著者

室崎 益輝

出版者

日本損害保険協会

雑誌

予防時報 (ISSN:09104208)

巻号頁・発行日

no.208, pp.8-13, 2002

著者

片山 めぐみ 柿山 浩一郎 張 浦華

出版者

日本デザイン学会

雑誌

デザイン学研究 (ISSN:09108173)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.4, pp.105-112, 2011-11-30

被引用文献数

1

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本研究は、動物園における歩行移動時の高揚感に影響を及ぼす経路の物理的要因について実験により検証し、高揚感の上昇に効果的な経路デザインについて考察することを目的とする。実験には、高揚感の上昇・下降に従ってボタンを押すと経過時間と共にデータが保存されるツールを開発した。実験経路には、動物の生息地を探検しているように環境がデザインされている動物園経路を採用し、歩行移動時の動画を被験者に提示した。実験終了後に高揚感が変化した理由について変化地点ごとに聞き取りを行った。実験結果として、視界を遮ったり暗くすることで先の空間に期待を抱かせ、さらにその先に何か発見や驚きがあることが高揚感の上昇に繋がることを読み取ることができた。このことから、展示空間までの経路を効果的にデザインするには、行く手を遮る要素(カーブや暗闇)などによって十分に期待を持たせ、その先に発見や驚きを与える要素(印象的な形態の樹木や岩、滝、光など)の設置をひとつのループとして経路上に配置していくことが効果的と考えられる。

著者

十津 守宏

出版者

鈴鹿大学短期大学部

雑誌

鈴鹿短期大学紀要 (ISSN:13450085)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, pp.13-18, 2008

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This article is an analysis of the popular,`Gundam Seed',focusing on Apocalyptism.It is certain that these descriotions of the `end'of history Insinuate the contemporary setback of the idea of the ever progressing World.However such Apocalyptism is difficult in taking deep root in Japan,where human life has been imbued with Orientel pantheism and the erernally returning time.In this respect, `Gundam Seed'calls our serious attention,as it clearly shows the Japanese Escathology.

著者

河野 憲之 柳井 啓司

出版者

一般社団法人電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 (ISSN:09135685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.113, no.230, pp.59-64, 2013-10-03

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多くの人々がTwitter を利用するようになり,大量に投稿されたツイートを通して人々の行動や考えを分析することが可能となった.ツイートには画像が付与されたものも多く,特に昼食時,夕食時には,食事の画像が大量にツイートされる.そこで,本稿では2011年5月から2013年8月の2年4ヶ月の間に収集した約10億件の画像付きツイートに対して,食事キーワード検索と高速食事画像認識エンジンを用いて,100種類の食事画像を抽出する実験を行った結果を報告する.実験では,食事画像ランキング,一部の食事カテゴリについてサンプリングによる抽出精度評価,また位置情報食事画像ツイートを用いた「ラーメン」と「カレー」に関する地域分布の分析を行った.またさらに,我々が構築した100種類の食事画像データセットを自動的に拡張するためのフレームワークについても述べる.100 類食事画像データを利用して構築した食事画像判定エンジンと,Amazon Mechanical Turk を利用したクラウドソーシングを用いて,キーワードを与えるのみで,自動的に新しい食事カテゴリのバウンディングBOX付きの画像データセットを構築する.実験では,手動で作成した既存の食事画像データセットのサブセットとの認識精度の比較を行う.

著者

横山 育三

出版者

一般社団法人日本消化器外科学会

雑誌

日本消化器外科学会雑誌 (ISSN:03869768)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.5, pp.1-5, 1979-05-01

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昭和53年11月24日付で日本小児科学会より日本消化器外科学会長宛に日本消化器外科学会関係者に対し,下記事項の周知方依頼があり,理事会の決定によりお知らせいたします.

著者

ローベル 柊子

出版者

東洋大学経済研究会

雑誌

経済論集 = The Economic Review of Toyo University (ISSN:03850358)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.45-57, 2020-03

著者

荻島 央江

出版者

日経BP社

雑誌

日経ベンチャ- (ISSN:02896516)

巻号頁・発行日

no.288, pp.13-19, 2008-09

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「こちらでは2月14日をバレンタインデーといい、花やチョコレートを贈り合う習慣があります」 大学時代の先輩で、パリ在住の商社マンがつづったこのわずか数行の文章に強いインスピレーションを感じた青年がいた。 1958年の年明け、当時大学4年生だった彼は、父が経営するチョコレートメーカーでアルバイトをしていた。

著者

鈴木 真

出版者

東洋文庫

雑誌

東洋学報 = The Toyo Gakuho (ISSN:03869067)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.3, pp.319-348, 2001-12

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This article analyzes fiscal problems existing before and after the enthronement of Emperor Yongzheng 雍正帝, taking the cases of auditing the silver reserves of the Board of Revenue and its deficits. Then, the author clarifies the relationship between regulations concerning corruption by the bureaucracy concerned with the fiscal affairs and the establishment of Imperial power.Emperor Yongzheng, who was well informed about fiscal corruption, intended to grapple with reform as soon as he ascended the throne.The establishment of Imperial power and taking hold of the empire's purse strings were indivisible. Solving of the silver reserve deficit was an immediate problem.Yongzheng ordered Yi Qinwang 恰親王 and Boldo, who had been his advisors since he was a prince, to audit the silver reserves of the Board of Revenue. Consequently, it was found in the silver deficit amounted to two million six hundred thousand liang.Yongzheng ordered former members of the Board to compensate the deficit. However, there were some bureaucrats who did not comply. They were Manchu bannermen. This fact suggests that the substance of the deficit did not involve simple illegal acts by bureaucrats but it was related to Manchu bannermen.From such a viewpoint, the author clarifies the background of the deficit caused by Board member Hifene and a clerical official of the Reserves, Zeng Dengyun 曽登雲, in order to detail the embezzlement.Emperor Kangxi 康煕帝's princes participated in both cases. Especially in the case of Zeng Dengyun, fiscal administration was affected by the embezzlements caused by vertical relationships among the Eight Banners, between banner princes and banner bureaucrats, and their bondservants, or between banner bureaucrats and their employees.Therefore, Yongzheng, who intended to establish his power, had to carry out reform immediately after his enthronement. Furthermore, the fact Yongzheng appointed followers under his influence to the bureaucracy and tried to resolve the fiscal problems suggests a necessity to understand the fiscal history of the Qing dynasty in terms of the influence of the Eight Banners.

著者

司馬 麻未 三好 庸隆 木多 道宏

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

no.762, pp.1657-1667, 2019-08

被引用文献数

1

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<p> This study aims to examine the factors that influence the formation of a good social environment by ascertaining the realities of human relationships formed in shared housing.</p><p> Today, with the increasing number of single households, we are in a situation where there are changes in and influences on the way of living and the functions that a traditional family has been responsible for. It is considered that human connections and mutual support obtained in shared housing further enriches the life of residents.</p><p> The research method included examining the shared house where about 40 people were living in Osaka Prefecture. This included conducting a survey over a period of three years and a case study of participant observation conducted by the author who stayed in the targeted house for a period of eight months. Also, from an interview survey of 17 residents, examined it from the point of view of the formation of a social environment.</p><p> Most of the residents in the targeted shared house desired contact and conversations with the people in the house and were satisfied that it was a shared dwelling where these expectations were realized. The spiritual enrichment in life that arose from the casually exchanged greetings and conversations was an aspect that could not be obtained by staying alone and can be considered to be realized through living in shared housing where one can mutually connect with other people. The richness of life that can be obtained from communication with the people residing here is not something that is obtained from strong human relationships of trust such as in the case of family, but from variable human relationships assuming relocation as the shared house is a temporary residence.</p><p> (1) In the targeted shared house, it was confirmed that human relationships were formed mainly for residents with a residence history of more than six months and less than two years. Relationships and exchanges were found to be influenced by the living history and lifestyle types of the main places of stay. Among human relationships in changeable shared housing where replacement of residents is frequent, it can be considered that the degree of intimacy of the human relationships and the extent of interaction changes depending on the residence history.</p><p> (2) It is considered that the room position and the common space to be used affect the degree of exchange. It was found that in shared housing with a population size of about 30 inhabitants, it is important to have spatial planning which enables one to connect without the relationships getting too close and where it was possible to maintain a sense of distance. In the case study considered in this paper, it was confirmed that residents were living by freely choosing the distance with, and how to connect with, other residents.</p><p> (3) It was confirmed that residents who built close relationships and a high level of interaction had a tendency of sharing food and items with others on a daily basis in the kitchen on the second floor. It is possible that sharing food and items interact with human relationship formation.</p><p> By clarifying the factors that influence the formation of a social environment in shared house, it is thought that this paper demonstrates knowledge beneficial in the formation of a social environment in the life of single households.</p>

著者

保坂 稔

出版者

長崎大学

雑誌

長崎大学総合環境研究 (ISSN:13446258)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.15-23, 2008-03

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The impact of environmental thought among Nazis has not always been considered with relation to the German Environmental Movement thus far. One of the causes of this is related to the influence of the 1970s. The seventies had a major impact on environmental thought. For example, Stone, Naess, and Singer were active at that time. Therefore, I believe that environmental thought before the 1970s has been underestimated. However, many studies show that the laws for the protection of nature during the Nazi Regime were in fact relatively advanced. Furthermore, the Green Party in Germany today is influenced by Anthroposophy. This paper examines the impact of environmental thought among Nazis on the German environmental movement.

著者

山上 登志美

出版者

甲南女子大学

巻号頁・発行日

2008

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平成19年度

著者

小林 武志 長島 裕二 木村 凡 藤井 建夫

出版者

[日本食品衛生学会]

雑誌

食品衛生学雑誌 = Journal of the Food Hygienics Society of Japan (ISSN:00156426)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.76-80, 2004-04-25

参考文献数

14

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フグ毒テトロドトキシンを滅菌したぬか漬けに添加すると毒性が低下することを見いだし,この原因を明らかとするために,テトロドトキシンを添加した滅菌無機培地を弱酸性下に放置し,経時的にマウス試験を行ったところ,マウス致死活性が消失した.このことから,無機培地中にテトロドトキシンの毒性を低下させる要因があると考え,高速液体クロマトグラフィーと併用して検討したところ,培地成分の無機塩溶液を除去したとき,毒性の減少が抑制された.そこで,無機塩溶液に含まれる各成分の影響を検討したところ,ホウ酸がテトロドトキシンの毒性減少に深く関与していることが判明した.

著者

辻田 右左男

出版者

奈良大学

雑誌

奈良大学紀要 (ISSN:03892204)

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.49-59, 1973-12

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近代日本の黎明である明治維新の出発点は政治的にも社会的にも,19世紀30~40年代の天保期に求められるといわれるが,それと符節を合するように,1845年(弘化2)地理学の上でも,十二分に近代とつながる画期的な名著「坤輿図識』が,弱冠25才の青年箕作省吾によって生み出された.この書物はおおかたの史家の注意の外にあるが,刊行されるやたちまち,幕末社会に大きいセンセーションをまきおこし,武十といわず庶民といわず当時の知識人に対し,国際知識開眼の書となった.しかし世上の歓迎・喝采とはうらはらに,著者省吾はこの書物刊行の翌年,好評に答えて上梓するはずの続編を執筆中,略血して急逝するという悲劇的なアクシデントが起きた.急きょ省吾の養父,当代随一の碩学箕作玩甫が嗣子の後を襲って「坤輿図識補』の完成を目指すが,著者父子の微妙なからみ合い,その刊行年代をめぐって,いくつかの問題が想定される.筆者がこの書物の存在を知ったのは,すでに40年に垂んとする昔のことである.当時,筆者は幕末の学究吉田松陰に傾倒し,とくにかれの地理学研究に興味を感じたが,松陰の著述にあまりにもしばしば坤輿図識という書名の現れるのに奇異の念を抱いた.

著者

白山 映子

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科

雑誌

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 (ISSN:13421050)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, pp.333-345, 2009

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This paper challenges two generally accepted views. The first one is that "Sansuijin Keirin Mondo-" written by Nakae Cho-min is considered as the first Japanese book which argues the government and international politics by means of a dialogue style. The second one is that although "Bampo- Seiri" by Ga Noriyuki has been said to be the first translation of "De l'Esprit des Lois" written by Montesquieu, this book was actually a secondhand translation through the English version of the French original. // This paper will examine "To-sei Isakairon," "Ritsurei Seigi" and "Ritsurei Seigi no Taii." Particular concerns in this research are the following: firstly, "To-sei Isakairon," published by Shimizu Usaburo- (1829-1910) in 1882, represented three sorts of governments: the republic, the constitutional monarchy and the monarchy; secondly, the style of this story appears much more dialogic than "Sansuijin Keirin Mondo-." The former seems to be rather light and comical, intented to the ordinary people; thirdly, "Ritsurei Seigi" and "Ritsurei Seigi no Taii," translated by Suzuki Tadakazu and published by Shimizu Usaburo- through his company, were the translations of the French original "De l'Esprit des Lois," unlike "Banpo- Seiri." // Shimizu Usaburo- was one of the modern Japanese pioneers of cultural exchange during the Meiji period between Japan and western countries, in particular, France and the USA. After his participation in the International Exhibition held in 1867 in Paris, he founded a new trading company in order to import numerous materials such as books of philosophy, science and jurisprudence as well as dental instruments. As a well-known ' Hiragana-ronsha, ' he contributed an article about an orthographical system to "Meiroku Zasshi." // This research describing the dialogue of "To-sei Isakairon," explicates the influences of Western thoughts, focusing on Usaburo-'s way of thinking about governments.

著者

勝山 拓

出版者

海人社

雑誌

世界の艦船

巻号頁・発行日

no.694, pp.112-115, 2008-08

著者

岩淵 令治

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.197, pp.49-104, 2016-02

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国民国家としての「日本」成立以降,今日に到るまで,さまざまな立場で共有する物語を形成する際に「参照」され,「発見」される「伝統」の多くは,「基層文化」としての原始・古代と,都市江戸を主な舞台とした「江戸」である。明治20年代から関東大震災前までの時期は,「江戸」が「発見」された嚆矢であり,時間差を生じながら,政治的位相と商品化の位相で進行した。前者は,欧化政策への反撥,国粋保存主義として明治20年代に表出してくるもので,「日本」固有の伝統の創造という日本型国民国家論の中で,「江戸」の国民国家への接合として,注目されてきた。しかし後者の商品化の位相についてはいまだ検討が不十分である。そこで本稿では,明治末より大正期において三越がすすめた「江戸」の商品化,具体的には,日露戦後の元禄模様,および大正期の生活・文化の位相での「江戸趣味」の流行をとりあげ,「江戸」の商品化のしくみと影響を検討した。明らかになったのは以下の点である。①元禄模様,元禄ブームは三越が起こしたもので,これに関係したのが,茶話会と実物の展示という文人的世界を引き継いだ元禄会である。同会では対象を元禄期に限定して,さまざまな事象や,時代の評価をめぐる議論,そして模様の転用の是非が問われた。ただし,元禄会は旧幕臣戸川残花の私的なネットワークで成立したもので,三越が創出したわけではなかった。残花の白木屋顧問就任や,三越直営の流行会が機能したこともあって,残花との関係は疎遠になる。元禄会自体は,最後は文芸協会との聯合研究会で終焉する。また,元禄ブーム自体も凋落した。②大正期の「江戸」の商品化に際しては,三越の諮問会である流行会からの発案で分科会たる江戸趣味研究会が誕生する。彼らは対象を天明期に絞り,資料編纂の上で研究をすすめ,「天明振」の提案を目指した。しかし,研究成果は生かされず,元禄を併存した形で時期・階層の無限定な江戸趣味の展覧会が行われる。そして,イメージとしての「江戸趣味」が江戸を生きたことの無い人々の中に定位することを助長した。「江戸」は商品化の中で,関東大震災を迎える前に,現実逃避の永井荷風の「江戸」ともまた異なった,漠然としたイメージになったのである。その後,「江戸趣味研究会」の研究の方向性は,国文学や,三田村鳶魚の江戸研究へと引き継がれていくことになった。Many of the "traditions" that have been "referred to" or "recognized" to form a national identity of members of different social groups since the establishment of Japan as a nation state up until now are based on the fundamental culture shaped in the primitive/ancient times and the culture developed in the City of Edo. An "Edo style" was first "recognized" during the period from the Meiji 20s (1887-1896) to the Great Kantō Earthquake of 1923. It was developed politically and commercially in different time spans. The political development of the style manifested itself in forms of resistance against Europeanization policies and desire for preservation of national characteristics in the Meiji 20s. These phenomena have been analyzed in the studies of Japanese-type nation-state building, which indicate that Edo culture created "Japanese traditions" and thus integrated the country as a nation state. On the other hand, the commercialization has not been fully analyzed. Therefore, this article examines the commercialization of the Edo style promoted by Mitsukoshi from the end of the Meiji period to the Taishō period (at the beginning of the 20th century). More specifically, this paper focuses on the great boom of Genroku patterns after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and the Edo taste widely adopted in daily life and culture during the Taishō period (1912-1926) to analyze the mechanism and impact of the commercialization of the Edo style. The results of the analysis indicate the following two points.i. The boom of Genroku patterns was created by Mitsukoshi with support from Genroku-kai, a society spun off from a literary circle to organize tea parties and exhibitions of Genroku culture. The society's discussions focused on matters relating to the Genroku years from 1688 to 1704, including various phenomena and criticisms of the era and the appropriateness of reinterpretation of Genroku patterns. Genroku-kai was founded, not by Mitsukoshi, but by Zanka Togawa, a former retainer of the Tokugawa Shogunate, by using his private network. Eventually, Zanka and Mitsukoshi were estranged, in part because he was appointed to Senior Advisor of Shirokiya and in part because the Ryūkō-kai, an advisory group of Mitsukoshi, functioned to fulfill its intended purpose. Genroku-kai ended up in merging with Bungei Kyōkai to become Rengō Kenkyū-kai, and the Genroku boom lost its momentum.ii. The "Edo style" of the Taishō period was commercialized by Edo Shumi Kenkyū-kai established by Ryūkō-kai as its subcommittee to study Edo taste. They focused their theme on the Tenmei years from 1781 to 1789, compiling various data to create a "Tenmei style." Their study results, however, were given little attention. When an exhibition of Edo taste was held, various Edo styles, including the Genroku style, were combined, irrespective of class or time period. This helped an image of "Edo taste" establish itself among people who had never experienced the Edo period. Thus, a vague but new image of Edo taste was shaped in the process of commercialization before the Great Kantō Earthquake. It was also different from the one depicted by Kafū Nagai as escapism. Later, the research of Edo Shumi Kenkyū-kai was taken over by the studies of Edo culture by Engyo Mitamura and other Japanese literature scholars.一部非公開情報あり

著者

宮山 昌治

出版者

学習院大学

雑誌

人文 (ISSN:18817920)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.83-104, 2005

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ベルクソンは多くの日本の文化人に大きな影響を与えた哲学者である。ベルクソン哲学は日本では1910 年に紹介されたが、紹介後すぐに翻訳や解説書が多数刊行されて、〈ベルクソンの大流行〉を引き起こすに至った。ベルクソンは一躍日本の思想界の寵児となったのだが、この流行は足かけ4 年で終わってしまう。なぜ、流行はあっさりと終わってしまったのか。その原因として挙げられるのは、ベルクソン受容における解釈の偏りである。 そもそも、ベルクソン哲学が受容される以前の日本のアカデミズムでは、新カント派の認識論が主流であり、「物自体」を直接把握しようとする形而上学は避けられる傾向にあった。だが、このアカデミズムに対する抵抗として、論壇ではしだいに形而上学を復興させる動きが盛んになり、ベルクソン哲学が大いに注目を集めた。ベルクソン受容では、『試論』の「持続」と「直観」、『創造的進化』の「持続」の「創造」が紹介された。すなわち、「物自体」を「持続」と捉えて、それは「直観」によって把握できるものであり、かつ「創造」性を有するものだと言うのである。ところが、これはベルクソンの紹介としては偏ったものであった。そこには、『物質と記憶』の「持続」と「物質」の関係がほとんど紹介されていない。それは、ベルクソン受容が唯心論の立場をとっており、唯心論では「物質」は排除すべきものでしかなく、「持続」と「物質」の関係を説明することが困難だったからなのである。 しかしそれでは、「持続」が「物質」のなかで、いかにして現実に存在するかを問うことができず、「持続」は観念でしかなくなってしまう。結局、ベルクソン受容は唯心論の枠組みの外にある現実存在するもの、すなわち「物質」や、ひいては「他者」についても論じることはできないということになり、ベルクソンの流行は一気に衰退に向かった。だが、その後の唯物論の隆盛は、ベルクソン受容が先に「物質」や「他者」の問題に直面していなければ、存在しないものであったし、さらに新カント派の変形である大正教養主義も、新カント派とベルクソン受容の対決を経て生まれたものであった。したがって、大正期のベルクソンの流行は日本の思想史において、きわめて重要な意味をもつ〈事件〉であったと言えるのである。In Japan, the philosophy of Henri Bergson was first introduced in 1910. From 1912, many books and papers discussed Bergson, and his philosophy came into vogue. At that time, the Japanese philosophical society maintained the epistemology of Neo-Kantism and refused to acknowledge "Ding an sich(" the thing itself),which metaphysics had tried to grasp immediately. Bergson insisted on acceptance of "Ding an sich" by "intuition", so the people who rejected Neo-Kantism enthusiastically agreed with him. But the vogue come to an end around 1915, and publicity about Bergson disappeared rapidly. The vogue declined because of the interpretation that Bergson's philosophy favored "Idealism" based on the pan-conscience. As that interpretation was ineffective at treating "matter" and "the Other", Matière et Mémoire(Matter and Memory)studied the matter hardly received attention during this time. The partial interpretation brought the vogue to a crisis Though the vogue declined, the prosperity of Materialism and Socialism that lasted through the 1920s didn't exist without the vogue had revealed the fault of "Idealism". Therefore, Bergson's significance in the history of modern Japanese thought cannot be overlooked.

著者

鎌田 道隆

出版者

奈良大学史学会

雑誌

奈良史学 (ISSN:02894874)

巻号頁・発行日

no.29, pp.11-30, 2011

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いくつかの家出の実態を見ながら、江戸時代に多発した家出事件の背後をのぞいて、当代の社会が抱えていた問題を解明するのが本稿の課題である。

著者

米村 滋人

出版者

東京大学大学院法学政治学研究科

雑誌

法学協会雑誌 = Journal of the Jurisprudence Association (ISSN:00226815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.133, no.9, pp.1311-1350, 2016-09

著者

安藤 洋美

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学人間科学 (ISSN:09170227)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.1-90, 2000-07-31

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The European mathematics exists as a science and the fundamental tools of thchnology. On the other hand, the Japanese mathematics (Wasan) did not as a science but as an art. However, the Japanese were by no means wanting in scientific spirit. The warriors (Samurai) of the Tokugawa Shogunate were strongly endowed with a zealous yearning for knowledge of the navigation at the Nagasaki Navy College, which was founded in 1855. They were taught and trained by Dutch officers with severity. Some of them were especially diligent, namely Yatabori, Ono, Enomoto, Akamatsu, Nakamuda, Tsukamoto, Sawa, Ban, and Hida. After a few years, they had become the leading members of the Tokugawa Navy. They understood that mathematical thinking was at the foundation of European civilization. Indeed, their mathematical abilities advanced with rapid strides. But, Katsu was a dull student and could not become interested in mathematics. A certain number of Dutch mathematical and astronomical works were in the possession at the Astronomical Board of the Shogunate (Bakufu Tenmonkata). To read these works, the Institute of Occidental Culture (Bansho Chosho) was founded in 1855 by the Shogunate. In this Institute, K. Kanda was the first professor of the department of mathematics. In 1866, Dr. S. Yanagawa was elected to a professorship of this Institute. Kanda wrote "Introduction to Arithmetic" and Yanagawa wrote "How to Use for Arithmetic" in 1857. A friendship between Kanda and Yanagawa continued until Yanagawa's death in 1870. Yamamoto, Sahara, Suzuki, Nagahiro Enomoto, and T. Kikuchi are all graduates of this Institute. Arithmetic was also taught at the Yokohama French College, which was founded in 1864. Zinbo is a graduate of this college. The mathematicians of the old Japanese school (Wasanka) took pains to solve the many difficult problems, but could not discovered the general method of a solution. Ono and Yanagi was the well-known Japanese mathematicians, but they made an effort to learn the European mathematics. In 1868, the political change of the Restoration took place. The leaders of the New Meiji Government were not familiar with Occidental culture. Most of them were terrorists with the exception of Omura. For the most part, the Meiji Government had been conducted by the warriors intelligentsia of the Shogunate. The teaters at the Navy College, Military Academy and University College (Daigaku Nanko) were mostly old warriors of the Shogunate. In 1877, the Tokyo Mathematical Society was founded. The first president was Kanda. One half of the organization's members were mostly old Shogunate warriors and well-known old Japanese mathematicians. The rest were the second-class mathematicians.