著者

唐木 英明

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬理学会

雑誌

日本薬理学雑誌 (ISSN:00155691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.130, no.4, pp.275-280, 2007 (Released:2007-10-12)

参考文献数

19

---

知識人の趣味であった科学が,19世紀以後,社会の問題解決という目的を持つようになり,研究者の数が増えて科学者集団が生まれ,集団内の成功が社会における成功につながった.これは必然的に科学の不正につながり,その社会的影響が無視できなくなった.これに加えて,国立大学の法人化と産学連携の推進により,これまでは主に企業研究者の問題であった利益相反も多くの研究者の問題になりつつある.不正の発見はピアレビューと追試による検証で行われるが,ピアレビューは性善説に準拠するために,意図的な不正を見抜く力はない.また検証はその結果が出るまでには長い時間がかかり,その間に他の研究者や社会が損失を被ることがある.内部告発も有効ではあるが,慎重な取り扱いが必要である.科学の不正は,一般社会における不正と同じく,いつでも起こりうる.不正を防止するためには科学者集団が科学の品質を保証するシステムを構築するとともに,研究者が功利主義ではなく義務論に基づいて行動し,一般社会に通用する透明性と説明責任を果たすことが何より重要であり,そのために一般道徳に加えて科学者倫理の教育を強化することが必要である.

著者

砂原 庸介

出版者

日本政治学会

雑誌

年報政治学 (ISSN:05494192)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.2, pp.2_98-2_121, 2011 (Released:2016-02-24)

参考文献数

24

---

As for the relationship between Diet members and local assembly members in Japan, previous empirical researches mainly focus on their clientelistic relations among them and upward political career move from local assembly to the Diet. In this article, the author presents a different perspective from these previous researches, and elaborates the tendency that Diet members try to change their career to local politicians, especially governors and mayors of local governments. Two political reforms in the 1990s affected the ambition of Diet members; the electoral reform changed patterns of political competition in electoral districts, and the decentralization reform enhanced the attractiveness of the position of mayors.   In this article, the author investigates the cases that Diet members / former Diet members, who stood as a candidate in the five elections before and after the electoral reform, challenge governor / mayor / local assembly elections. The results show that more Liberal Democratic Party members challenge to local elections after the electoral reform, and the more leading opposition members, who were affiliated with Japan Socialist Party or New Frontier Party or Democratic Party, challenge to local elections than LDP members. Besides, this article reveals that by measuring the effective numbers of candidate the patterns of political competitions in governor / mayor elections are different before and after the electoral reform.

著者

Yukiko Imada Masahiro Watanabe Hiroaki Kawase Hideo Shiogama Miki Arai

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15A-002, (Released:2019-05-22)

被引用文献数

12 70

---

The high temperature event in July 2018 caused record-breaking human damage throughout Japan. Large-ensemble historical simulations with a high-resolution atmospheric general circulation model showed that the occurrence rate of this event under the condition of external forcings in July 2018 was approximately 20%. This high probability was a result of the high-pressure systems both in the upper and lower troposphere in July 2018. The event attribution approach based on the large-ensemble simulations with and without human-induced climate change indicated the following: (1) The event would never have happened without anthropogenic global warming. (2) The strength of the two-tiered high-pressure systems was also at an extreme level and at least doubled the level of event probability, which was independent of global warming. Moreover, a set of the large-ensemble dynamically downscaled outputs revealed that the mean annual occurrence of extremely hot days in Japan will be expected to increase by 1.8 times under a global warming level of 2°C above pre-industrial levels.

著者

井上 なつき 穐山 直太郎 柳原 健一 竹ノ谷 亜希子 久保田 俊輝 山口 宗太 森脇 宏人 吉川 衛

出版者

耳鼻咽喉科展望会

雑誌

耳鼻咽喉科展望 (ISSN:03869687)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.4, pp.189-195, 2017-08-15 (Released:2018-08-15)

参考文献数

27

---

咽頭異物は耳鼻咽喉科疾患でも日常的に遭遇する疾患であり, 本邦では魚骨異物が多い。 異物の介在部位や大きさにより異物の確認が困難な場合があり, 治療に難渋することも少なくない。 今回, 当科での3年間の咽頭異物60症例のうち, 魚骨異物54例について臨床的特徴を検討した。 年齢は40歳代が最多で, 性別は30歳代と50歳代で女性にやや多い傾向にあった。 検出方法としては, 口腔内からの視診および喉頭内視鏡検査により異物を確認, 同時に摘出可能な症例が多かった。 視診と喉頭内視鏡検査で異物を確認できなかった症例が3例認められ, そのうち1例は初診時の頸部単純 CT 検査でも検出が困難であったが, 後日異物を確認し摘出できた。 その症例の魚骨を用いて CT 検査撮影条件の検討を行ったところ, 通常の CT で行うスクリーニングの撮影条件では検出できない魚骨異物が存在する可能性が示唆された。 したがって, 魚骨異物が疑われた場合は, 一度の CT 検査で異物が検出されなくても注意深く経過を追うことが必要である。 異物の存在が否定されない場合は積極的に CT 再検査を行い, 異物周囲の炎症性変化や膿瘍形成などの随伴する所見も参考に再検出を行うことが重要と思われた。

著者

源野 広和 松本 和夫 福島 清司

出版者

The Society of Instrument and Control Engineers

雑誌

計測自動制御学会論文集 (ISSN:04534654)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.8, pp.973-981, 1995-08-31 (Released:2009-03-27)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

5 8

---

The facial skin temperature can be measured without contact using an infrared camera regardless of room temperature conditions. Moreover, because it varies with autonomic nervous activity that accompanies arousal of the senses, it serves as an effective physiological quantity for evaluating human senses.This report examines the thermal sensation and evaluates it using the facial skin temperature without influence by stress or the change in seasons. In the experiments that were carried out under various types of stress with various types of ambient temperatures in winter and summer, no change due to seasons was found. Consequently, data for both winter and summer were combined and correlation coefficients between the thermal sensation and facial skin temperatures for various parts were determined. In the experiments, the correlation coefficients decreased in the order of cheek, chin, forehead, nose and ear. Even the lowest value of r=0.752 for the ear is still high. In addition, the thermal sensation is estimated by a multiple regression formula using the stepwise method. The partial regression coefficient for the nose excluding the forehead became negative (multiple correlation coefficient R=0.897). Accordingly, the relation between the thermal sensation and the forehead skin temperature can be predicted by the skin temperatures of the other facial parts, and a rise in the thermal sensation accompanying stress can be described by a drop in the skin temperature of the nose.Furthermore, it is suggested that this multiple regression formula is applicable even for different amounts of clothing. The compensation is necessary for changes in the activity level and continuous variations in the ambient temperature.

著者

和田 実

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.3, pp.232-237, 1996-08-26 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

---

The purpose of this study was to examine the relation of age, gender, and sex-role identity to role expectation in same-sex friends (SSF). Role expectation in SSF consisted of ten categories (Wada, 1993): Cooperation, information, similarity, self-enhancement, sensitivity, companionship, authenticity, self-disclosure, respect, and interdependence. Subjects were 129 (67 male and 62 female) junior high school, 243 (118 male and 125 female) senior high school, and 168 (88 male and 80 female) college students. Major findings were as follows: Senior high school and undergraduate students expected more self-enhancement from SSF than junior high students. Junior and senior high school students expected more companionship than undergraduates. Undergraduates expected more authenticity and less self disclosure than junior high school students. And male students expected more companionship, information, and similarity, but less self-disclosure, self-enhancement, and respect from SSF than female. Clear results of the relationship between sex-role identity and role expectation in SSF weren't found.

著者

岡部 貴美子 亘 悠哉 矢野 泰弘 前田 健 五箇 公一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本生態学会

雑誌

保全生態学研究 (ISSN:13424327)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.109-124, 2019 (Released:2019-07-01)

参考文献数

116

被引用文献数

1

---

現代の新興感染症の75%は野生動物由来と推測され、西日本で患者数が増加している重症熱性血小板減少症候群(SFTS)への懸念が広がる現状から、マダニ媒介感染症対策を視野に入れた野生動物管理について、国内外の研究および関連制度の動向についてレビューした。マダニの多くは宿主範囲が広く、感染した野生動物宿主から病原体を得て、唾液腺を介して吸血初期からヒトへと病原体を媒介していることが明らかになってきた。また国外の研究では、宿主の種の多様性が高いと、希釈効果によって感染症リスクが低下する可能性が示唆されている。しかし感染症拡大には単一の要因ではなく、気候変動、都市化、ライフスタイルの変化など様々な要因が関与していると考えられる。これらに対応することを目的として国際的にワンヘルスなどの学際的な取り組みが実施されているが、必ずしも有効な野生動物管理手法の開発に至っていない。今後は、異なるセクターの協働により、科学的知見に基づく取り組みを進めることが必要である。

著者

Akira Iwase Arika Takebayashi Yuki Aoi David S Favero Shunsuke Watanabe Mitsunori Seo Hiroyuki Kasahara Keiko Sugimoto

出版者

Japanese Society for Plant Biotechnology

雑誌

Plant Biotechnology (ISSN:13424580)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.51-58, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-03-25)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

4

---

4-Phenylbutyric acid (4PBA) is utilized as a drug to treat urea cycle disorders and is also being studied as a potential anticancer drug that acts via its histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor activity. During a search to find small molecules that affect plant regeneration in Arabidopsis, we found that 4PBA treatment promotes this process by mimicking the effect of exogenous auxin. Specifically, plant tissue culture experiments revealed that a medium containing 4PBA enhances callus formation and subsequent shoot regeneration. Analyses with auxin-responsive or cytokinin-responsive marker lines demonstrated that 4PBA specifically enhances AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF)-dependent auxin responses. Our western blot analyses showed that 4PBA treatment does not enhance histone acetylation in Arabidopsis, in contrast to butyric acid and trichostatin A, other chemicals often used as HDAC inhibitors, suggesting this mechanism of action does not explain the observed effect of 4PBA on regeneration. Finally, mass spectroscopic analysis and genetic approaches uncovered that 4PBA in Arabidopsis plants is converted to phenylacetic acid (PAA), a known natural auxin, in a manner independent of peroxisomal IBR3-related β-oxidation. This study demonstrates that 4PBA application promotes regeneration in explants via its auxin activity and has potential applications to not only plant tissue culture engineering but also research on the plant β-oxidation pathway.

著者

宮田 真人

出版者

一般社団法人 日本生物物理学会

雑誌

生物物理 (ISSN:05824052)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.4, pp.231-235, 2020 (Released:2020-07-29)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

2

---

Motility is a major characteristic of living things. We categorized all motilities reported so far based on the structure of the force-generating unit, and revealed that they can be classified into 18 types. Furthermore, we have proposed the origin and evolution of these 18 motilities on a phylogenetic tree constructed from new genomic information.

著者

石井 正和 加藤 大貴 山田 智波 高木 麻帆 市川 瑞季 栗原 竜也 河村 満

出版者

公益財団法人 パブリックヘルスリサーチセンター

雑誌

ストレス科学研究 (ISSN:13419986)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.43-51, 2014 (Released:2014-10-31)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1 1

---

We encountered cases of headache exacerbation in migraine patients living in the Tokyo metropolitan area following the Great East Japan Earthquake in the present study. We investigated the effects of the disaster situation on patients with migraine headaches following the Great East Japan Earthquake as well as their physical symptoms and psychological states using a questionnaire. The questionnaire survey was also conducted to clarify the prevalence of patients with headaches prior to earthquakes. The recovery rate was 65.7% (71/108 people). The seventy-one patients with migraines included 68 female patients (95.8%) and 19 patients that had migraines with an aura (26.8%). The exacerbation of headaches was observed in 24.6% of the migraine patients after the earthquake. Furthermore, a degraded psychological state was noted in patients with worsening headaches who began taking medication for insomnia. However, the disaster situation did not directly affect headache symptoms. Some of the patients examined (7.0%) had headaches prior to earthquakes in the Tokyo metropolitan area. These results indicate that the exacerbation of headaches was observed in migraine patients who exhibited co-morbidities including insomnia and anxiety in the Tokyo metropolitan area away from the affected area. We also showed that some of these patients had headaches prior to earthquakes.

著者

西村 直己 徳永 哲也 山本 理奈 畠中 宗一 三浦 研

出版者

公益社団法人 都市住宅学会

雑誌

都市住宅学 (ISSN:13418157)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2015, no.89, pp.70-77, 2015 (Released:2017-06-29)

著者

木島 竜吾

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本バーチャルリアリティ学会

雑誌

日本バーチャルリアリティ学会論文誌 (ISSN:1344011X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.3, pp.179-188, 2018 (Released:2018-09-30)

参考文献数

48

---

How detailed feature of virtual world could be seen by the actual user is an important performance of VR display system, such as Head Mounted Display (HMD). The average or standard user's eyesight in a virtual world could be regarded as a performance index of the VR display system in terms of resolution. This paper aims to show the way to obtain the theoretical value of eyesight from the specifications of components that form an VR display system. This is obtained by synthesizing the total performance of an VR display system's from those of components and by comparing that with standard user's contrast sensitivity function. Through the example estimations, the valid region of the equivalent eyesight from pixel pitch, a new simple conversion from blur size to eyesight were provided.

著者

戸澤 あきつ 恒光 裕 岡本 清虎 谷口 隆秀 八代 純子 本多 英一

出版者

動物臨床医学会

雑誌

動物臨床医学 (ISSN:13446991)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.1-4, 2004 (Released:2007-11-02)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1

---

抗菌および抗ウイルス活性を持つことが知られているポビドンヨードを主成分とする各市販製剤(イソジン液、イソジンガーグル)を動物コロナウイルス(豚伝染性胃腸炎ウイルス:TGEV、猫伝染性腹膜炎ウイルス:FIPV、牛コロナウイルス:BCoV)にin vitroで作用させたところ、常用濃度で強い抗ウイルス活性を示した。このことは本製剤による手洗い、うがいがウイルス感染防御に役立つことを示唆している。

著者

今村 明恒

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地震学会

雑誌

地震 第1輯 (ISSN:00371114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.3, pp.158-160, 1934-03-15 (Released:2010-03-09)

著者

Masaomi Nangaku Takashi Kadowaki Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi Norio Ohmagari Moritoki Egi Junichi Sasaki Tetsuya Sakamoto Yoshinori Hasegawa Takashi Ogura Shigeru Chiba Koichi Node Ryo Suzuki Yasuhiro Yamaguchi Atsuko Murashima Norihiko Ikeda Eriko Morishita Kenji Yuzawa Hiroyuki Moriuchi Satoshi Hayakawa Daisuke Nishi Atsushi Irisawa Toshiaki Miyamoto Hidetaka Suzuki Hirohito Sone Yuuji Fujino

出版者

Japan Medical Association / The Japanese Associaiton of Medical Sciences

雑誌

JMA Journal (ISSN:2433328X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.148-162, 2021-04-15 (Released:2021-05-07)

参考文献数

69

被引用文献数

7

---

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has had unprecedented impacts on various aspects of the world. Each academic society has published a guide and/or guidelines on how to cope with COVID-19 separately. As the one and only nationwide association of academic societies that represent medical science in Japan, JMSF has decided to publish the expert opinion to help patients and care providers find specifically what they want.This expert opinion is a summary of recommendations by many academic societies and will be updated when necessary. Patients that each academic society targets differ even though they suffer from the same COVID-19, and recommendations can be different in a context-dependent manner. Readers are supposed to be flexible and adjustable when they use this expert opinion.

著者

千々和 泰明

出版者

一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2019, no.195, pp.195_59-195_74, 2019-03-25 (Released:2019-05-16)

参考文献数

70

---

Termination of war is a “bridge” between war and peace. However, comparing with other research topics of the International Relations (IR) discipline, the subject of the end of war remains highly understudied in both qualitative and quantities terms. In fact “restoration” of interstate relationship presupposes “collapse” of them. War termination phenomena deserves more scholarly attentions if understanding the transition process from the collapse to restoration of interstate relations goes at the heart of the entire IR discipline.This paper purports to answer the question of how wars end. It presents the concept of “the dilemmas between the compromised peace and the fundamental settlement of cause of conflict” and argues that costs, future risks, and relative importance of them are an independent variable that shape the equilibrium point to solve these dilemmas. These are often malleable as an outcome of interactive processes among the belligerents. In order to advance this argument, the paper takes the following steps.First, in reviewing the existing theoretical literature on war termination, this paper categorizes them into four approaches as: power politics; rational choice; domestic politics; and cognitive psychology, and reviews them systematically.Second, it claims that the analytical frameworks of war termination as power politics and rational choice approach offer more useful analytical leverage than domestic politics and cognitive psychology approach. As such this article focuses on the relations between compromise and fundamental elimination of cause of conflict, on the top of power. Although the winning belligerent can eliminate fundamental cause of conflict in order to eradicate the root of future trouble by imposing unconditional surrender on its hostiles, entailed costs will increase. On the other hand, if it chooses the compromised peace to avoid increasing its warfighting costs, there would be a problem that it only postpones the rise of an unavoidable battle in the future. So this article presents the following hypotheses: (1) in the case that the level of warfighting cost is high and future risk will be low for winning side, the form of war termination would tend to attain the compromised peace; (2) in the case of the level of costs is low and future risk will be high for prevailing side, the form of war termination would tend to attain the fundamental settlement of cause of conflict; (3) in the case of the level of costs and future risk in ascendant side are balanced, the form of war termination would be indeterminate and strategic interactions among the belligerents would decide the equilibrium point to overcome this dilemmas.Third, this article provides the illustration of the above hypotheses through actual historical case studies such as termination of the Gulf War in 1991, the Iraq War in 2003, and the Pacific War in 1945.

著者

深川 宏樹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本応用数理学会

雑誌

応用数理 (ISSN:24321982)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.22-26, 2021-03-25 (Released:2021-06-30)

参考文献数

8

著者

林 将之 山口 弘市 天目 隆平 森 真吾 岩井 大輔 内山 英昭 柴田 史久 武富 貴史

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本バーチャルリアリティ学会

雑誌

日本バーチャルリアリティ学会誌 (ISSN:13426680)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.7-13, 2021-06-30 (Released:2021-07-10)

著者

奥村 友利愛 吉城 秀治 辰巳 浩 堤 香代子 今里 鈴花

出版者

公益社団法人 土木学会

雑誌

土木学会論文集D3(土木計画学) (ISSN:21856540)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.5, pp.I_911-I_922, 2019 (Released:2019-12-26)

参考文献数

27

---

人々にとって身近な移動手段である路線バスは誰にでも使いやすいものであることが望まれる.しかし多くの場合,基本的な情報が利用者にわかりやすい形で提供されておらず,そのため乗る際の心理的抵抗が大きいと指摘されるような状況にある.そこで本研究では,バス利用に関わる案内の中でも路線図に着目し,デザインの観点からその実態を把握し,路線図のデザインと人々の「わかりやすさ」との関係を明らかにすることを目的とし評価実験を行った.そのためにまず全国に存在する241件の路線図に対してクラスター分析による類型化を行い6パターンに分類した.そして各パターンの路線図に対して経路探索による評価実験を行い,路線図を見る際の人の挙動と意識の面からわかりやすさに関する要因について明らかにした.

著者

Kenta Shirasawa Daijiro Harada Hideki Hirakawa Sachiko Isobe Chittaranjan Kole

出版者

Japanese Society of Breeding

雑誌

Breeding Science (ISSN:13447610)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.20146, (Released:2021-04-06)

被引用文献数

20

---

Genome sequence analysis in higher plants began with the whole-genome sequencing of Arabidopsis thaliana. Owing to the great advances in sequencing technologies, also known as next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, genomes of more than 300 plant species have been sequenced to date. Long-read sequencing technologies, together with sequence scaffolding methods, have enabled the synthesis of chromosome-level de novo genome sequence assemblies, which has further allowed comparative analysis of the structural features of multiple plant genomes, thus elucidating the evolutionary history of plants. However, the quality of the assembled chromosome-level sequences varies among plant species. In this review, we summarize the status of chromosome-level assemblies of 114 plant species, with genome sizes ranging from 125 Mb to 16.9 Gb. While the average genome coverage of the assembled sequences reached up to 88.7%, the average coverage of chromosome-level pseudomolecules was 72.9%. Thus, further improvements in sequencing technologies and scaffolding, and data analysis methods, are required to establish gap-free telomere-to-telomere genome sequence assemblies. With the forthcoming new technologies, we are going to enter into a new genomics era where pan-genomics and the >1,000 or >1 million genomes’ project will be routine in higher plants.