著者

長坂 将成

出版者

分子科学会

雑誌

Molecular Science (ISSN:18818404)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.A0096, 2018 (Released:2018-08-27)

参考文献数

55

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Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is an element specific method to reveal local structures of liquid samples since soft X-ray below 1 keV has chemically important absorption edges such as C, N, and O K-edges, and L-edges of transition metals. In aqueous solutions, interactions of organic molecules are measured in C and N K-edges and solvent water is separately observed in O K-edge. However, it is difficult to measure XAS of liquid in transmission mode since the thickness of a liquid layer should be less than 1 µm due to large soft X-ray absorption coefficient of liquid. We have successfully developed a liquid flow cell for XAS in transmission mode, where the absorbance of liquid samples can be easily optimized by controlling the liquid thickness. In this review, we report on the temperature dependent change of hydrogen bond in liquid water by O K-edge XAS and intermolecular interactions of pyridine with water in aqueous pyridine solutions at different molar fractions by using XAS in C, N, and O K-edges. For the operando observation of electrochemical reaction, we have developed an electrochemical cell with built-in electrodes and measured Fe L-edge XAS of aqueous iron sulfate solutions during electrochemical reaction under the same scan rate as in cyclic voltammetry. For understanding the phase transition mechanism, not only the mixed phase but also liquid-liquid interfaces after phase transition should be investigated by spatially resolved XAS. We have developed a liquid flow cell that is set in a scanning transmission X-ray microscope. The mechanism of a lower critical solution temperature in aqueous triethylamine solution is studied by spatially resolved XAS of the liquid-liquid interfaces between triethylamine and water phases with the spatial resolution of 140 nm.

著者

鄭 光敏

出版者

一般財団法人 アジア政経学会

雑誌

アジア研究 (ISSN:00449237)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.1, pp.59-75, 2005-01-31 (Released:2014-09-30)

参考文献数

41

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Although deaths in the North Korean famine of 1995–1997 are estimated to be roughly 600,000–1 million in the most recent surveys, only a few attempts have been made to analyze the famine. This paper aims to analyze the causes of the North Korean famine using Amartya Sen’s entitlement approach, which has been widely used in the study of modern famines.The unique aspect of the North Korean famine is that it happened during a drastic change in the entitlement system. As is well known, the main entitlement system in North Korea until the early 1990s was the public distribution system (PDS). However, following the collapse of the PDS, food was increasingly allocated through the informal sector, called the Changmadang in North Korea. After the collapse of the PDS, the food entitlement of the urban population relied mainly on market exchange, though there were other sources of food acquisition. Indeed, a new entitlement system emerged from the informal food market in the middle of the 1990s.However, North Korea had been undergoing a serious economic recession since the collapse of the socialist market in the early 1990s, and therefore many factories and firms could not operate normally. Many workers were threatened with unemployment or non-payment. Furthermore, people were severely restricted by the state not only in respect of private ownership but also with regards to free trade activity. Hence it was not easy for many laborers, especially in local urban areas, to acquire food through market exchange during the transitional stage.The main victims of the famine in North Korea were laborers in local urban areas, especially in North and South Hamgyung. Surprisingly, when the famine reached its peak at the end of 1996 the price index of rice rose to 1206 (taking the informal market price in 1992 as 100). While there was a sudden surge in food prices, the wage rate actually fell in absolute terms and the index of the exchange rate of labour vis-à-vis rice declined from 100 in 1992 to 5 in 1996. Indeed, the violent decline in rice-entitlement of wages that occurred in North Korea at this time was unprecedented in the modern history of famines.To understand the causes of the North Korean famine it is very important to appreciate that it occurred as a result of a number failures of entitlement. The first is the failure of the PDS by regional ‘triage’, etc. (i.e. the cause was not simply a decline in food availability), and the second is the collapse of the exchange entitlement in the informal market during the dramatic transition of the North Korean economy.

著者

奥村 克夫

出版者

一般社団法人 電気設備学会

雑誌

電気設備学会誌 (ISSN:09100350)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.4, pp.244-248, 2013-04-10 (Released:2014-09-02)

参考文献数

8

著者

褚 冲 大谷 美智子

出版者

一般社団法人 情報科学技術協会

雑誌

情報の科学と技術 (ISSN:09133801)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.5, pp.210-215, 2019-05-01 (Released:2019-05-01)

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特許調査と分析におけるデータの使い方は,今後データサイエンス技術が日進月歩していく中で,情報を集めることだけではなく,よりビッグなデータの効率的かつ俯瞰的な使い方が求められるようになる。情報を入手する,関連性の高い情報を抽出する,抽出された情報を解読する,解読した情報をアイディアに変換する,各々のステップにおいて,情報プラットフォームが,効率よくデータを“さばき”,利用者をサポートすることが強く求められている。本稿では,DWPIとDerwent Innovation搭載のスマートサーチとテキストクラスタリングを組み合わせた特許情報の活用方法を紹介する。

著者

中村 俊春

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.4, pp.50-62, 1987-03-31 (Released:2017-05-22)

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Das um 1611 von Rubens geschaffene Gemalde "der Tod von Seneca" ist ein interessantes Beispiel von der Antikenrezeption bei Rubens. Er bediente sich als Vorlage seines Senecas einer antiken Statue, die damals als Darstellung des sterbenden Seneca misinterpretiert wurde. (Heute wird sie als afrikanischer Fischer gedeutet.) Aber wie Muller Hofstede darlegte, stellte die negroide Physiognomie der Statue dem Maler ein Problem, denn sie passte nicht gut einem romischen Philosophen wie Seneca. Spater wahlte Rubens als Seneca-Bildnis eine andere antike Buste mit einem nobleren und vergeistigteren Antlitz, namlich den sogenannten Pseudo-Seneca. Auch diese Buste galt damals falschlich als authentischer Bildniskopf von Seneca. Bekanntlich ist der heroische Tod von Seneca von Tacitus in seinen Annalen berichtet. Schwierig festzustellen ist jedoch, ob unser Gemalde, das ikonographisch als Rubens' Neuerfindung anzusehen ist, mehr als ein Historienbild ist. Offensichtlich wurde das Gemalde von niederlandischen Neustoizismus angeregt und Rubens deutete damit sein Verhaltnis zur stoischen Philosophie an. Dazu noch mitzudenken ist, wie G. Hess meint, die rezeptionsgeschichtliche Tradition von "Seneca Christianus". Ich will jedoch in Rubens' Seneca keine direkte Beziehung damit sehen, sondern eher, wie etwa im ekstatischen und inspirierten Aufblick Senecas, das Hineinschlupfen des Formenvokabulars von den Martyrerbildern des Barock feststellen.

著者

Shingo Obata Chris J. Cieszewski Pete Bettinger Roger C. Lowe III Sergio Bernardes

出版者

FORMATH Research Group

雑誌

FORMATH (ISSN:21885729)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.001, 2019-04-06 (Released:2019-04-06)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

4

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A determination of forest characteristics across broad areas is of great concern to the forest industry in the southern United States, as timber supply decisions can be based on opportunities, or lack of thereof, across all wood procurement areas. This is important in areas such as the southern United States, where the land ownership distribution is highly fragmented and where no general comprehensive source of forest data exists other than the low-intensity USDA Forest Service FIA surveys. In an effort to describe forest characteristics along the lower Coastal Plain of the State of Georgia (USA), we utilized a time series of Landsat data and an algorithm that assesses an integrated forest Z score. The methodology was used to create disturbance maps for over 30 years that represent the year of disturbance for specific locations. The overall accuracy was 52% when all years were considered, and approximately 70% from 1991 forward. Preliminary findings showed moderate levels of accuracy when determining ages for current forests, most of which are even-aged nature stands. Further modifications to the process were necessary to adapt to the unique conditions of study region. The modeling process also prompted several areas for future refinement, including improvement of the temporal resolution of the analysis by using all the available Landsat imagery and detection of the regeneration that normally occurs several years after disturbances.

著者

平川 久美子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本発達心理学会

雑誌

発達心理学研究 (ISSN:09159029)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.12-22, 2014 (Released:2016-03-20)

参考文献数

38

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本研究では,情動表出の制御における主張的側面,とりわけ幼児期から児童期にかけての怒りの主張的表出の発達について検討を行った。調査は年中児,年長児,1年生の計110名を対象として行われ,仮想場面を用いた課題が個別に実施された。まず,主人公が友だちから被害を受ける状況で,主人公が友だちに加害行為をやめてほしいと伝えたいという意図伝達動機をもっているという仮想場面を提示し,そのときの主人公の表情を怒りの表出の程度の異なる3つの表情から選択し,理由づけを行うよう求めた。課題は,怒りを表出する際に言語的主張をせず表情のみで表出する表情課題(2課題),表情表出と併せて言語的主張を行う表情・言語課題(2課題)の計4課題であった。その結果,言語的主張をしない場面では年中児よりも年長児・1年生のほうが表情で怒りをより強く表出すること,1年生では言語的主張をする場合よりもしない場合のほうが表情で怒りをより強く表出することが示された。本研究から,仮想場面における怒りの主張的表出は年中児から年長児にかけて顕著に発達すること,また1年生頃になると表情と言語という情動表出の2つのモードの相補的な関係を理解し,情動表出を行うようになることが示唆された。

著者

会田 久仁子 角野 幸子 小林 智子 角野 猛

出版者

一般社団法人 日本調理科学会

雑誌

調理科学 (ISSN:09105360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.74-77, 1989-03-20 (Released:2013-04-26)

参考文献数

13

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In order to clarify the bacterial contamination and sugar contents of wet Japanese-style confectioneries on the market, we examined 84 samples by inspecting total bacterial counts, coliform group, sucrose, glucose and fructose contents.The results obtained were as follows:1. The total bacterial counts were in the range of below 3.0×102/g to 9.1×106/g.2. Detection percentage of coliform group in Mushimono, Mochimono, Yakimono and Nerimono were 5.4%,40.9%,5.9% and 0%, respectively.3. Mean contents of sucrose of Mushimono, Mochimono, Yakimono and Nerimono were 299.8mg/g,289.1mg/g,311.2mg/g and 399.4mg/g, respectively.4. Mean contents of glucose and fructose of wet Japanese-style confectioneries were 7.3mg/g and 4.5 mg/g, respectively.

著者

鈴木 中正

出版者

Japan Society for Southeast Asian Studies

雑誌

東南アジア -歴史と文化- (ISSN:03869040)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1981, no.10, pp.3-16, 1981-06-30 (Released:2010-03-16)

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Because the Chinese Ch'ing Dynasty deemed Burma a troublemaker in the Southeastern border area of the province of Yunnan, it sent four successive expeditions to Burma during the years from 1766 to 1790. The Shan states on the borders had long been sending tribute to the Burmese court of Ava but the practice was disrupted due to the disorder in Burma caused by the dynastic alternation of the mid-eighteenth century. The newly established Konbaung dynasty claimed their right to collect tribute from the Shan states and while carring on a campaign in Ayuthaya, Siam (1764-67). The Ch'ing emperor thought it necessary to punish and expel the marauders at their borders. The Ch'ing at the zenith of its power mobilized all its resources to chastise Burma but the new dynasty in Burma made every effort to withstand the invaders.The last Ch'ing expeditionary army evacuated Burma at the end of 1769, after concluding a truce agreement on reciprocal restitution of the war captives and surrenders. The Ch'en-lung emperor, however, never consented to turn over the princes of the Shan states who had surrendered to the Ch'ing side, thus putting the border area in a state of severe tension. But a rebellion occured in the province of Sze-ch'uan in 1771 diverting the emperor's concern from Burma and his resentment was gradually dissipated.For the purpose of normalizing relations with the Ch'ing, Burma attempted to negotiate twice, in 1772 and in 1777. Their effort, however, was in vain because the Ch'ing emperor continued to demand from Burma, unilateral restitution of war captives. Among the Shan rulers on the borders, however, there emerged a move to normalize the relations between their two powerful neighbors in order to bring about trade relations which profitted the border states. In 1787, the prince of Keng Ma, a Shan state on the Yunnan side, sent a friendship mission to Burma disguised as a Ch'ing court mission: Burma sent a return mission to Peking in 1788. This brought the two countries' relations nearly to completion. In 1790, the prince of Bhamo on the Burmese side, sent a mission to Peking on his own initiative, unnoticed by the court of Burma. Thus the long disrupted Sino-Burmese relations came to be normalized despite the fact that the Ch'ing court declared Burma as its vassal state and Burma had no intention of accepting such a status

著者

Kenneth N. Stevens 荒井 隆行

出版者

一般社団法人 日本音響学会

雑誌

日本音響学会誌 (ISSN:03694232)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.9, pp.524-531, 2005-09-01 (Released:2017-06-02)

著者

小池 靖夫

出版者

The Japan Society of Logopedics and Phoniatrics

雑誌

音声言語医学 (ISSN:00302813)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.3, pp.212-216, 1978-07-28 (Released:2010-06-22)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1 1

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A newly developed method for direct measurement of sub-glottal pressure is described. The technique involves employment of a miniaturized solid-state pressure transducer which is inserted into the sub-glottal space via the glottis. The minute size and wide frequency response of this series of transducers provides a new approach to the study of the rapid air-pressure variations inside the vocal mechanism.Advantages of this procedure are discussed in comparison with other methods of measuring the sub-glottal pressure, such as those that employ an esophageal baloon, a thin catheter through the glottis, or a tracheal puncture. Some qualitative data, including the sub-glottal plessure wave recorded simultaneously with the supra-glottal pressure wave, or with the high speed motion picture of the larynx, are presented and debated. Limitations of the technique are considered together with the technical modification of the equipment needed for speech research.

著者

鹿島 嘉佐音 舟島 なをみ 中山 登志子

出版者

日本看護教育学学会

雑誌

看護教育学研究 (ISSN:09176314)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.31-43, 2019-03-31 (Released:2019-04-26)

参考文献数

64

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本研究の目的は、病院に就業するスタッフ看護師が職場の「働きやすさ」の評価に活用可能な尺度を開発することである。スタッフ看護師が「働きやすい」、「働きにくい」を判断するための根拠として用いる基準に基づき38質問項目を作成、尺度化した。内容検討会とパイロット・スタディにより尺度の内容的妥当性を確認した。この尺度を用いて全国の病院に就業するスタッフ看護師を対象に質問紙調査を実施し有効回答459を分析した。分析の結果、クロンバックα信頼性係数0.935、再テスト法の信頼性係数0.872であった。既知グループ技法により、5つの仮説全てが支持された。また、尺度総得点と職務満足測定尺度総得点および、「働きやすさ」を問うために設定した質問への回答より得られた得点の間に有意な正の相関を認めた。以上より、「職場の『働きやすさ』評価尺度-病院スタッフ看護師用-」の信頼性と妥当性が検証された。

著者

小向 佳奈子 藤本 修平 杉田 翔 光武 誠吾 輪違 弘樹 小林 資英

出版者

理学療法科学学会

雑誌

理学療法科学 (ISSN:13411667)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.5, pp.683-693, 2017 (Released:2017-10-23)

参考文献数

74

被引用文献数

2

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〔目的〕リハビリテーション分野で用いられている社会参加の定義とその評価指標について,システマティックレビューを用いて評価することとした.〔対象と方法〕リハビリテーションと社会参加に関する語句から対象論文の検索を行った(Database:MEDLINE).抽出した論文について,社会参加の定義や評価指標を抽出し,テキスト分析によってその概念をまとめた.〔結果〕社会参加の定義として「仕事,家庭での活動,余暇活動ができる」,「家庭,社会における役割を持てる」などが挙げられた.定義によって用いられている評価指標に相違がみられた.〔結語〕社会参加の定義は様々であり,その定義に合わせた評価指標を選択する必要性が示唆された.

著者

有川 宏幸

出版者

一般社団法人 日本特殊教育学会

雑誌

特殊教育学研究 (ISSN:03873374)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.4, pp.265-275, 2009-11-30 (Released:2017-07-28)

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応用行動分析学に基づく自閉症児への介入法は、有効性が認められてはいたものの、米国心理学会臨床心理学部会が示した「十分に確立された介入法」としての基準を満たしていなかった。しかし、それに準じる介入法として注目されていたのがUCLA早期自閉症プロジェクト(UCLA YAP)であった。Lovaas(1987)は、UCLA YAPを4歳未満の自閉症児に週40時間、2〜3年にわたり行ったところ、47%が標準範囲のIQに達したことを報告した。この結果は前例のないものであったことから、多くの研究者に精査され、自閉症からの「回復」という表現の問題や、無作為割付けの有無といった実験手続き上の問題などについて批判を浴びることとなった。そのため追試・再現研究は、可視的に、科学的な厳密さをもって実施されており、こうした批判への反証データも示されるようになっている。しかしながら、この成果については依然として不明な点も多く、「証拠」(evidence)に基づく継続的議論が必要であろう。

著者

土井 信幸 秋山 滋男 矢野 健太郎 高橋 恵美利 小見 暁子 井戸田 陽子 荻原 琢男

出版者

一般社団法人日本医療薬学会

雑誌

医療薬学 (ISSN:1346342X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.9, pp.651-658, 2016-09-10 (Released:2017-09-10)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

2

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Many generic products of latanoprost ophthalmic solution are commercially available. For pharmacists' guidance, patients often ask questions, such as the total number of drops to be used per bottle. However, materials, including package inserts, that can be obtained from pharmaceutical companies do not provide such information, such as the total number of drops, the volume of a drop, or sense of use regarding each preparation. In this study, we compared the total number of drops, the weight of a drop, squeezing force, and sense of use using brand-name and generic products of latanoprost ophthalmic solution to establish selection criteria.The weight of a drop exceeded 25 mg in all products, but there were significant differences among the products. In generic products, the total number of drops per bottle was lower than in the brand-name product (112.6 ± 0.9 drops), showing significant differences (10 to 20 drops). The squeezing force required for dripping differed among the products (1.5 to 5-fold). The sense-of-use score regarding the rigidity of an eye drop container reduced with the increase in the squeezing force, showing a negative correlation. The utilization of this information may improve glaucoma patients' adherence and/or reduce costs, providing beneficial information for adopting pharmaceutical preparations in medical institutions.

著者

田中 庸一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

ファルマシア (ISSN:00148601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.12, pp.1161, 2016 (Released:2016-12-01)

参考文献数

4

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6-メルカプトプリン(6-merca-ptopurine:6-MP)やアザチオプリンなどのチオプリンは,急性リンパ性白血病(acute lympho-blastic leukemia:ALL)や炎症性腸疾患の治療の中で主要な薬剤の1つとなっている.しかし,チオプリンへの治療感受性には個人差が大きく,患者によっては治療の中断や投与量の大幅な減量を必要とする場合がある.そのため,チオプリン感受性について患者要因の探索が行われてきており,欧米人ではチオプリン代謝酵素の1つであるチオプリンS-メチルトランスフェラーゼ(thiopurine S- methyl transferase:TPMT)の活性がその因子となっている.しかし,アジア人ではTPMT活性低下の頻度が低いため,他の遺伝要因の探索がゲノムワイド関連解析によって行われた.近年,NUDT15遺伝子多型がアジア人においてチオプリンによる骨髄抑制の重篤化に関連することが報告された.本稿では,NUDT15遺伝子多型によるチオプリン感受性変化と,そのメカニズムを示した論文について紹介する.なお,本稿は下記の文献に基づいて,その研究成果を紹介するものである.1) Relling M.V. et al., Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 93, 324-325 (2013).2) Yang S. K. et al., Nature Genet., 46, 1017-1020 (2014).3) Yang J. J. et al., J. Clin. Oncol., 33, 1235-1242 (2015).4) Moriyama T. et al., Nature Genet., 48, 367-373 (2016).

著者

Mei-Ling Chen Jung-Lun Wu Michael Yu-Chih Chen Tsung-Cheng Hsieh

出版者

The Japanese Circulation Society

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CJ-18-1304, (Released:2019-04-23)

参考文献数

32

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Background:Data on clinical outcome after drug-eluting stent (DES) vs. bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) under hemodialysis are limited and controversial.Methods and Results:We identified 4,970 patients under chronic hemodialysis from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) who had their first coronary stenting between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2012. After 1:1 propensity score matching, we evaluated clinical outcomes for 1,151 patients in the DES group and 1,151 patients in the matched BMS group. We used ICD-9 CM codes or operation code to identify all outcomes in the study cohort after the index procedure. Primary outcomes including composite endpoints of mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), non-fatal stroke, and revascularization after the index procedure were similar in both groups (HR, 0.94; 95% CI: 0.81–1.09; P=0.399). The results were consistent in various generations of DES vs. BMS groups. Secondary outcomes including mortality, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, revascularization, cardiovascular death, hospitalization for heart failure, peptic ulcer bleeding or blood transfusion were similar in both groups, except for a lower risk of peptic ulcer disease in the DES group (HR, 0.59; 95% CI: 0.41–0.83; P=0.003) than the BMS group.Conclusions:In patients on chronic hemodialysis, implantation of DES did not have a better clinical outcome than BMS.

著者

冨本 秀和

出版者

日本神経治療学会

雑誌

神経治療学 (ISSN:09168443)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.3, pp.188-192, 2017 (Released:2017-10-14)

参考文献数

19

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In recent years, outstanding progress has emerged in neuroimaging research of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which enables us to diagnose patients even in preclinical stages. However, it still remains uncertain to develop disease modifying therapy for AD. There are new concepts on the mechanism of tau and amyloid β accumulation, and its understanding may open an efficient way for therapeutic strategies for AD. This review focuses on the recent developments on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia.

著者

景山 茂

出版者

一般社団法人 日本臨床薬理学会

雑誌

臨床薬理 (ISSN:03881601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.6, pp.297-300, 2003-11-30 (Released:2010-06-28)

参考文献数

9

著者

丸茂 喜高 清水 勇介 綱島 均 小島 崇

出版者

一般社団法人 日本機械学会

雑誌

日本機械学会論文集 (ISSN:21879761)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.817, pp.TL0278, 2014 (Released:2014-09-25)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

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This study proposes the braking assistance system for train drivers when stopping at a station to prevent the drivers from overrunning and running time delay. The assistance system informs the driver visually of the brake onset position, which is calculated by the assumed deceleration, the present vehicle velocity and the desired stopping position. This study conducts two experiments using the train-driving simulator with three participants. One experiment examines the effects of the driving assistance system on the braking behavior with the mental calculation, which assumes the mental workload. The assistance system makes it possible to decrease the dispersion of the brake onset timing and the running time. The other experiment examines the effects of the brake onset timing on the running time and the safety margin to make the vehicle stop at the desired position. The brake onset timing is adjusted by changing the assumed deceleration. Obtained results show a good correlation between the assumed deceleration and the running time, and the later brake onset timing contributes the shorter running time. In addition, a good correlation between the assumed deceleration and the minimum value of the predicted stopping position, i.e. the safety margin, is also observed, and the later brake onset timing deteriorates the safety margin.