ulcer, the activity decreases as there occurs hyaline degeneration, and the regenerated blood capillary vessels in this regenerated area run perpendicularly to the ulcer base. In the stained specimens of these tissues from such a region there can be detected a slight activity of AcP and beta-Gl, but no activity of beta-Est, while that of AmP can be seen occasionally.5. In the regenerated mucosal gland ducts in the peripheral area of ulcer the activity of AcP, beta-Est and beta-Gl is found to have increased.6. In the case where the tissue has fallen into a degenerated necrotic state the activity of everyone of these hydrolysates is increased.7. In the area of intestinal metaplasia, all these enzymes show strong activity, resem-bling that in the villi of duodenum.8. In those smooth muscles adjacent to inflammatory region, the activity of beta-Est is specifically increased.9. The activity of AcP and beta-Gl of the epithelial cells in the area with marked cell infiltration is higher than in those epithelial cells located in other regions.