著者

小林 雅之 Masayuki KOBAYASHI 東京大学 Center for Research and Development of Higher Education The University of Tokyo

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, pp.101-125, 2007-05-31

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In Japan, like in most countries, the equality of educational opportunities is a crucial issue both in academics and in governmental policy. However, the policy of equality of educational opportunities in Japanese higher education has been weakening. The first aim of this paper is to investigate the background of the policy and to clarify the reasons for its loss of importance. With this aim, the author gives an overview of policy and research works on the equality of higher education opportunities in Japan, in comparison with those overseas. The aim of higher educational policy and planning in post world-war II Japan was to rectify disparities in higher education opportunities between regions and social classes by increasing the supply of institutions providing higher education. However, the policy turned drastically from enlargement to suppression in 1975. The establishment of new universities and departments in the metropolitan area were strictly restricted by the Ministry of Education. This policy aimed to reduce regional inequalities in higher educational opportunities, and was largely successful in doing so. However, the policy concentrated on the regional inequalities, leading to a loss of concern on inequalities among social classes, with the exception of student financial aid programs. Secondly, the results of the Student Life Survey by the Ministry of Education (from 2004 by the Japan Student Service Organization) are often used to demonstrate the equality of higher educational opportunities in Japan. On the contrary, however, some researchers argue that the inequality of higher educational opportunity has been increasing or at least not decreasing, using other survey data. This paper examines the equality of higher educational opportunities using new survey data from 2005. The data show large inequalities in university education opportunities, particularly in private universities. In particular, the participation rate is very low among low-income, low-achievement, female high school graduates. This shows that there are still problems of inequality. Thirdly, this survey shows the existence of debt aversion among parents in the lowest income class and in families with mothers having the lowest education levels. It seems likely that debt aversion leads to serious problems because of the inadequacy of student aid programs, coupled with high tuition fees in Japan. The student financial aid programs of The Japan Student Service Organization, the largest public student program in Japan, gives loans, but not grants, to undergraduates. Some parents and students from lower income tiers may decide not to apply to university to avoid a debt burden. This result implies the need for grants to maintain the accessibility of higher education in the future.

著者

堀 有喜衣 Yukie HORI 労働政策研究・研修機構 The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, pp.85-99, 2007-05-31

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the formation of "disparities" in the transition from school to work, and to discuss ideal methods for support. In the early 21st century, young people were able to become full-time workers even if they had become part-time workers after leaving school. In other words, Japanese society compensated for the initial "disparity" in the transition from school to work. However, the following two points were clarified in February 2006, according to a survey carried out on 2,000 young people in Tokyo. First, in the period from 2001 to 2006, the selection of full time worker was nearly completed at the point when young people left school. Second, academic background is growing and social background is weakening as factors for the selection of full-time workers. To put a brake on the expansion of "disparities," it is necessary to secure higher education as a right, and create laws to provide equal conditions to irregular workers, and to provide support for the transition from "Freeter" (job-hopping part-time workers) to full time worker.

著者

天童 睦子 Mutsuko TENDO 名城大学 Meijo University

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, pp.61-83, 2007-05-31

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This paper examines inter/intra family differences and child-care support policies in Japan from child-rearing strategies and a gender perspective. For the theoretical consideration of mechanisms of reproduction of family differences, this paper proposes a Child-rearing Code and Gender Code based on B. Bernstein's theory of cultural transmission. The Child-rearing Code system reveals not only inter family differences based on parental economic background, but also intra family differences based on the sexual division of labor in the family. This paper traces Family Support Policies after World War II, and examines how these policies were gendered and privatized. Especially since the 1990s, various Child-care Support Policies have been introduced in Japan not just to support family childcare, but to raise the birth rate, and these policies sometimes functioned to reinforce a Gender Regime. The latter part of the paper focuses on voices of parents, based on an extensive empirical investigation which was conducted in Tokyo from 2000 to 2006. The study describes the isolation of mothers with children in a gendered division of labor situation, the emotional capital in mother-child interactions, and the dilemmas of working mothers who have to divide their time between paid work and time spent with their children. It also explores the difficulties faced by fathers who want to, but cannot, care for their children, because of long working hours and business-centered social values. This paper also explains the economic difficulties faced by single mothers due to the lack of social security and wage disadvantages in the labor market in Japan. Based on these theoretical and empirical considerations, this paper concludes that the symbolic realization of inter/intra family differences are generated by a gender code which operates with an invisible gender hierarchy.

著者

飯田 浩之 Hiroyuki IIDA 筑波大学 The University of Tsukuba

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, pp.41-60, 2007-05-31

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In Japan, disparities in high schools showed an increasing tendency until the end of the 1970s. Since that time, attempts have been made to analyze and reduce these disparities, both in the field of sociology of education and educational reforms. This paper aims to re-examine the challenges in both fields and to elucidate their positive outcomes and limitations, and in addition, to point out a new perspective for future challenges in this area. Academically, the study of disparities began with the application of the concept of "tracking." At the beginning, many types of evils caused by disparities were problematized, and the concept of "tracking" was adopted to document the situation. The concept of "tracking" was compatible with functionalism, which was the main theoretical stream in the sociology of education at that time. The concept of "tracking" was originally used in studies of high schools in the United States to reveal the fact that there were invisible mechanisms for the selection of students in open curriculum systems. However, in Japan, the concept was used to report the fact that there were great differences in the inner processes of schools and subjective aspects of students based on school disparities. In other words, the concept was used to point out the effects of the disparities. As a result, the study of disparities has been developed as the study of "tracking effects." It can be said that studies of the tracking effect could have contributed to investigations of the inner processes of schools and subjective aspects of students. But instead, they took a macro perspective from the studies of school disparities. As a result, disparities were not examined in relation to social structures. Politically, there are two ways to reduce disparities in schools. One is to control the level of achievement of new students in order to prevent the emergence of differences among schools (input control). The other is to control educational activities in the schools to ensure that tracking effects do not take place in each school (through-put control). Since the late 1970s, input controls have been carried out through reforms of the entrance examination system of high schools and improvements of the guidance system of junior high schools. However, these controls were too indirect to reduce school disparities. In other words, whether they could reduce the disparities or not depended on their ability to change students' standards for school choice, which were indeed subjective. Through-put controls have been carried out as reforms of high schools. High school reforms after the 1980s were generally seen as an attempt to weaken classifications and frames of education. Logically, it seemed that these efforts led to a limitation of tracking effects in each school and to a reduction in school disparities as a whole. However, these attempts were not effective as they lacked a grand design and were done separately for each school. Challenges to the school disparities in both fields mentioned above seems to be homologous. They share the fact that they look at the disparities from a narrow perspective, only in relation to inner processes of each school or the subjective aspect of students. School disparities are social disparities. For example, they involve class differences among the enrolled students, and are related to regional differences. Consequently, in order to reduce school disparities, it is necessary to see them in their social context. The conclusion of this paper, by introducing recent challenges to school disparities, proposes this new perspective.

著者

広田 照幸 Teruyuki HIROTA 日本大学 Nihon University

出版者

東洋館出版社

雑誌

教育社会学研究 = The journal of educational sociology (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, pp.7-22, 2007-05-31

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Recently, there has been a great deal of talk about widening social disparities in Japan. A number of books have been published declaring that Japan is now on the threshold of being transformed into a "society of disparities."This paper discusses some of the methodological difficulties that must be taken into account when considering widening disparities between the haves and have-nots, seen from the standpoint of the sociological study of education. Firstly, the recently published works, with their declaration that social disparities are widening, are making an assertion about an uncertain future. The same point can be made about studies that examine the actual state of the social disparities on the basis of empirical data. This means, in other words, that any discussion of the effects of various current phenomena characterizing education on future social disparities always contain an element of uncertainty. Secondly, the extent to which social disparities are likely to grow in the future will be significantly affected by our current and future political choices. In determining, for example, the extent to which the ongoing process of globalization will transform economic and educational systems, it is utterly useless to make guesses based on simple forecasts. Rather, considering the combined effects of people's political choices and the social influence of experts at present and in the future, it is extremely difficult to predict the direction of change. Considering the foregoing factors, it is far from easy to carry out studies on how to reform the existing educational system and help alleviate the problems of inequalities that now beset the system, in ways that are acceptable to everybody. This paper calls attention to two crucial points. First, researchers studying the relationship between social inequality and education cannot remain indifferent to the question of political choices or choices among competing values. In other words, they must endeavor to analyze the issues of inequalities in education and formulate, on the basis of their analyses, concrete political visions or political programs. Another important point is that once the social disparities and their extent have been identified through academic investigations, it is necessary to call upon citizens, who have the competence to make political decisions, to decide whether they find the gaps acceptable or not. In order to make this possible, it is essential for school education to perform the function of helping children to develop the ability to make political decisions. And the question of what should be done to reinforce this function of school education needs to be studied in a sincere manner.

著者

劉 恩聖

出版者

表現学会

雑誌

表現研究 (ISSN:02858347)

巻号頁・発行日

no.69, pp.25-34, 1999-03

著者

池田 研介 アブドラ ジャリル モハッモド 並木 周 北山 研一

出版者

一般社団法人電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. OCS, 光通信システム (ISSN:09135685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.104, no.260, pp.57-62, 2004-08-20

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電子デバイスの応答速度の制限を受けない超高速光アナログ/ディジタル(A/D)変換の研究が近年注目を集めている.A/D変換のうちの光標本化は既に実用段階まで研究が進んでいるが,それ以降の量子化・符号化の操作の光化に向けて,我々はサニャック干渉計型光スイッチを用いた光量子化・符号化方法を提案する.本方式でのA/D変換は原理的に数百Gspsで動作することができる.本稿では10-Gsps,3-bit,の全光A/D変換の原理確認実験の結果を報告する.また制御光の入力強度に対してプローブ光の出力強度が2周期以上変化する特性を示すサニャック干渉計の光スイッチを初めて実現した.

著者

窪倉 精一

出版者

一般社団法人日本心身医学会

雑誌

心身医学 (ISSN:03850307)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.5, 1977-10-01

著者

前原 秀明 臼井 澄夫 鎌田 一雄

出版者

一般社団法人電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. HCS, ヒューマンコミュニケーション基礎 (ISSN:09135685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.29, pp.7-11, 2002-04-12

被引用文献数

1

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IT革命と高齢化社会の進行によりデジタルデバイドが大きな社会問題として意識されている.我々はこれまで,利用者による情報機器を介した情報獲得に焦点を当て,情報インタフェースと呼ぶ視点に基づいてこの問題を検討してきた.本稿では,情報インタフェースの視点から改めて情報獲得におけるバリア(情報バリア)を明らかにし,情報インタフェースにおける情報獲得の構造と評価方法について検討する.またこれに基づいて情報バリアフリーを定義するとともに,これに対するアプローチとして情報バリアフリーモデルを提案する.

著者

華 春生 呉 海元 塩山 忠義

出版者

一般社団法人電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. PRMU, パターン認識・メディア理解 (ISSN:09135685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.554, pp.91-96, 2003-01-09

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本論文では、単眼色彩画像から、眼鏡の有無の判別法、眼鏡の有無に拘らない顔特徴点の検出方法を提案する。まず、ほぼ正面を向いている顔画像から、色情報(肌色と髪色)を抽出し、エッジ情報(強度と方向)を抽出する。この情報より、顔と顔器官を含む領域を決定する。頬部分の肌らしさの平均値と目尻周辺のそれと比、頬部分のエッジ強度の平均値と目尻周辺のそれとの比から、眼鏡の有無を検出する。検出された顔器官を含む領域から、口、鼻、目の位置を予測し、エッジ情報より確定する。最後に、SUSANオペレータを用いて顔特徴点を抽出する。

著者

玉田 和恵 井口 磯夫

出版者

日本教育情報学会

雑誌

教育情報研究 : 日本教育情報学会学会誌 (ISSN:09126732)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.3, pp.31-40, 1997-12-25

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学生が「インターネットによる就職活動」に直面し, ネットワークを通じた情報活用に対してどのような意識をもっているのか質問紙調査をもとに分析し, 以下のことが分かった.学生の意識には, 本人の情報活用能力によって差異が生じている.情報活用能力を身につけている学生は, ネットワークを正しく認識し, 利点や弱点を理解している.情報リテラシーを身につけていない学生は, ネットワークを過信したり, 必要以上に不安を抱いたりしている.自発的学習により情報活用能力を身につけた学生は, マニュアルを参照しながらインターネットを利用して情報を活用している.多くの学生は就職活動にインターネットは必要で, 活用したいと感じながらも現在の能力では活用しきれないとあきらめている.就職活動のためのインターネットの利用を情報系授業と有機的に結びつけ, 授業の動機づけに利用することは非常に有効であることが分かった.

出版者

日本能率協会

雑誌

人材教育

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.8, pp.36-37, 1998-08

著者

遠藤 斉 片岡 良治

出版者

一般社団法人情報処理学会

雑誌

情報処理学会研究報告データベースシステム(DBS) (ISSN:09196072)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1999, no.61, pp.273-278, 1999-07-21

被引用文献数

3

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本稿では、動画から抽出できるカメラモーションを特徴量として利用したスポーツ映像の内容検索手法を提案する。スポーツ映像にはシーン特有のカメラワークが存在することが多いため、一連のカメラワークを手がかりにシーンの内容に基づいた検索を行えることが期待できる。そこで本稿では検索キーとして指定した映像と検索対象の映像から特徴量としてカメラモーションを抽出し、連続DPマッチングを適用することによりカメラモーションの類似したシーンを検出する手法を提案する。実際の野球中継の映像を用いて適合率と再現率を評価した結果、その有効性が明らかになった。This paper proposes a method for content-based sports video retrieval using camera work information. Since particular camera work for a typical scene exists in sports video, a transition of camera work becomes an effective cue for retrieving a sports scene based on its content. Therefore, the proposing method extracts a series of camera parameters from both a user-specified scene of a retrieval key and a video stream of a retrieval target, and detects scenes having a similar content to the key from the target applying the continuous DP matching. It is evaluated using a video stream of a baseball game. Recall-Precision curves make its effectiveness clear.

著者

Naren Wang Motoki Iwasaki Tetsuya Otani Rumiko Hayashi Hiroko Miyazaki Liu Xiao Yosiaki Sasazawa Shosuke Suzuki Hiroshi Koyama Tetsuo Sakamaki

出版者

Japan Epidemiological Association

雑誌

Journal of Epidemiology (ISSN:09175040)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.5, pp.155-162, 2005 (Released:2005-09-27)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

31 50 36

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BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the association of perceived health with socio-economic status, especially income, and social isolation and support in Japan. The purpose of this study is to clarify the associations among perceived health, lifestyle, and socio-economic status, as well as social isolation and support factors, in middle-aged and elderly Japanese.METHODS: Subjects were 9,650 participants aged 47-77 years who completed a self-administered questionnaire in 2000 in the second survey of a population-based cohort (the Komo-Ise study). The questionnaire included items on sociodemographic and socio-economic factors, social isolation and support, lifestyle, past history of chronic disease and perceived health. Perceived health was dichotomized into excellent or good health and fair or poor health. A logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratios of socio-economic status, social characteristics and lifestyle in relation to self-reported fair or poor health.RESULTS: We found that household income, physical activity, sleeping, smoking habit, and BMI had a strong association with self-reported fair or poor health in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men and women. Male subjects tended to report fair or poor health as household income decreased. The results for women differed in that social isolation and low social support had a stronger association for selfreported fair or poor health than low household income.CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that perceived health was associated with socio-economic and social characteristics among middle-aged and elderly residents in Japan.

著者

飯田 操

出版者

徳島大学

雑誌

徳島大學學藝紀要. 人文科學 (ISSN:04957601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, pp.1-13, 1982

著者

相良 直樹 砂山 渡 谷内田 正彦

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

電子情報通信学会論文誌 D (ISSN:18804535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.J90-D, no.2, pp.427-440, 2007-02-01

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近年,インターネット上の電子情報が増加の一途をたどっている.我々が獲得できる情報の量は増えているものの,必要な情報すべてに目を通すことは難しい.そのため自動要約を行う手法が開発されつつある.自動要約の手法は大きく,指示的要約と報知的要約とに分けられる.指示的要約は,あるテキストを読むかどうかを判断するために用いられ,報知的要約は,原文の代替物として用いられる.本論文では,ストーリーを理解するために必要な項目を含む文を抽出する報知的な要約生成システムを提案する.本手法においては,テキストの主題を表し,テキストを通じて出現するメイントピックと,テキストの主題に関連してテキスト中で部分的に出現するサブトピックを抽出する.すなわち,サブトピックを抽出することにより,テキストのストーリーを理解する上で必要な項目を網羅した要約を提供するシステムを本論文で提案する.

著者

唐門 準 松尾 豊 石塚 満

出版者

一般社団法人電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. KBSE, 知能ソフトウェア工学 (ISSN:09135685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.106, no.473, pp.73-78, 2007-01-16

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Webをはじめとして実世界の多くのデータは関係構造を持っており,エンティティの間にさまざまな関係が存在する.しかし分類や回帰などのタスクを考える際にはこういった関係情報が使われることは少ない.また実際に使われる場合でも,人手を介した何らかの直観によって関係に関する情報を属性にうまく加工するという方法が取られる.そこで本研究では,データの関係構造を使って適切な属性を生成する方法を提案することを目標とする.本稿ではその方向性の検討,および論文データを使った簡単な予備実験の結果を報告する.特に本研究では同種のエンティティの関係性に着目する.同種のエンティティの関係は,社会ネットワーク分析や複雑ネットワークの研究で最近,特に着目されているものであり,その関係を統合的に(ネットワーク的に)扱うことで有用な属性生成が可能ではないかというのが本研究の着眼点である.

著者

清水 英明 片上 大輔 新田 克己

出版者

一般社団法人電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. KBSE, 知能ソフトウェア工学 (ISSN:09135685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.106, no.473, pp.67-72, 2007-01-16

被引用文献数

3

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社会の複雑化と共に,研究活動においても様々な分野領域を複合的に組み合わせた活動が多くなった.分野の組合せの分析およびそれらのジャーナル,学会ごとの比較を行うことは研究者にとって有益な情報を与え,今後の研究活動に役立つといえる.本研究では文献情報を基に分野をノードとしたネットワークグラフを作成,視覚化を行うツールを開発し,ジャーナル同士の比較およびその利用方法を検討した.まず経済学分野についてボトムアップ的に分野間ネットワークを作成し,時系列分析,出来事との関連を調査した.また時間による分野の枝分かれなどの変化を文書類似度を用いて生成した分野間のネットワークにより分析,その利用について検討した.

著者

山川 義介 佐藤 俊雄

出版者

日本行動計量学会

雑誌

行動計量学 (ISSN:03855481)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.1, 2005-03-28

著者

岩根 美枝 矢嶋 摂子 野村 英作 谷口 久次 木村 恵一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本分析化学会

雑誌

分析化学 (ISSN:05251931)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.6, pp.527-531, 2005 (Released:2005-08-31)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1 1

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還元剤として没食子酸エステル部位を有するカリクス[4]アレーン誘導体を用い,エタノール中で銀イオンを還元することにより生じた銀コロイドの表面プラズモン吸収を紫外可視分光光度法により観察した.その結果,銀コロイドに基づく吸収が観察され,その吸光度は時間依存性を示した.これは,生成した銀コロイドが不安定であることを示している.試料溶液を調製後,一定時間経過してから,安定剤としてポリビニルピロリドンを添加したところ,吸光度の時間変化を抑制でき,銀コロイドを安定化することができた.また,銀イオン濃度依存性について検討したところ,銀イオン濃度が1 × 10-5 M以下では,銀イオン濃度の増加に応じて吸光度が増加し,銀イオン定量の可能性が示唆された.