著者
早川 智
出版者
日本大学医学会
雑誌
日大医学雑誌 (ISSN:00290424)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.72, no.3, pp.126-128, 2013-06-01 (Released:2014-12-20)
参考文献数
7

Sexual reproduction evolved as a consequence of evolutionary requirement for diverse phenotypes that can cope with infectious parasites, which mutate much more rapidly than the hosts. Of great interest, we can understand complicated animal (and plant) behaviors as strategies to maximize their reproductive successes. Sexual selection was first advocated by Charles Darwin and is still regarded as one of the most important factors in intra-species evolution. In the present special issue, I have organized reviews of our recent understanding of sexual differentiation, sexual dysfunctions, sexual identity disorders, sexually transmitted infections and gender-related immune disorders. I appreciate the efforts of the contributors, all of whom are my old friends and colleagues, and dedicate this issue to my mentor, the late Dr. Susumu Ohno (1928-2000) who guided me to this field of reproductive genetics and immunology.
著者
野村 育世
出版者
ジェンダー史学会
雑誌
ジェンダー史学 (ISSN:18804357)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.4, pp.17-29, 2008 (Released:2011-12-20)
参考文献数
15

It was customary in Japan from the Heian period on to use names for children that expressed the birth order of the siblings. Thus male children were called Taro (for the eldest) and Jiro (for a second son), and daughters were given names like Ohime (for the eldest daughter) and Otohime (for the second daughter). This essay will consider the significance of using such birth-order names for daughters, in spite of the fact that in principle inheritance went only to sons. This examination will clarify the roles of daughters in the medieval family, and changes that occurred over time. Finally I will consider the images that are attached to these names—Taro, Jiro, Ohime and Otohime.In the Heian and the Kamakura periods, Ohime was used for a legitimate daughter who was expected to live to serve her father's family, and sometimes this would in fact involve great sacrifice. This is the picture of "Ohime's" life as described by Baba Akiko. On the other hand, this daughter also exercised authority in the family, and as the beloved daughter of the father she would receive property as inheritance. In this kind of family, the younger daughter Otohime was simply seen as "a spare" in case something happened to her elder sister.This practice of using birth-order names disappeared toward the end of the Kamakura period. Along with the disappearance of the name, the authority that the elder sister had exercised was taken over by the eldest son. This was the beginning of an era in which "legitimate daughters" were no longer present.The "Oto" character, which has been used for a name for a younger sister, came to be applied to young women regardless of birth order. However, in the stories from this period, the "Otohime" have no obligations to their father's families. In the latter part of the medieval period, women who were driven out of their own families at the time of marriage, were all a kind of "younger daughter."In stories from this period, the love object of Otohime is Taro, the eldest son. However, it is important to note that this "Otohime" does not refer to a younger daughter.This essay thus looks at the shift from the "Age of Ohime" to the age of "Otohime"—or to the age in which Taro, the eldest son, becomes more powerful.
著者
Taiga Kunishima Ken Maeda Ryutei Inui Yusuke Hibino
出版者
The Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology
雑誌
Species Diversity (ISSN:13421670)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.26, no.2, pp.343-349, 2021-10-14 (Released:2021-10-14)
参考文献数
34
被引用文献数
2

A single specimen of Muraenichthys gymnopterus (Bleeker, 1853) was collected from a sandy intertidal flat having rocks and dead corals in the estuarine area of Nagura Amparu, Ishigaki-jima Island, southern Japan, in October 2020. This specimen collection constitutes the first record of M. gymnopterus from Japanese waters. In this study, the diagnostic characters between M. gymnopterus and M. hattae Jordan and Snyder, 1901 are provided, based on our morphological observations of 37 specimens, including Okinawan specimen, and previous studies, as follows: head length [M. gymnopterus 11.8–15.0% of total length (TL) vs. M. hattae 9.4–11.0%], trunk length (24–25.4% of TL vs. 28–31%), the horizontal distance from the dorsal-fin origin to a vertical line through the anus 73–87% of head length vs. 13–49%), the number of vertebrae (total 129–130 vs. 148–155; predorsal 30 vs. 47–53; preanal 41–44 vs. 51–55), the number of the lateral-line pores before the anus (43–45 vs. 51–55). Additionally, the body depth at the gill opening in TL and the trunk length in TL can also be used to distinguish between these two species (2.8–3.7% of TL vs. 1.4–3.0%). Although M. gymnopterus has previously been reported from tropical to temperate regions, we suspect that the records from temperate regions are based on misidentification of M. hattae.
著者
宮丸 友輔 江村 伯夫 山田 真司
出版者
一般社団法人 日本音響学会
雑誌
日本音響学会誌 (ISSN:03694232)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.73, no.10, pp.625-637, 2017 (Released:2018-04-01)
参考文献数
29

ポピュラ音楽のノリは総じてグルーヴ感と呼ばれ,これは演奏音の時間的逸脱や音の強弱といった演奏上の操作によって表現されることが知られている。しかしながら,グルーヴ感の多様性や,それらと演奏上の操作との定量的関係について明らかにした報告はない。本論文では,種々のグルーヴ感に関連する音楽様式や印象について問うアンケート調査を実施することにより,グルーヴ感がドライブ感とレイドバック感の2種に大別できることに加え,それらを表現するための奏法上の操作として,ドラムス演奏におけるスネアの打叩タイミングとハイハットのアクセント位置が重要な要素であることを明らかにしている。スネアの打叩タイミングとハイハットのアクセント位置を様々に制御した演奏音を対象とした印象評定実験を実施した結果,ドライブ感は,表拍にハイハットのアクセントを付け,スネアの打叩タイミングをジャストから10msから20ms前に逸脱させることによって最も強く感じる一方で,レイドバック感は裏拍にハイハットのアクセントを付け,打叩タイミングをジャストから20ms後に逸脱させることによって最も強く感じることを明らかにすると共に,いずれの場合においても30ms逸脱させると極端にグルーヴ感が損なわれてしまうことを示唆している。
著者
池上 高志
出版者
日本認知科学会
雑誌
認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, no.2, pp.198-210, 2021-06-01 (Released:2021-06-15)
参考文献数
28

Ordinary neural networks represent objects in a dimensionally compressed latent (Z) space. In this latent space, a grammatical structure emerges if the input is a language, or a finite state automaton that makes predictions if the input is a time series. But the living system perceives and experiences the object without contracting it. The philosopher Meillassoux said, “A discontinuous ring consisting of multiple interruptions.” While discussing the interpretation of this idea, I will analyze and report on an experiment using the android Alter3, which mimics human poses. What is important to make a robot anti-contractive is one's interaction with a human being, and the other is the autonomous rewriting of memories that is created because of its inability to learn.
著者
服部 美咲
出版者
一般社団法人 日本リスク学会
雑誌
リスク学研究 (ISSN:24358428)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, no.3, pp.169-172, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-04-22)
参考文献数
11

Through the publication of articles on its website, Fukushima Report has attempted risk communication to contribute the residents of Fukushima following the TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident making the choices for their healthy lives on their own initiative, and their happy lives with conviction. This paper reports on our objectives, methods, and future plans.
著者
佐藤 龍星 中嶋 正道
出版者
日本動物遺伝育種学会
雑誌
動物遺伝育種研究 (ISSN:13459961)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.49, no.1, pp.1-11, 2021 (Released:2021-04-06)
参考文献数
50

グッピーは南米東北部原産の淡水魚で、観賞魚や蚊防除対策として世界各地で飼育あるいは放流されている。日 本でも観賞魚として一般的である一方、沖縄や温泉地などで野生化した集団が総合対策外来種に指定されている。 これらの日本におけるグッピーの導入起源や経路は不 明である。そこで本研究では日本のグッピーの起源を mtDNA におけるD-loop 領域約320bp の塩基配列を用 いて調べた。沖縄などで野生化しているグッピー16 集 団と観賞魚としてクローズドコロニーとして継代維持されている14 系統を分析の対象とした。また比較のため南米ベネスエラの野生集団と東南アジアで野生化した2 集 団(タイ、シンガポール)も分析した。その結果、6 ハプロタイプが得られ、このうち観賞魚系ではHap1 とHap4 が観察され、Hap4 はEndrer's のみで観察された。Hap1 は西トリニダードで、Hap4 は東ベネズエラで報告されて いる。一方東南アジア野生化集団とベネズエラ集団でもHap1 のみが観察されたのに対し、沖縄の野生化集団から は5 種類のハプロタイプ(Hap1 ~ 3, 5, 6)が観察された。また、野生化集団における遺伝的変異性(ハプロタイプ数、 ハプロタイプ多様度、塩基多様度)は起源となった南米各地での変異性よりも低かった。これらの結果から、日本 における観賞魚系はトリニダード島のごく狭い範囲の少数個体、おそらくは西トリニダードを起源としている可能 性が示された。また、沖縄の野生化集団の起源は南米各地を起源とする個体の複数回の導入が起源となっている可 能性が示された。
著者
倉橋 弘 柿沼 進
出版者
The Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology
雑誌
衛生動物 (ISSN:04247086)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.66, no.4, pp.167-200, 2015-12-25 (Released:2016-06-25)
参考文献数
26
被引用文献数
2 3

日本産のニクバエ全種の検索表を作成するために,ニクバエの標本を再検討したところ,新たに本州(千葉県)より採集されたニクバエが新属新種であることがわかったので,パペニクバエ属キサラズニクバエPapesarcophaga kisarazuensis Gen. nov., sp. nov.として記載した.日本昆虫目録(倉橋,2014)には36属119種が記録されているが,その後に2種ワタナベギングチヤドリニクバエOebalia pseudopedicella Kurahashi & Kakinuma, 2014とタテヤマギングチヤドリニクバエO. pseudoharpax Kurahashi & Kakinuma, 2014が記載されたので,キサラズニクバエを含めると日本産ニクバエは122種となった.ニクバエは外形がよく似ており,特に,ニクバエ亜科のニクバエでは,これまで,主に雄の外部生殖器の形態が種の分類に使われてきたが,外形でも出来るだけ属や種が検索できるように試みて,122種の検索表を作製した.チェックリストは著者らの調べた標本に基づいて作製し標本のデ-タも付した.属の数については亜属からもとの属位にもどしたものもあり43属となった.

28 0 0 0 OA 分類と対話

著者
榊原 英輔
出版者
The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌
科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.53, no.1, pp.89-102, 2020-09-30 (Released:2020-09-30)
参考文献数
19

This is a review essay on Kohji Ishihara's Philosophy of Mental Disorder: From Classification to Dialogue. The book is a collection of Ishihara's recent works. Part Ⅰ of the book discusses the history of psychiatry that originally excluded those with mental disorders from the dialogue on psychiatry. Part Ⅱ describes the ever-changing nature of the classification of mental disorders. In Part Ⅲ, he presents what he calls the “dialogical approach” to mental disorders as a promising alternative way of doing psychiatry. The structure and subtitle of the book convey the message that the practice of classifying mental disorders will be superseded by the dialogue with those with mental disorders in the future. Contrary to this message, based on the notion of epistemic injustice proposed by Fricker, I argue that the classification of mental disorders has both merits and demerits for those whose disorders are thus classified, and that the classification of mental disorders will continue to assume the role of the starting point of such dialogue in the future.
著者
大内 裕和
出版者
一般社団法人 日本教育学会
雑誌
教育学研究 (ISSN:03873161)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.74, no.4, pp.440-454, 2007-12-28 (Released:2018-12-26)

この論文では、1947教育基本法がいかに「改正」されたのか、そして「改正」された2006教育基本法の下で望まれる教育とはどのようなものかということを考察する。教育基本法「改正」によって、道徳教育や「愛国心教育」の徹底、格差社会の拡大・固定化、教育の公共性の変質、教育振興基本計画による新自由主義・国家主義の制度化などが行われる危険性が高い。しかし2006教育基本法成立以後も、日本国憲法や子どもの権利条約などの国際人権条約が存在する。2006教育基本法の解釈・運用は当然ながらそれらの精神に即して行われる必要がある。日本国憲法や子どもの権利条約に可能な限り適合的な解釈を行う2006教育基本法の実践的な読みを通じて、ミクロ、ミドル、マクロのそれぞれのレベルで望まれる教育のあり方を論じる。それらは、1947教育基本法に書き込まれながらも十分に根づいて来なかった、教育の公共性を主権者のものとするプロセスに他ならない。
著者
Yousuke FURUTA Takashi KOMENO Takaaki NAKAMURA
出版者
The Japan Academy
雑誌
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.93, no.7, pp.449-463, 2017-08-02 (Released:2017-08-02)
参考文献数
61
被引用文献数
423 750

Favipiravir (T-705; 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) is an anti-viral agent that selectively and potently inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of RNA viruses. Favipiravir was discovered through screening chemical library for anti-viral activity against the influenza virus by Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd. Favipiravir undergoes an intracellular phosphoribosylation to be an active form, favipiravir-RTP (favipiravir ribofuranosyl-5′-triphosphate), which is recognized as a substrate by RdRp, and inhibits the RNA polymerase activity. Since the catalytic domain of RdRp is conserved among various types of RNA viruses, this mechanism of action underpins a broader spectrum of anti-viral activities of favipiravir. Favipiravir is effective against a wide range of types and subtypes of influenza viruses, including strains resistant to existing anti-influenza drugs. Of note is that favipiravir shows anti-viral activities against other RNA viruses such as arenaviruses, bunyaviruses and filoviruses, all of which are known to cause fatal hemorrhagic fever. These unique anti-viral profiles will make favipiravir a potentially promising drug for specifically untreatable RNA viral infections.
著者
山口 裕太郎 安田 幸一 川島 範久
出版者
一般社団法人 日本建築学会
雑誌
日本建築学会技術報告集 (ISSN:13419463)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.25, no.60, pp.823-828, 2019-06-20 (Released:2019-06-20)
参考文献数
10
被引用文献数
1

In this study, bottlenose dolphins existing breeding facilities are researched for improvement method in Japan. First, we investigated standards for dolphin breeding environments in the United States, Animal Welfare Regulations which is widely referred. Through interview with veterinarians, who are the dolphin breeding specialists, we obtained information about existing and ideal environments for breeding facilities. Based on that, problems of the existing facilities are analyzed, suggestions for improvement and improving method are described.
著者
村山 綾 三浦 麻子
出版者
公益社団法人 日本心理学会
雑誌
心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.90.17234, (Released:2019-05-20)
参考文献数
32
被引用文献数
1 12

The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the Japanese version (Kanai, 2013) of the Moral Foundation Questionnaire (MFQ; Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011). In Study 1, we tested the internal validity of the MFQ using data collected from 855 participants, following the procedure by Graham et al. (2011). Analyses revealed that the five-factor model showed the best fit among any other model. In addition, a higher score in In-group, Authority, and Purity was related weakly but significantly to conservative political identity. In Study 2, we tested test-retest reliability as well as the relationships between the MFQ and ideologies, using data collected from 470 participants. The test-retest reliability was relatively low, compared to Graham et al. (2011). The relationships between the MFQ and ideologies were consistent overall with the Moral Foundations Theory. However, we also found several inconsistent results such as a higher score in Purity resulting in agreeing more with a liberal opinion. Usage of the Japanese version of the MFQ in empirical studies was discussed.