著者
小笠原 真
出版者
奈良教育大学
雑誌
奈良教育大学紀要. 人文・社会科学 (ISSN:05472393)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.41, no.1, pp.39-60, 1992-11-25

In this paper I examine some major works of Robert K. Merton (1910- ), who is not only America's but also world's leading theorist of sociology. After a brief overview of Merton's life and achievements, I take up his concept of the "theories of the middle range", a concept which he advocated as a product of his critical reconsideration of the main achievements in sociology. I also consider Merton's methodology, particularly his "functional analysis", and his "Social Structure and Anomie" on which he concentrated with all of his youthful enthusiasm. Finally, I make a few critical remarks on Merton's theory.
著者
井部 俊子
出版者
医学書院
巻号頁・発行日
pp.459-464, 2003-06-01

はじめに 医療機関において医療事故防止を推進し,安全な医療を提供していくためには,個々の医療従事者の患者安全確保に対する意識改革が求められる一方,医療事故防止における組織的な取り組みが不可欠である.医療は,複雑かつ高度化しており,さらに医療サービス提供プロセスには多くの医療従事者がかかわっているため,医療従事者個人の努力では対処できない問題があるからである. 医療機関における安全管理体制の構築は,部門や職種ごとの安全管理体制のみならず,組織横断的に安全管理を担う体制作りが重要であり,病院管理者の責務である.医療安全管理を機能させるために中心となって活動する役割をもつリスクマネジャーの配置が試みられ,その後,診療報酬制度にも反映されることになった. 米国では,アメリカ・ヘルスケア・リスクマネジメント学会(American Society for Healthcare Risk Management:ASHRM)がヘルスケア・リスクマネジャーの認定を行っている.ASHRMでは,ヘルスケア・リスクマネジャーの業務範囲を,①損失の防止と回復,②訴訟管理,③リスクファイナンシング,④規制と認定,⑤リスクマネジメント・オペレーション,⑥生命倫理,の6領域に分類している.これらの業務内容は,米国におけるリスクマネジメントが医療事故による訴訟対策が発端となっているとされ,「組織体」における損失予防という意味合いが強いものとなっている. 一方,わが国では,医療機関におけるリスクマネジャーの組織的位置づけは様々であり,その役割や機能について標準的なあり方が十分に検討されてこなかった. 本稿では,平成13(2001)年度に実施した医療技術評価総合研究事業「医療機関におけるリスクマネジャーの機能に関する研究」(主任研究者井部俊子)の結果を元に,医療安全に取り組む医療安全管理者の実態を報告し,わが国における医療安全管理体制のあり方について考察したい.
著者
古屋 研 秋山 真治 中村 公二 佐野 芳知
出版者
公益社団法人 日本放射線技術学会
雑誌
日本放射線技術学会雑誌 (ISSN:03694305)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.68, no.7, pp.835-840, 2012-07-20 (Released:2012-07-23)
参考文献数
20
被引用文献数
1

We measured the time-dependent change of computed tomography (CT) values for a blood sample in a syringe during 20 days expecting that the (average, maximum) CT values may be used to estimate the elapsed time after hemorrhage. The average CT value (CTave) rapidly increased for the first 50 min. The maximum CT value (CTmax) increased step by step to take the largest value (82.4 HU) one day later, and subsequently the CTmax decreased slowly to become 72.0 HU 20 days later. We conclude that the rapid increase of the CTave at the beginning is due to the fibrin generation, the increase of the CTmax is a result of the formation of the fibrin net, and the subsequent decrease of CTmax is caused by fibrinolysis. Tentative experimental formula for the time-dependent CTmax change at each increasing stage and decreasing stage are given to estimate the elapsed time after hemorrhage.
著者
岩坂 憂児
出版者
公益社団法人 日本理学療法士協会 東北ブロック協議会
雑誌
東北理学療法学 (ISSN:09152180)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, pp.15-19, 2017-08-31 (Released:2017-09-15)
参考文献数
18

【目的】本研究は運動観察に用いる動画を提示するときの身体の位置が連続的運動学習に影響を与えるかどうかを調べるものである。 【方法】21名の右利き健常成人をランダムに3群(手近位での運動観察群:AON群,手遠位での運動観察群:AOF群,対照群)に分けた。運動課題は左手での連続反応時間課題とし,反応時間を評価指標とした。 プレテストを実施した後,AON群とAOF群に対して他者が課題を実施している動画の観察を,対照群にはモザイク動画を3分間タブレットで視聴させた。またAON群は左手直上,AOF群と対照群は左手から離れ た場所にタブレットを置き,視聴後ポストテストを行った。 【結果】ポストテストでは有意な主効果が認められ,AON群ではAOF群と対照群と比較して反応時間が 有意に速いことが認められた。 【結語】運動観察中の身体の位置は運動学習に影響を与えるということが示唆された。
著者
大屋 藍子 武藤 崇 Aiko Ohya Takashi Muto オオヤ アイコ ムトウ タカシ
出版者
心理臨床科学編集委員会
雑誌
心理臨床科学 = Doshisha Clinical Psychology : therapy and research (ISSN:21864934)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1, no.1, pp.53-64, 2011-12-15

肥満に対する治療は,従来,食事療法,運動療法,行動療法や薬物療法を組み合わせて患者の意欲を維持させながら行われ,肥満者が主体的に自分自身で生活をマネジメントすることが求められる。しかし,生活習慣のセルフマネジメントには,(1)個々人の動機のばらつきの大きさ,(2)習慣の中・長期的な維持の難しさという問題が挙げられる。本稿は,行動分析学の観点から肥満をもたらす生活習慣を分析し,肥満治療に対する提案を行った。その結果,セルフマネジメントの困難な要因は,(1)ストレス発散のための過食など,肥満者にとって連鎖的に形成された摂食行動が存在するため,生活習慣改善への動機が形成されないこと,(2)肥満者の希望する体重・体調変化が即時的に得られないため,中・長期的な食事改善や運動行動が難しいことの,2点に整理された。さらに,その困難さを改善するために,アクセプタンス&コミットメント・セラピー(ACT)の観点から,摂食欲求や肥満に対するストレスを受け容れながら,生きたい価値に沿った生活習慣の再構築が必要とされ,その結果,対象者は,生きたい価値を追求することで,単なる肥満の治療ではなく,より高いQOL(生活の質)の実現を追究していくことができるということが示唆された。
著者
牛田 享宏 野口 光一 細川 豊史 田口 敏彦 高橋 和久 住谷 昌彦 菊地 臣一
出版者
日本疼痛学会
雑誌
PAIN RESEARCH (ISSN:09158588)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.33, no.3, pp.183-192, 2018-09-15 (Released:2018-11-06)
参考文献数
11

Chronic pain is one of the common health problems among the general population. Various mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of pain, and a correct understanding of its pathophysiology or cause is important for an optimal management of pain. In terms of the physiological anatomy, pain with physical ⁄ organic causes can be classified mainly as “nociceptive pain” or “neuropathic pain.” However, there is also pain that does not fall into either of these two categories. This type of pain is often considered as a third classification, but its definition has not been standardized globally. In Japan, this type of pain is often called “psychogenic pain,” even when the pain is not attributed to psychological factors. However, it may not be an appropriate term for this particular type of pain. Firstly, because there is no standardized definition, physicians differ in how they classify pain as “psychogenic.” Additionally, the term “psychogenic” could give negative impressions to patients, which can deteriorate the patient–physician relationship and may result in poor treatment outcomes. In this paper, we have discussed these problems and proposed a new term “cognitively perceived pain” for this third category of pain, with the aim to foster a more appropriate, and easy–to–understand classification of pain. “Cognitively perceived pain” encompasses all pain that is neither nociceptive nor neuropathic pain, including that described as centralized pain or sensory hypersensitivity, in addition to psychogenic pain according to its original meaning (i.e. pain attributable to psychological factors). Because pain is perceived in the brain, the presence of any pain implies the impairment or abnormality of cognition. The proposed term is straightforward to convey the essence of pain without including any negative–sounding words. We hope that this term and its concept will be widely accepted, and help to increase understanding of this poorly defined category of pain.
著者
城 由起子 松原 貴子
出版者
日本疼痛学会
雑誌
PAIN RESEARCH (ISSN:09158588)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.32, no.4, pp.246-251, 2017-12-20 (Released:2018-05-31)
参考文献数
20
被引用文献数
1 1

Exercise therapy is recommended in the management of patients with chronic pain. However, there is little evidence supporting a relationship between changes in pain or physical disability and changes in physical performance by exercise therapy. Thus, exercise is thought to be involved it directly in the improvement of pain. Exercise has been shown to reduce the peripheral pain sensitivity in healthy subject. This effect, known as exercise–induced hypoalgesia (EIH), may be induced by the activation of central pain modulation systems. However, the effects of acute exercise in chronic pain conditions are heterogeneous and adverse. In patients with chronic pain, for example, exercise seems to decrease pain threshold. Notably, acute exercise followed by physical fatigue induces hyperalgesia. Therefore, regular exercise, rather than acute exercise, is recommended, in the management of patient with chronic pain.Physical inactivity is a perpetuating factor which can cause pain to become chronic. We investigated the relationship between intensity of physical activity in daily life and the function of central pain inhibitory systems. Our results suggested that the function of central pain inhibitory systems may decrease with a low amount of physical activity in women; therefore, maintaining physical activity may be more important for women than for men in preventing chronic pain.The effects and mechanisms of pain inhibition through regular exercise have been suggested using the animal model of pain. According to one of these suggested mechanisms, regular exercise increases the release of met–enkephalin in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) and uses opioid receptors centrally to mediate analgesia. We investigated the influences on central pain inhibitory systems by regular exercise in subjects with chronic pain. While regular exercise for 2 weeks carried out three times a week improved the central pain modulation systems, it was ineffective if only done twice a week. However, an effect was seen if twice–weekly exercise continued for 3 weeks. Therefore, we conclude that increasing physical activity in daily life by regular exercise may be important in prevention and management of chronic pain.

1 0 0 0 OA 畳語の研究

著者
大里 彩乃
出版者
東京女子大学言語文化研究会
雑誌
東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.22, pp.1-16, 2014-03-01

Reduplication is the repetition of all or part of a word and is one of the most basic word formation processes. Reproduction is not limited to onomatopoeia, and reduplicated words have many grammatical functions. They appear not only in Japanese but also in other languages.
著者
山中 章義 安藤 正明 小玉 敬亮 白根 晃 柳井 しおり 中島 紗織 福田 美香 黒土 升蔵 海老沢 桂子 羽田 智則 太田 啓明
出版者
日本産科婦人科内視鏡学会
雑誌
日本産科婦人科内視鏡学会雑誌 (ISSN:18849938)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, no.1, pp.257-263, 2015 (Released:2015-12-23)
参考文献数
13
被引用文献数
1

Deeply infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) is defined as subperitoneal invasion by endometriotic lesions. These lesions are considered very active and are strongly associated with pelvic pain. The incidence of DIE is reportedly 20 % in all cases of endometriosis, with uterosacral ligaments representing the most frequent location. Therefore, the resection of uterosacral ligaments is effective in reducing the pelvic pain and dyspareunia that is experienced by patients with endometriosis. However, the operation is associated with a risk of injury to the ureter and rectum; a laparoscopic resection is more useful and safer than open surgery, particularly in patients with adhesion in the pouch of Douglas. Thus, in our study, we initially identified and isolated the ureter and open spaces around the uterosacral ligaments. From June 2012 to December 2013, 262 patients underwent laparoscopic resection of the uterosacral ligaments. Of these, 10 (3.8 %) patients had mild dysuria after the operation, but all cases improved within 2 months. One (0.38 %) patient required clean intermittent catheterization after the operation, which was discontinued 14 months later. Bilateral hydronephrosis occurred in one (0.38 %) patient, which required ureteral dilatation. No ureteral or rectal injury occurred in any patient. Therefore, if the operation is carefully performed, it is possible to safely resect the uterosacral ligaments in patients with endometriosis.
著者
伊原 禎雄
出版者
日本生態学会
雑誌
日本生態学会大会講演要旨集 第51回日本生態学会大会 釧路大会
巻号頁・発行日
pp.175, 2004 (Released:2004-07-30)

アジア産サンショウウオの地域ごとの餌の違いや捕食行動の比較については,これまで未調査であった.そこで,トウキョウサンショウウオの神奈川県横須賀市津久井,野比,山中,千葉県夷隅町万木,福島県いわき市四ツ倉の各個体群の餌組成や捕食行動を比較し,その違いや共通性を検討した.本研究では総計で82個体のトウキョウサンショウウオを捕獲し,胃内洗浄法を用いこららの内59個体から個体を傷つけることなく胃内容物を採取した.その結果,検出した個体あたりの胃内容物の湿重量,捕食した餌個体の体長や体積には地域間での差は無いことが示唆された.餌動物の内,ミズムシを除いた動物の全てが土壌動物であり,各地点の餌組成の個体数割合の中で等脚目の占める割合が最も高かったが,地点ごとに捕食された主要な等脚目の種は異なっていた.この結果から,トウキョウサンショウウオは生息地の潜在的な餌資源のなかで等脚目を餌として選考することが示唆され,サンショウウオの餌とする等脚目の選考基準として個体数や体の大きさの違いが重要な要因の様であり,餌とする等脚目の生態にあわせて捕食活動を変化させている可能性が示唆された.
著者
岩坂 憂児 大友 伸太郎
出版者
一般社団法人 Asian Society of Human Services
雑誌
Total Rehabilitation Research (ISSN:21881855)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.8, pp.22-28, 2020 (Released:2020-06-30)
参考文献数
10

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the one-day stress load between the users and providers of day service. The subjects were 2 users (a man in his 50s with right hemiplegia and a man in his 70s with Parkinson's disease syndrome) and 2 providers (a physical therapist and manager, a man in his 40s and a nurse, a woman in her 40s). A salivary amylase monitor was used for measurement, which objectively measures stress based on the activity value of salivary amylase. The subjects underwent measurements of salivary amylase activity at the time of arrival at the facility (baseline) and continued to undergo measurements every 15 minutes thereafter until they returned home. In addition, there was a meal break from 12:00 to 14:00, leading to a possibility that the secretion in saliva was changed by the meal had; thus, it was excluded from the measured value. In order to confirm the stress load of users and providers, Welch’s t-test was performed with the user and target as independent variables and the values obtained by dividing each measured value by the baseline value as the dependent variables. The significance level was 5%. There was a significant difference in the salivary amylase activity between users of day service and providers (p <0.05). This study revealed that providers’ stress is higher than users’ stress, and providers’ stress increased with team meetings and patient transfers. This study suggests the importance of stress management for providers.

1 0 0 0 OA 宗祇の基調

著者
金子 金治郎
出版者
中世文学会
雑誌
中世文学 (ISSN:05782376)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.30, pp.38-50, 1985 (Released:2018-02-09)
著者
朝日,稔
出版者
東京動物學會
雑誌
動物学雑誌
巻号頁・発行日
vol.89, no.1, 1980-03-25

Deficiencies and surplus eruptions in the teeth of raccoon-dogs were examined using 340 specimens collected mainly from three localities in western Japan. Abnormalities in the dentition occurred in 26% of 308 perfect skulls. On the upper jaw, 9 examples of pm-1 deficiencies on both sides occurred, 8 on left side alone and 4 on right side alone among 317 specimens. There were no significant differences between the sexes, but differences did exist among localities. There were i-1, i-2, i-3, pm-2 and m-2 deficiencies, and i-surplus eruptions in some specimens. On the lower jaw, m-3 deficiencies occurred more frequently. Incidences of deficiencies on both sides, left and right side alone were 19, 19 and 15 respectively among 314 specimens. No significant difference was found between sexes and among localities. Other deficiencies were observed on i, pm-1, pm-2, pm-3 and pm-4. One surplus eruption occurred between c and pm-1. In one specimen, pm-4 duplications in the buccolingual direction were observed on both sides.